Changes

* ब्रह्माण्डपुराणम् ॥ Brahmanda Purana : यच्छिष्टं तु यजुर्वेदे तेन यज्ञमयुंजत । यजनात्स यजुर्वेद इति शास्त्रविनिश्चयः ।। ३४.२२ ।। yacchiṣṭaṃ tu yajurvede tena yajñamayuṃjata । yajanātsa yajurveda iti śāstraviniścayaḥ ।। 34.22 ।। (Brah. Pura. Purvabhaga 34.22)<ref>Brahmanda Purana ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%A9%E0%A5%AA Purvabhaga Adhyaya 34])</ref>

* ब्रह्माण्डपुराणम् ॥ Brahmanda Purana : यच्छिष्टं तु यजुर्वेदे तेन यज्ञमयुंजत । यजनात्स यजुर्वेद इति शास्त्रविनिश्चयः ।। ३४.२२ ।। yacchiṣṭaṃ tu yajurvede tena yajñamayuṃjata । yajanātsa yajurveda iti śāstraviniścayaḥ ।। 34.22 ।। (Brah. Pura. Purvabhaga 34.22)<ref>Brahmanda Purana ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%A9%E0%A5%AA Purvabhaga Adhyaya 34])</ref>

=== यजुर्वेद-विभाजनम् ॥ Yajurveda Vibhajana ===

=== यजुर्वेद-विभजनम् ॥ Yajurveda Vibhajana ===

The divisions of the text for शुक्लयजुर्वेदः ॥ Shukla Yajurveda are slightly different and include a combination of these as given below (See Page xix of the Introduction in Reference <ref>Swaminathan, C. R. (1997) ''[http://ignca.nic.in/eBooks/KANVASATAPATHABRAHMAAAM_Vol_II.pdf Kanvasatapathabrahmanam Volume 2.]'' New Delhi : Indra Gandhi National Centre For the Arts and Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Pvt. Ltd.</ref> ). However, variations of these divisions is seen according to other scholars.  

The divisions of the text for शुक्लयजुर्वेदः ॥ Shukla Yajurveda are slightly different and include a combination of these as given below (See Page xix of the Introduction in Reference <ref>Swaminathan, C. R. (1997) ''[http://ignca.nic.in/eBooks/KANVASATAPATHABRAHMAAAM_Vol_II.pdf Kanvasatapathabrahmanam Volume 2.]'' New Delhi : Indra Gandhi National Centre For the Arts and Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Pvt. Ltd.</ref> ). However, variations of these divisions is seen according to other scholars.  

{| class="wikitable"

{| class="wikitable"

==  सामवेदः || Samaveda ==

==  सामवेदः || Samaveda ==

=== व्युत्पत्तिः ॥ Etymology ===

=== व्युत्पत्तिः ॥ Etymology ===

<blockquote>तल्लक्षणमाह जैमिनिः - गीतेषुसामाख्या इति गीयमानेषु मन्त्रेषु सामसंज्ञेत्यर्थः इति ||</blockquote><blockquote>tallakṣaṇamāha jaiminiḥ - gīteṣusāmākhyā iti gīyamāneṣu mantreṣu sāmasaṃjñetyarthaḥ iti ||</blockquote>According to जैमिनिः ॥ Jaimini (शब्दकल्पद्रुमः ॥ Shabdakalpadruma), Mantras which are to be sung are called as साम ॥ Sama.  

<blockquote>तल्लक्षणमाह जैमिनिः - गीतेषुसामाख्या इति गीयमानेषु मन्त्रेषु सामसंज्ञेत्यर्थः इति ||</blockquote><blockquote>tallakṣaṇamāha jaiminiḥ - gīteṣusāmākhyā iti gīyamāneṣu mantreṣu sāmasaṃjñetyarthaḥ iti ||</blockquote>According to Jaimini (Shabdakalpadruma), Mantras which are to be sung are called as साम ॥ Sama.  

