Changes

Jnana (ज्ञानम् | Knowledge) has been at the center of all speculations in India. There are three terms that appear in all discussions related to knowledge<ref>Kapoor Kapil and Singh Avadhesh Kumar, [http://iks.iitgn.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Indian-Knowledge-Systems-Kapil-Kapoor.pdf Indian Knowledge Systems], Vol.1, NewDelhi: D.K.Printworld, Pg.no.11</ref>:

Jnana (ज्ञानम् | Knowledge) has been at the center of all speculations in India. There are three terms that appear in all discussions related to knowledge<ref>Kapoor Kapil and Singh Avadhesh Kumar, [http://iks.iitgn.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Indian-Knowledge-Systems-Kapil-Kapoor.pdf Indian Knowledge Systems], Vol.1, NewDelhi: D.K.Printworld, Pg.no.11</ref>:

* दर्शनम् ॥ Darshana

* दर्शनम् ॥ [[Shad Darshanas (षड्दर्शनानि)|Darshana]]

* ज्ञानम् ॥ Jnana

* ज्ञानम् ॥ Jnana

* विद्या ॥ Vidya

* विद्या ॥ [http://dharmawiki.org/index.php/Vaidika_Vangmaya_(%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D)#.C2.A0.E0.A4.B5.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.A6.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AF.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.B8.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.A5.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.A8.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.A8.E0.A4.BF_.E0.A5.A5_Vidyasthanas Vidya]

Darshana literally means "a point of view" which leads to Jnana (knowledge). When this knowledge, gathered about a particular domain is organized and systematized for purposes of Chintana (चिन्तनम् | reflection) and Adhyapana (अध्यापनम् | pedagogy), it attains the status of Vidya (विद्या | discipline).

Darshana literally means "a point of view" which leads to Jnana (knowledge). When this knowledge, gathered about a particular domain is organized and systematized for purposes of Chintana (चिन्तनम् | reflection) and Adhyapana (अध्यापनम् | pedagogy), it attains the status of Vidya (विद्या | discipline).

The 18 Vidyas include:

The 18 Vidyas include:

* चतुर्वेदाः ॥ The Four Vedas: Rigveda, Yajurveda, Samaveda and Atharvaveda

* चतुर्वेदाः ॥ The [[Veda Vargeekarana (वेदवर्गीकरणम्)|Four Vedas]]: Rigveda, Yajurveda, Samaveda and Atharvaveda

* चत्वारः उपवेदाः ॥ The Four subsidiary Vedas: Ayurveda (medicine), Dhanurveda (weaponry), Gandharvaveda (गान्धर्ववेदः | music) and Shilpashastra (architecture)

* चत्वारः उपवेदाः ॥ The Four [[Upavedas (उपवेदाः)|subsidiary Vedas]]: Ayurveda (medicine), Dhanurveda (weaponry), Gandharvaveda (गान्धर्ववेदः | music) and Shilpashastra (architecture)

* चत्वारि उपाङ्गानि ॥ The Four Upangas: Purana, Nyaya, Mimamsa (मीमांसा), Dharma Shastra

* चत्वारि उपाङ्गानि ॥ The Four [http://dharmawiki.org/index.php/Vaidika_Vangmaya_(%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D)#.E0.A4.B5.E0.A5.87.E0.A4.A6-.E0.A4.89.E0.A4.AA.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.99.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.97.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.A8.E0.A4.BF_.7C.7C_Veda-Upangas Upangas]: Purana, Nyaya, Mimamsa (मीमांसा), Dharma Shastra

* षड्वेदाङ्गानि ॥ The Six Vedangas (Auxiliary Sciences): Shiksha (phonetics), Vyakarana (grammar), Chandas (metre), Jyotish (astronomy), Kalpa (ritual) and Nirukta (etymology)  

* षड्वेदाङ्गानि ॥ The [[Shad Vedangas (षड्वेदाङ्गानि)|Six Vedangas]] (Auxiliary Sciences): Shiksha (phonetics), Vyakarana (grammar), Chandas (metre), Jyotish (astronomy), Kalpa (ritual) and Nirukta (etymology)  

However, as far as the kalas (arts) are concerned, there are competing enumerations of 64.

However, as far as the kalas (arts) are concerned, there are competing enumerations of 64.

As mentioned above, there are slight variations regarding the enumeration of the 64 Kalas (arts). The mention of these arts occur in:  

As mentioned above, there are slight variations regarding the enumeration of the 64 Kalas (arts). The mention of these arts occur in:  

