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Samhita (Sanskrit: सम्हिता, ''saṁhitā'') literally means "put together, joined" and "a methodically, rule-based combination of text or verses".

Samhita (Samskrit: संहिता) literally means "put together, joined" and "a methodically, rule-based combination of text or verses". Samhita has been used as a synonym for Vedas and hence used in exchange for each other.

Each Veda has been subclassified into four major text types – the [[Samhita]]s (mantras and benedictions), the [[Brahmana|Brahmanas]] (explanation of Mantras and rituals)<ref name=":0">Swami Sivananda, All About Hinduism, Page 29</ref> the [[Aranyaka|Aranyakas]] (mystical texts which give philosophical interpretation of the rituals. These are intended for the Vanaprasthas or hermits, who prepare themselves for taking Sanyasa)<ref name=":0" />,  and the [[Upanishads]] (text discussing meditation, philosophy and spiritual knowledge).

Each Veda has been subclassified into four major text types<ref name=":02222">A Bhattacharya (2006), Hindu Dharma: Introduction to Scriptures and Theology, <nowiki>ISBN 978-0595384556</nowiki>, pages 8-14</ref> <ref name=":02">Swami Sivananda, All About Hinduism, Page 29</ref>–

* [[Aranyaka|Aranyakas]] (texts which give philosophical interpretation of the rituals)

* [[Upanishads]] (texts discussing meditation, philosophy and spiritual knowledge)

A collective study of Vedas and later text suggests that the compendium of ''Samhitas'' and associated Vedic texts were far larger than currently available. However, most have been lost at some point or over a period of Indian history.

Samhita has been used as a synonym for Vedas and hence used in exchange for each other.  

The subject matter of the whole Veda is divided into Karma-Kanda, Upasana-Kanda and Jnana-Kanda. The Karma-Kanda or Ritualistic section deals with various sacrifices and rituals. The Upasana-Kanda or Worship section deals with various kinds of worship or meditation. The Jnana-Kanda or Knowledge-Section deals with the highest knowledge of Nirguna Brahman. The Samhitas and the Brahmanas constitute Karma-Kanda; the Aranyakas constitute Upasana-Kanda; and the Upanishads constitute Jnana-Kanda<ref name=":12">Swami Sivananda, All About Hinduism, Page 30-31</ref>. 

Another opinion states: "The ''Samhitas'' and the ''Brahmanas'' form the ''Karma''-''Kanda'' segment of the Vedas. They are apparently concerned with the ceremonial rites and rituals. The ''Aranyakas'' and the Upanishads form the Jnana-''Kanda'' segment of the Vedas. They explicitly focus on the philosophy and spiritualism.<ref name=":12222">Indian Scriptures [http://indianscriptures.50webs.com/partveda.htm Website]</ref>

Another opinion states: "The ''Samhitas'' and the ''Brahmanas'' form the ''Karma''-''Kanda'' segment of the Vedas. They are apparently concerned with the ceremonial rites and rituals. The ''Aranyakas'' and the Upanishads form the Jnana-''Kanda'' segment of the Vedas. They explicitly focus on the philosophy and spiritualism.<ref name=":1222"><nowiki>http://indianscriptures.50webs.com/partveda.htm</nowiki>, 6th Paragraph</ref>

Another learned author says: These are four different modes of expressing the same truths, each as a cross check against others so that misrepresentations are avoided, a method used and valid even today.<ref name=":2222">Insights Into the Taittiriya Upanishad, Dr. K. S. Narayanacharya, Published by Kautilya Institute of National Studies, Mysore, Page 75 (Glossary)</ref>

Another learned author says: These are four different modes of expressing the same truths, each as a cross check against others so that misrepresentations are avoided, a method used and valid even today.<ref name=":22222">Insights Into the Taittiriya Upanishad, Dr. K. S. Narayanacharya, Published by Kautilya Institute of National Studies, Mysore, Page 75 (Glossary)</ref>

Swami Sivananda says: The Mantra-Samhitas are hymns in praise of the Vedic God for attaining material prosperity here and happiness hereafter. They are metrical poems comprising prayers, hymns and incantations addressed to various deities, both subjective and objective. The Mantra portion of the Vedas is useful for the Brahmacharins.<ref name=":0" />

According to Swami Sivananda, the Mantra-Samhitas are hymns in praise of the Vedic God for attaining material prosperity here and happiness hereafter. They are metrical poems comprising prayers, hymns and incantations addressed to various deities, both subjective and objective. The Mantra portion of the Vedas is useful for the Brahmacharins.<ref name=":02" />

==  व्युत्पत्तिः || Etymology ==

==  व्युत्पत्तिः || Etymology ==

''Samhita'' is a Sanskrit word from the roots, sam (सं) and hita (हित), which mean "correct, proper" and "wholesome, arranged" respectively. The combination word thus means "put together , joined, compose, arrangement, place together, union" and "combination of letters according to euphonic rules, any methodically arranged collection of texts or verses".