According to बृहदारण्यक-उपनिषद् ॥ Brhadaranyaka Upanishad (1.3.22), साम ॥ Sama is derived as follows:<blockquote>सा चामश्चेति तत्साम्नः सामत्वम् । <ref>Samaveda as per Brhadaranyaka Upanishad ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D_1a Adhyaya 1])</ref></blockquote><blockquote>sā cāmaśceti tatsāmnaḥ sāmatvam ।</blockquote>Meaning : सा stands for Rk mantra and अम stands for गान ॥ Gana (gandhara etc svaras) and forms साम ॥ Sama when combined.<ref name=":2222">Adhikari, Shriram Article : ''[http://vedicheritage.gov.in/pdf/ved_vedang_gp_16.pdf Samaved ka parichay evam vaisishtya]'' from Vedic Heritage Portal </ref>

According to Brhadaranyaka Upanishad (1.3.22), Sama is derived as follows:<blockquote>सा चामश्चेति तत्साम्नः सामत्वम् । sā cāmaśceti tatsāmnaḥ sāmatvam । <ref>Samaveda as per Brhadaranyaka Upanishad ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D_1a Adhyaya 1])</ref></blockquote>Meaning : सा stands for Rk mantra and अम stands for गान ॥ Gana (gandhara etc svaras) and forms साम ॥ Sama when combined.<ref name=":2222">Adhikari, Shriram Article : ''[http://vedicheritage.gov.in/pdf/ved_vedang_gp_16.pdf Samaved ka parichay evam vaisishtya]'' from Vedic Heritage Portal </ref>

Along with the preparation of सोमरसः ॥ Soma rasa, praising the देवताः ॥ devatas by singing सामगानम् ॥ Samagana is an important aspect during सोमयज्ञः ॥ Somayajna. Instruments such as veena, dundubhi flute and other instruments were used. शतपथ-ब्राह्मणम् ॥ Shatapata Brahmana states that without सामगानम् ॥ Samagana, सोमयज्ञः ॥ Somayajna does not yield the desired results.<ref name=":2232222" />

Along with the preparation of Soma rasa(सोमरसः), praising the devatas by singing Samagana (सामगानम्) is an important aspect during Somayajna (सोमयज्ञः). Instruments such as veena, dundubhi flute and other instruments were used. Shatapata Brahmana states that without Samagana, Somayajna does not yield the desired results.<ref name=":2232222" />

=== सामवेद-विभाजनम् ॥ Samaveda Vibhajana ===

=== सामवेद-विभजनम् ॥ Samaveda Vibhajana ===

सामवेद-संहिता ॥ Samaveda Samhita is the shortest of all the vedas given to the world by जैमिनिः ॥ Jaimini.<ref name=":2222" />  Many साम-मन्त्राः ॥ Sama mantras are derived from the eighth and ninth मण्डल-s || Mandalas of the Rigveda.<ref name=":2232222" /> The division of the सामवेद ॥ samaveda text is as follows :

सामवेद-संहिता ॥ Samaveda Samhita is the shortest of all the vedas given to the world by Jaimini.<ref name=":2222" />  Many Sama mantras are derived from the eighth and ninth Mandalas of the Rigveda.<ref name=":2232222" /> The division of the सामवेद ॥ samaveda text is as follows :

{| class="wikitable"

{| class="wikitable"

!काण्डः ॥ Kanda      ►

!काण्डः ॥ Kanda      ►

According to some scholars the Rks are of two types - गेय (Song format) and अगेय (Not in Song format). Samaveda is composed of गेय-ऋक् (Song format of Rks) called as आर्चिक (Archika) and गेय-यजुस् (Song form of Yajus) called as स्तोक (Stoka).<ref name=":2232222" />

According to some scholars the Rks are of two types - गेय (Song format) and अगेय (Not in Song format). Samaveda is composed of गेय-ऋक् (Song format of Rks) called as आर्चिक (Archika) and गेय-यजुस् (Song form of Yajus) called as स्तोक (Stoka).<ref name=":2232222" />

The कौथुम-सामवेद-संहिता ॥ Kauthuma Samaveda Samhita consists of 1875 mantras<ref name=":2232222" />, taken almost entirely (except for 75 mantras) from the ऋग्वेद-शाकल-संहिता॥ Rigveda Shakala samhita. Scholars opine that the 75 mantras are also taken from the lost shakhas of Rigveda (शाङ्खायन ॥ Shankhayana and others), while some others opine that they are the original mantras of Samaveda.<ref name=":2222" />

The Kauthuma Samaveda Samhita (कौथुम-सामवेद-संहिता) consists of 1875 mantras<ref name=":2232222" />, taken almost entirely (except for 75 mantras) from the Rigveda Shakala samhita (ऋग्वेद-शाकल-संहिता). Scholars opine that the 75 mantras are also taken from the lost shakhas of Rigveda (Shankhayana (शाङ्खायन) and others), while some others opine that they are the original mantras of Samaveda.<ref name=":2222" />

जैमिनीय-संहिता ॥ Jaimineeya Samhita of Samaveda is divided into पूर्वाचिकः ॥ Purva Archika containing 646 mantras and उत्तरार्चिकः ॥ Uttara Archika 1041, totaling to 1687 mantras.<ref name=":02232222" />