* शैवतन्त्रम् ॥ Shaivatantra

* शैवतन्त्रम् ॥ Shaivatantra

* महाभारतम् ॥ Mahabharata by Vyasa Maharshi

* महाभारतम् ॥ [[Mahabharata (महाभारत)|Mahabharata]] by Vyasa Maharshi

* कामसूत्रम् ॥ Kamasutra by Vatsyayana

* कामसूत्रम् ॥ Kamasutra by Vatsyayana

* नाट्यशास्त्रम् ॥ Natya Shastra by Bharatamuni  

* नाट्यशास्त्रम् ॥ Natya Shastra by Bharatamuni  

== Discussion ==

== Discussion ==

The Ancient Indian education model aimed at facilitating the four basic duties of a person viz. Dharma (Righteousness), Artha (Livelihood), Kama (Family life) and Moksha (Attainment of eternal peace).<ref>Pt. Shri Durgadutta Tripathi, [https://shekharsk.files.wordpress.com/2016/02/64-arts-of-ancient-india.pdf Sixty-four Arts of ancient India], Edited and Translated by – Dr. A.S. Nene</ref> The tradition talks of 18 major vidyas (theoretical disciplines), and 64 kalas (applied or vocational disciplines/crafts).These "crafts" have a direct bearing on day-to-day life of the people and most of them are still a part of the Indian life.<ref name=":0" /> It is interesting to note that these crafts are still important means of livelihood. There is a close relationship of these crafts with ordinary life.<ref name=":1">Kapoor Kapil and Singh Avadhesh Kumar, [http://iks.iitgn.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Indian-Knowledge-Systems-Kapil-Kapoor.pdf Indian Knowledge Systems], Vol.1, NewDelhi: D.K.Printworld, Pg.no.19</ref>

The Ancient Indian education model aimed at facilitating the four basic duties of a person viz. Dharma (Righteousness), Artha (Livelihood), Kama (Family life) and [[Moksha Dristipath|Moksha]] (Attainment of eternal peace).<ref>Pt. Shri Durgadutta Tripathi, [https://shekharsk.files.wordpress.com/2016/02/64-arts-of-ancient-india.pdf Sixty-four Arts of ancient India], Edited and Translated by – Dr. A.S. Nene</ref> The tradition talks of 18 major vidyas (theoretical disciplines), and 64 kalas (applied or vocational disciplines/crafts).These "crafts" have a direct bearing on day-to-day life of the people and most of them are still a part of the Indian life.<ref name=":0" /> It is interesting to note that these crafts are still important means of livelihood. There is a close relationship of these crafts with ordinary life.<ref name=":1">Kapoor Kapil and Singh Avadhesh Kumar, [http://iks.iitgn.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Indian-Knowledge-Systems-Kapil-Kapoor.pdf Indian Knowledge Systems], Vol.1, NewDelhi: D.K.Printworld, Pg.no.19</ref>

It is also significant that no opposition is set-up in the Indian tradition between "art" and "craft." For the craftsmen, the craft is not only their profession, it is also their worship. These crafts were taught, are still taught, by a teacher to his disciples, for the learning of a craft requires watching the teacher at work, starting by doing odd, little jobs assigned by the teacher and then the long practice, abhyasa, on one's own. Only after considerable experience the learner refines his art and then may set-up on his own.We can see this even today in Indian dance, music and even automobile-repair. This is one reason why the craftsman is held in high esteem as a sadhaka, a devotee whose mind attaches with great reverence to his object. His training is a form of tapa (तपः), a dedication and the primary virtue he has to acquire is concentration, ekagrata (एकाग्रता).<ref name=":1" />

It is also significant that no opposition is set-up in the Indian tradition between "art" and "craft." For the craftsmen, the craft is not only their profession, it is also their worship. These crafts were taught, are still taught, by a teacher to his disciples, for the learning of a craft requires watching the teacher at work, starting by doing odd, little jobs assigned by the teacher and then the long practice, abhyasa (अभ्यासः), on one's own. Only after considerable experience the learner refines his art and then may set-up on his own.We can see this even today in Indian dance, music and even automobile-repair. This is one reason why the craftsman is held in high esteem as a sadhaka, a devotee whose mind attaches with great reverence to his object. His training is a form of [[Tapas|tapa]] (तपः), a dedication and the primary virtue he has to acquire is concentration, ekagrata (एकाग्रता).<ref name=":1" />

The Indian tradition is replete with texts even for the crafts, which are "practical" disciplines.In each discipline, there are Schools; in each School there are thinkers and texts. In fact, one may talk of three kinds of texts — primary texts (Shastra) which lay down the foundational principles, samgraha texts (compendium of all Schools in that discipline) and commentary/expository texts (tika । टीका). These three kinds of texts are available in most disciplines — this is the way knowledge is organized and presented for purposes of pedagogy. However, it is true in the case of crafts just as it is true in the case of vidyas that the knowledge resides in the teacher, the guru. This is the root of the great reverence attached to the gurus in the Indian tradition as he is the source and the ultimate authority in the given domain of knowledge.<ref name=":1" />  

The Indian tradition is replete with texts even for the crafts, which are "practical" disciplines.In each discipline, there are Schools; in each School there are thinkers and texts. In fact, one may talk of three kinds of texts — primary texts (Shastra) which lay down the foundational principles, samgraha texts (compendium of all Schools in that discipline) and commentary/expository texts (tika । टीका). These three kinds of texts are available in most disciplines — this is the way knowledge is organized and presented for purposes of pedagogy. However, it is true in the case of crafts just as it is true in the case of vidyas that the knowledge resides in the teacher, the guru. This is the root of the great reverence attached to the gurus in the Indian tradition as he is the source and the ultimate authority in the given domain of knowledge.<ref name=":1" />  

== References ==

== References ==