''Samhita'' is a Sanskrit word from the roots, sam (सं) and hita (हित), which mean "correct, proper" and "wholesome, arranged" respectively. The combination word thus means "put together , joined, compose, arrangement, place together, union" and "combination of letters according to euphonic rules, any methodically arranged collection of texts or verses".

==  Four Samhitas ==

==  Four Samhitas ==

The Samhitas form the first part of each of the Vedas. A Samhita is a collection of mantras, so the Samhitas are sometimes also referred to as the ‘mantras’. Most of the mantras were concerned with the nature and the deities. Generally, the mantras are addressed to the Gods and Goddesses.

The Samhitas form the first part of each of the Vedas. A Samhita is a collection of mantras, so the Samhitas are sometimes also referred to as the ‘Mantras’. Most of the mantras were concerned with the nature and the deities. Generally, the mantras are addressed to the devi and devatas.

The Samhitas are named after the Vedas they belong to. For example, the Samhita of the Rig Veda is called the Rig-Veda-Samhita or the Rig-Samhita. The Rig-Samhita contains the mantras known as ‘rks’, while those of Yajur veda are called 'yajus', Sama Veda mantras are called 'saman'. These mantras are structured metered verses in Rig veda while prose form is seen in Yajurveda mantras.

The Samhitas are named after the Vedas they belong to. For example, the Samhita of the Rig Veda is called the Rig-Veda-Samhita or the Rig-Samhita. These mantras are structured metered verses in Rig veda while prose form is seen in Yajurveda mantras.

=== Rig Samhita ===

=== ऋक् - संहिता || Rig Samhita ===

The Rigveda is the oldest, biggest of the four Vedas and the most highly valued work of the Hindus. This Samhita (Collection) is unique in its nature. The present form of this Samhita clearly indicates that the collection is not a single work, but consists of multiple elements, thus, intact through thousands of years are the seeds of India's religious and philosophical development. Various indications of language, style and ideas prove this point.   

The Rigveda is the oldest, biggest of the four Vedas and the most highly valued work of the Hindus. This Samhita (Collection) is unique in its nature. The present form of this Samhita clearly indicates that the collection is not a single work, but consists of multiple elements, thus, intact through thousands of years are the seeds of India's religious and philosophical development. Various indications of language, style and ideas prove this point.   

Swami Sivananda says: The Rig-Veda Samhita is the grandest book of the Hindus, the oldest and the best. Its immortal Mantras embody the greatest truths of existence, and it is perhaps the greatest treasure in all the scriptural literature of the World. Its priest is called the Hotri<ref name=":1" />.   

Swami Sivananda says: The Rig-Veda Samhita is the grandest book of the Hindus, the oldest and the best. Its immortal Mantras embody the greatest truths of existence, and it is perhaps the greatest treasure in all the scriptural literature of the World. Its priest is called the Hotri<ref name=":12" />.   

Different mantras of this Samhita were composed long before they were systematically arranged. Being a compilation of different stages, there is something which stamps the Rigveda with an individuality of its own. It is much more natural in character and form than other Samhitas.  

Different mantras of this Samhita were composed long before they were systematically arranged. Being a compilation of different stages, there is something which stamps the Rigveda with an individuality of its own. It is much more natural in character and form than other Samhitas.  

''Rik,'' from the root ''rc'' means ‘to praise''’.'' Variously called as 'rk', 'richas', 'rig' or '''Rik''<nowiki/>' is the name given to those Mantras which are meant for the praise of the deities. Thus the collection (''Samhita'') of ''Riks'' is known as Rigveda-Samhita.  

* Only one Shaka (school) of the Rigveda is available today called as  '''Shaakala'''. The Purāṇa literature gives ample information about the existence of Śākhā-Saṁhitās. Deviations in text, order and number of ṛk mantras started giving rise to different Śākhā-Saṁhitās from the time of Ācārya Paila; Patañjali referring to twenty­ one Śākhā-Saṁhitās of the Ṛgveda (Ref 2) the Āśvalāyana-Saṁhitā being one of them.  