Jaimineeya Samhita (जैमिनीय-संहिता) of Samaveda is divided into Purva Archika (पूर्वाचिकः) containing 646 mantras and Uttara Archika (उत्तरार्चिकः) 1041, totaling to 1687 mantras.<ref name=":02232222" />

=== शाखाः ॥ Shakhas ===

=== शाखाः ॥ Shakhas ===

<blockquote>सहस्त्रवर्त्मा सामवेदः |<ref name=":2232222" /><ref name=":2222" /></blockquote><blockquote>sahastravartmā sāmavedaḥ |</blockquote>According to महाभाष्यम् ॥ Mahabhashya, चरणव्यूहम् ॥ Charanavyuha, मुक्तिकोपनिषद् ॥ Muktikopanishad, अथर्वणपरिशिष्टम् ॥ Atharvana Parishisth, सर्वानुक्रमणिका ॥ Sarvanukramanika and महाभारतम् ॥ [[Mahabharata (महाभारत)|Mahabharata]], this Veda is said to have 1000 Shakhas. This aspect is also found to be mentioned in पुराण-s || [[Puranas]]. There is an interesting ancedote mentioned by Pt. Ramshankar Bhattacharya that सामशाखाः ॥ Samashakhas were destroyed by इन्द्रः ॥ Indra. Also a mention was made about the different सामशाखा ॥ Samashaka preachers being wiped out by a natural calamity (See Page 21 of Reference 1<ref name=":02232222" />). However, there are different versions of scholars about the loss of shakhas of Samaveda, but many opine that an innumerable number of सामगान-s || Samaganas could have existed.  

<blockquote>सहस्त्रवर्त्मा सामवेदः | sahastravartmā sāmavedaḥ | <ref name=":2232222" /><ref name=":2222" /></blockquote>According to महाभाष्यम् ॥ Mahabhashya, चरणव्यूहम् ॥ Charanavyuha, मुक्तिकोपनिषद् ॥ Muktikopanishad, अथर्वणपरिशिष्टम् ॥ Atharvana Parishisth, सर्वानुक्रमणिका ॥ Sarvanukramanika and महाभारतम् ॥ [[Mahabharata (महाभारत)|Mahabharata]], this Veda is said to have 1000 Shakhas. This aspect is also found to be mentioned in पुराण-s || [[Puranas]]. There is an interesting ancedote mentioned by Pt. Ramshankar Bhattacharya that सामशाखाः ॥ Samashakhas were destroyed by इन्द्रः ॥ Indra. Also a mention was made about the different सामशाखा ॥ Samashaka preachers being wiped out by a natural calamity (See Page 21 of Reference 1<ref name=":02232222" />). However, there are different versions of scholars about the loss of shakhas of Samaveda, but many opine that an innumerable number of Samaganas could have existed.  

Some Samaganas that have found a mention in other texts include - बृहत् रथन्तर, वैराज, ज्येष्ठ, रैवत among others that are definitely more than 1000 which may be the reason why the word "सहस्त्र" or thousand may be justified.{{citation needed|sanskrit names to be crosschecked}} Some shakhas of Samaveda that were mentioned in few ancient texts are

Some Samaganas that have found a mention in other texts include - बृहत् रथन्तर, वैराज, ज्येष्ठ, रैवत among others that are definitely more than 1000 which may be the reason why the word "सहस्त्र" or thousand may be justified.<ref name=":02232222" /> Some shakhas of Samaveda that were mentioned in few ancient texts are

सात्यमुग्राः, नैगेयाः, शार्दूलाः, वार्षगण्याः, गाैतमाः, भाल्लविनः, कालबविनः, शाट्यायनिनः. रौरुकिणः. कापेयाः, माषशराव्यः, करद्विषः, शाण्डिल्याः, ताण्ड्याः<ref name=":02232222" />

सात्यमुग्राः, नैगेयाः, शार्दूलाः, वार्षगण्याः, गाैतमाः, भाल्लविनः, कालबविनः, शाट्यायनिनः. रौरुकिणः. कापेयाः, माषशराव्यः, करद्विषः, शाण्डिल्याः, ताण्ड्याः<ref name=":02232222" />

# '''जैमिनीय || Jaiminiya'''

# '''जैमिनीय || Jaiminiya'''

कौथुम ॥ Kauthuma is the widely followed शाखा ॥ shakha, mainly by Nagara brahmins of Gujarat, while Ranayaneeya is seen among the people of Maharashtra and Jaimineeya shakha is seen in Tamilnadu.  