* Shakala samhita is the one surviving shaka available completely in Rig veda.<ref>Pt. Shriram Adhikari's Article : ''[http://vedicheritage.gov.in/pdf/ved_vedang_gp_14.pdf Rigved ka parichay evam vaishistya]'' on Vedic Heritage Portal</ref>

* It contains about 10,552 Mantras (about 10, 170 rks according to some other scholars) and 1, 028 suktas.

* [[Veda Vargeekarana (वेदवर्गीकरणम्)|Veda Vargeekarana]] of Rig Samhita includes the vibhajana (classification) of Rig Veda into Mandalas and Astakas. 

* It is classified into ten books called ''Mandalas''.  

* The Samhita of the Rigveda thus comprises of 10 ''Mandalas'', 85 ''Anuvakas'', 1028 ''Suktas'' and 10552 ''Mantras''. Usually ''Anuvaka'' is not mentioned for the reference of a Mantra of the Rigveda. For example Rig. Veda. 3.16.7 simply means the seventh Mantra of the sixteenth ''Sukta'' of the third ''Mandala'' of the Rigveda.  

* Each ''Mandala'' is divided into several sections called ''Anuvakas''.

* [[Vedic Language (वैदिकभाषा)|Vedic Language]] of Rigveda is believed to be the oldest even among the four vedas.  

* Each ''Anuvaka'' consists of a number of S''uktas'' (hymns).

* Taittriya Samhita emphasizes that practicing of karmas by the prescribed procedures given by Riks is stronger and those practiced by following the साम and यजुः will disintegrate.<ref name=":4">Upadhyaya, Baldev. (1958) ''[https://archive.org/details/VaidikSahityaBaldevUpadhyaya1958 Vaidik Sahitya]''. </ref>

* Each ''Sukta'' is made up of a number of Mantras (verses) called ''riks''.

<blockquote>यद् वै यज्ञस्य साम्ना यजुषा क्रियते शिथिलं तत् । यद् ऋचा तद् दृढम् । (Tait. Samh. 6.5.10.3)<ref>Taittriya Samhita ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A5%AC/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%AB Kanda 6 Prapathaka 5])</ref></blockquote><blockquote>yad vai yajñasya sāmnā yajuṣā kriyatē śithilaṁ tat । yad r̥cā tad dr̥ḍham । (Tait. Samh. 6.5.10.3)</blockquote>

* Every ''Rik'' has a ''Rishi (Mantra Drashta),'' a ''Devata (deity)'' and a ''Chandas (meter)''.   

 

==== Origin of Rig Samhita ====

Purusha sukta states that Richas (ऋचाः) arose from the Thousand-headed Purusha (स॒हस्रशीर्षा पुरुषः) who is yajna-swaroopa Himself.<blockquote>तस्माद्यज्ञात्सर्वहुत ऋच: सामानि जज्ञिरे । छन्दांसि जज्ञिरे तस्माद्यजुस्तस्मादजायत ॥९॥ (Rig. Veda. 10.90.9)<ref>Rig Veda ([http://vedicheritage.gov.in/samhitas/rigveda/shakala-samhita/rigveda-shakala-samhita-mandal-10-sukta-090/ Mandala 10 Sukta 90])</ref></blockquote><blockquote>tasmādyajñātsarvahuta r̥ca: sāmāni jajñirē । chandāṁsi jajñirē tasmādyajustasmādajāyata ॥9॥ (Rig. Veda. 10.90.9)</blockquote>

* Every ''Mantra'' has a ''Rishi (Mantra Drashta),'' a ''Devata (deity)'' and a ''Chandas (meter)''.   

* Mantras are revealed to several rishis called Mantra Drashtas including some brahmavaadinis like Lopamudra and Vak Ambhrni.  

* Mantras are revealed to several rishis called Mantra Drashtas including some brahmavaadinis like Lopamudra and Vak Ambhrni.  

* The Samhita of the Rigveda thus comprises of 10 ''Mandalas'', 85 ''Anuvakas'', 1028 ''Suktas'' and 10552 ''Mantras''. Usually ''Anuvaka'' is not mentioned for the reference of a Mantra of the Rigveda. For example RV 3.16.7 simply means the seventh Mantra of the sixteenth ''Sukta'' of the third ''Mandala'' of the Rigveda.

*  

* It begins with a sukta to Agni and concludes with a sukta to the same deity. Agni sukta (01.01.01) by Rushi : Madhucchanda Visvamitra, Devata : Agni, Chandas: Gayatri goes as follows<blockquote>"''अग्निसूक्तम् in प्रथमं मण्डलम्।''"</blockquote><blockquote>"''९ मधुच्छन्दा वैश्वामित्रः । अग्निः।  गायत्री।'' "</blockquote><blockquote>"''अ॒ग्निमी॑ळे पु॒रोहि॑तं य॒ज्ञस्य॑ दे॒वमृ॒त्विज॑म् । होता॑रं रत्न॒धात॑मम् ॥१''"</blockquote><blockquote>"''अ॒ग्निः पूर्वे॑भि॒र्ऋषि॑भि॒रीड्यो॒ नूत॑नैरु॒त । स दे॒वाँ एह व॑क्षति ॥२''"</blockquote><blockquote>"''अ॒ग्निना॑ र॒यिम॑श्नव॒त् पोष॑मे॒व दि॒वेदि॑वे । य॒शसं॑ वी॒रव॑त्तमम् ॥३''"</blockquote><blockquote>"''अग्ने॒ यं य॒ज्ञम॑ध्व॒रं वि॒श्वत॑: परि॒भूरसि॑ । स इद् दे॒वेषु॑ गच्छति ॥४''"</blockquote><blockquote>"''अ॒ग्निर्होता॑ क॒विक्र॑तुः स॒त्यश्चि॒त्रश्र॑वस्तमः । दे॒वो दे॒वेभि॒रा ग॑मत् ॥५''"</blockquote><blockquote>"''यद॒ङ्ग दा॒शुषे॒ त्वमग्ने॑ भ॒द्रं क॑रि॒ष्यसि॑ । तवेत् तत् स॒त्यम॑ङ्गिरः ॥६''"</blockquote><blockquote>"''उप॑ त्वाग्ने दि॒वेदि॑वे॒ दोषा॑वस्तर्धि॒या व॒यम् । नमो॒ भर॑न्त॒ एम॑सि ॥७''"</blockquote><blockquote>"''राज॑न्तमध्व॒राणां॑ गो॒पामृ॒तस्य॒ दीदि॑विम् । वर्ध॑मानं॒ स्वे दमे॑ ॥८''"</blockquote><blockquote>"''स न॑: पि॒तेव॑ सू॒नवे ऽग्ने॑ सूपाय॒नो भ॑व । सच॑स्वा नः स्व॒स्तये॑ ॥९''"</blockquote>As seen in the above example, the Vedic mantras are notated with lines above and below the letters which indicate the svara or tone of the particular letter in which it has to be uttered. The information about Vedic Language, the tones and accents used are explained in Siksha part of the [[Shad Vedangas (षड्वेदाङ्गानि)|Vedaangas]]. This division of the Rigveda is most popular and systematic. There is also the ashtaka system of dividing the contents of the Rigveda, but today that is uncommon among the students of the Veda.The value of the Rigveda today is not confined to India, for its well-preserved language and mythology have helped a better understanding of languages, literatures and cultures of the whole world.  