कौथुम ॥ Kauthuma is the widely followed शाखा ॥ shakha, mainly by Nagara brahmins of Gujarat, while Ranayaneeya is seen among the people of Maharashtra and Jaimineeya shakha is seen in Tamilnadu.  

सामगानम् ॥ Samagana (singing of mantras) as per the rules of Samaveda is said to be the basis and source of the सप्तस्वराः ॥ seven svaras (notes) fundamental to Indian music systems.

=== विषयम् || Vishayam (Content) ===

 

The Samaveda is compiled exclusively for ritual application, for its verses are all meant to be chanted at the ceremonies of the Soma-sacrifice and procedures derived from it. The Samaveda is, therefore, specially intended for the ''Udgatr'' priest.

The special virtue of Samaveda is that although its mantras are from the Rigveda, they are set to music which is greatly conductive to the spiritual evolution of a human being and to qualify oneself for receiving the grace of the devatas.

 

 

In छान्दोग्य-उपनिषद् ॥ Chandogya Upanishad, it is said that अङ्गिरस-महर्षिः ॥ Angirasa maharshi, while teaching Vedas to श्रीकृष्णः ॥ SriKrishna, first taught सामगान-विधिः ॥ Samagana vidhi called "Chalikhya" to Him, in which He attained perfection and played it on His flute.<ref name=":2232222" />

 

Similarly, in the ललिता सहस्रनामम् ॥ Lalita Sahasranama, one of the epithets used to describe the Divine Mother is सामगानप्रिये || Sama Gana Priye (one who is pleased with the recital of Saman).

गान ॥ Gana texts contain the information about how Samagana is to be sung. While singing the mantras, मात्र-S || matras such as दीर्घः || deergha, प्लुतः ॥ pluta, and पाठपद्धतिः ॥ pathapaddhati (recitation methods) are clearly mentioned in these texts.

The special virtue of Samaveda is that although its mantras are from the Rigveda, they are set to music which is greatly conductive to the spiritual evolution of a human being and to qualify oneself for receiving the grace of the devatas.

भरतमुनिः ॥ Bharatamuni, the author of नाट्यशास्त्रम् ॥ Natyashastra, cites सामवेदः ॥ Samaveda as the origin of music.<blockquote>जग्राह पाठ्यं ऋग्वेदात्‌, सामभ्यो गीतमेव च यजुर्वेदादभिनयान्‌ रसमाथर्वणादपि।। (Naty. shas. 1.17)<ref name=":2222" /></blockquote><blockquote>jagrāha pāṭhyaṃ ṛgvedāt‌, sāmabhyo gītameva ca yajurvedādabhinayān‌ rasamātharvaṇādapi।। (Naty. shas. 1.17)</blockquote>Meaning : सामवेदः ॥ Samaveda is the origin of गीतम् ॥ geeta (music).<blockquote>सामवेदादिदं गीतं संजग्राह पितामहः (Sang. Ratn. 1.25)</blockquote><blockquote>sāmavedādidaṃ gītaṃ saṃjagrāha pitāmahaḥ (Sang. Ratn. 1.25)</blockquote>Meaning : ब्रह्मा ॥ Brahma collected musical notes (गीतम् ॥ geeta) from सामवेदः ॥ Samaveda.

According to सारङ्गदेवः ॥ Sarangadeva, the author of सङ्गीत-रत्नाकरम् ॥ Sangeeta Ratnakara, musical notes in words arose from Samaveda texts.<ref name=":2222" />

Sri Krishna says in श्रीमद् भगवद्गीता ॥ Shrimad Bhagavadgita (Ch.10 Verse 22) <blockquote>वेदानां सामवेदोस्मि । vedānāṃ sāmavedosmi । </blockquote>Meaning : Among the Vedas, I am the Samaveda. 

=== ब्राह्मणानि आरण्यकानि उपनिषदः च ॥ Brahmanas, Aranyakas and Upanishads ===

=== ब्राह्मणानि आरण्यकानि उपनिषदः च ॥ Brahmanas, Aranyakas and Upanishads ===

ब्राह्मण-s || Brahmanas, आरण्यक-s || Aranyakas and उपनिषद्-s || Upanishads affiliated to this Samhita are<ref name=":2222" />

ब्राह्मण-s || Brahmanas, आरण्यक-s || Aranyakas and उपनिषद्-s || Upanishads affiliated to this Samhita are<ref name=":2222" />