* It begins with a sukta to Agni and concludes with a sukta to the same deity. Agni sukta (01.01.01) by Rushi : Madhucchanda Visvamitra, Devata : Agni, Chandas: Gayatri goes as follows<blockquote>"''अग्निसूक्तम् in प्रथमं मण्डलम्।''"</blockquote><blockquote>"''९ मधुच्छन्दा वैश्वामित्रः । अग्निः।  गायत्री।'' "</blockquote><blockquote>"''अ॒ग्निमी॑ळे पु॒रोहि॑तं य॒ज्ञस्य॑ दे॒वमृ॒त्विज॑म् । होता॑रं रत्न॒धात॑मम् ॥१''"</blockquote><blockquote>"''अ॒ग्निः पूर्वे॑भि॒र्ऋषि॑भि॒रीड्यो॒ नूत॑नैरु॒त । स दे॒वाँ एह व॑क्षति ॥२''"</blockquote><blockquote>"''अ॒ग्निना॑ र॒यिम॑श्नव॒त् पोष॑मे॒व दि॒वेदि॑वे । य॒शसं॑ वी॒रव॑त्तमम् ॥३''"</blockquote><blockquote>"''अग्ने॒ यं य॒ज्ञम॑ध्व॒रं वि॒श्वत॑: परि॒भूरसि॑ । स इद् दे॒वेषु॑ गच्छति ॥४''"</blockquote><blockquote>"''अ॒ग्निर्होता॑ क॒विक्र॑तुः स॒त्यश्चि॒त्रश्र॑वस्तमः । दे॒वो दे॒वेभि॒रा ग॑मत् ॥५''"</blockquote><blockquote>"''यद॒ङ्ग दा॒शुषे॒ त्वमग्ने॑ भ॒द्रं क॑रि॒ष्यसि॑ । तवेत् तत् स॒त्यम॑ङ्गिरः ॥६''"</blockquote><blockquote>"''उप॑ त्वाग्ने दि॒वेदि॑वे॒ दोषा॑वस्तर्धि॒या व॒यम् । नमो॒ भर॑न्त॒ एम॑सि ॥७''"</blockquote><blockquote>"''राज॑न्तमध्व॒राणां॑ गो॒पामृ॒तस्य॒ दीदि॑विम् । वर्ध॑मानं॒ स्वे दमे॑ ॥८''"</blockquote><blockquote>"''स न॑: पि॒तेव॑ सू॒नवे ऽग्ने॑ सूपाय॒नो भ॑व । सच॑स्वा नः स्व॒स्तये॑ ॥९''"</blockquote>As seen in the above example, the Vedic mantras are notated with lines above and below the letters which indicate the svara or tone of the particular letter in which it has to be uttered. The information about Vedic Language, the tones and accents used are explained in Siksha part of the [[Shad Vedangas (षड्वेदाङ्गानि)|Vedaangas]]. This division of the Rigveda is most popular and systematic. There is also the ashtaka system of dividing the contents of the Rigveda, but today that is uncommon among the students of the Veda.The value of the Rigveda today is not confined to India, for its well-preserved language and mythology have helped a better understanding of languages, literatures and cultures of the whole world.  

Besides this, there are ''Suktas'' offered to different deities, such as, Indra, Marut, Rudra, Varuna, Ushas, Surya, Bhumi, Soma, and Agni.  

Besides this, there are ''Suktas'' offered to different deities, such as, Indra, Marut, Rudra, Varuna, Ushas, Surya, Bhumi, Soma, and Agni.  

=== Yajus Samhita ===

=== यजुर्वेद-संहिता ॥ Yajus Samhita ===

In its character Yajurveda is quite different from the Rigveda & Samaveda Samhitas. It is principally in prose form. The Yajur-Veda Samhita is meant to be used by the Adhvaryu, the Yajur-Vedic priest, for explanation of rites, supplementing the Rig Vedic Mantras<ref name=":2">Swami Sivananda, All About Hinduism, Page 32</ref>.

In its character Yajurveda is quite different from the Rigveda & Samaveda Samhitas. It is principally in prose form. The Yajur-Veda Samhita is meant to be used by the Adhvaryu, the Yajur-Vedic priest, for explanation of rites, supplementing the Rig Vedic Mantras<ref name=":22">Swami Sivananda, All About Hinduism, Page 32</ref>.

The word '<nowiki/>''Yajush''<nowiki/>' in the Yajurveda is explained variously. But one of its definitions says -<blockquote>"'<nowiki/>''Gadyatmakam yajuh''<nowiki/>' A ‘''Yajuh''’ is that which is in prose form'. "</blockquote>Another definition – <blockquote>"‘''Yajur Yajateh''’ "</blockquote>talks about its relation with the sacrifice (''Yajna'') because both the terms are derived from the root. '''Yaj'' '.

The word '<nowiki/>''Yajush''<nowiki/>' in the Yajurveda is explained variously. But one of its definitions says -<blockquote>"'<nowiki/>''Gadyatmakam yajuh''<nowiki/>' A ‘''Yajuh''’ is that which is in prose form'. "</blockquote>Another definition – <blockquote>"‘''Yajur Yajateh''’ "</blockquote>talks about its relation with the sacrifice (''Yajna'') because both the terms are derived from the root. '''Yaj'' '.

* The Vajasaneyi-Samhita gives a vivid description of many important sacrifices such as - Darsha-purnamasa,  Somayaga, Chaturmasya, Agnihotra, Vajapeya, Ashvamedha, Sarva-medha, Brahma-yajna, Pitrimedha, Sautramani, and so on. For a general idea the contents can be divided into three sections. The first section comprises the ''Darshapurnamasa'', the second section deals with the ''Somayaga'' and the third section comprises the ''Agnicayanas''. The last section of the Vajasaneyi-Samhita contains the popular Ishavasya-Upanishad.

* The Vajasaneyi-Samhita gives a vivid description of many important sacrifices such as - Darsha-purnamasa,  Somayaga, Chaturmasya, Agnihotra, Vajapeya, Ashvamedha, Sarva-medha, Brahma-yajna, Pitrimedha, Sautramani, and so on. For a general idea the contents can be divided into three sections. The first section comprises the ''Darshapurnamasa'', the second section deals with the ''Somayaga'' and the third section comprises the ''Agnicayanas''. The last section of the Vajasaneyi-Samhita contains the popular Ishavasya-Upanishad.

=== Sama samhita ===

=== Sama samhita ===

The Sama Samhita contains mantras in the form of songs meant for liturgy or public worship. The Samaveda is shortest of all the four Vedas. It is closely connected with the Rigveda.  is meant to be sung by the Udgatri, the Sama-Vedic priest<ref name=":2" />.  

The Sama Samhita contains mantras in the form of songs meant for liturgy or public worship. The Samaveda is shortest of all the four Vedas. It is closely connected with the Rigveda.  is meant to be sung by the Udgatri, the Sama-Vedic priest<ref name=":22" />.  

It is important to note that the Samhita of the Samaveda is an independent collection (Samhita), yet it has taken many verses, a large number indeed, from the Samhita of Rigveda. These verses are chiefly derived from the eighth and the ninth Mandalas of the Rigveda.  

It is important to note that the Samhita of the Samaveda is an independent collection (Samhita), yet it has taken many verses, a large number indeed, from the Samhita of Rigveda. These verses are chiefly derived from the eighth and the ninth Mandalas of the Rigveda.  

The Atharva-Samhita contains mantras meant for routine rites and rituals.   

The Atharva-Samhita contains mantras meant for routine rites and rituals.   

The Atharva-Veda Samhita is meant to be used by the Brahma, the Atharva-Vedic priest, to correct the mispronunciations and wrong performances that may be accidentally be committed by the other three priests<ref name=":2" />.  

The Atharva-Veda Samhita is meant to be used by the Brahma, the Atharva-Vedic priest, to correct the mispronunciations and wrong performances that may be accidentally be committed by the other three priests<ref name=":22" />.  

''Atharvan'' denotes directions and mantras especially in connection to ward off evil and hardship and also contains philosophical thoughts. '''Atharvan''<nowiki/>' originally means 'priest' and the Mantras in the Atharvaveda-Samhita were brought to light by Rishi Atharva.  

''Atharvan'' denotes directions and mantras especially in connection to ward off evil and hardship and also contains philosophical thoughts. '''Atharvan''<nowiki/>' originally means 'priest' and the Mantras in the Atharvaveda-Samhita were brought to light by Rishi Atharva.  

# Narayanacharya, K S. (2006). ''Insights Into the Taittiriya Upanishad''. Mysore : Kautilya Institute of National Studies.

# Narayanacharya, K S. (2006). ''Insights Into the Taittiriya Upanishad''. Mysore : Kautilya Institute of National Studies.

# Bhattacharya, A. (2006). ''Hindu Dharma: Introduction to Scriptures and Theology.'' United States : iUniverse.

# Bhattacharya, A. (2006). ''Hindu Dharma: Introduction to Scriptures and Theology.'' United States : iUniverse.

# http://indianscriptures.50webs.com/partveda.htm

# [http://indianscriptures.50webs.com/partveda.htm http://indianscriptures.50webs.com/partveda.ht]

# [http://www.sanskritweb.net/rigveda/rv01-001.pdf ''Rigveda Samhita, First Mandala (in Sanskrit).'']  

# [http://www.sanskritweb.net/rigveda/rv01-001.pdf ''Rigveda Samhita, First Mandala (in Sanskrit).'']  

# Sri Sri Sri Chandrasekharendra Saraswathi MahaSwamiji. (). ''[http://www.kamakoti.org/hindudharma/part5/chap27.htm Hindu Dharma, Part 5 ,Chapter 27].'' Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.

# Sri Sri Sri Chandrasekharendra Saraswathi MahaSwamiji. (). ''[http://www.kamakoti.org/hindudharma/part5/chap27.htm Hindu Dharma, Part 5 ,Chapter 27].'' Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.

# ''[http://ignca.nic.in/vedic_portal_rigveda.htm Rigveda Samhita,Overview.]''

# ''[http://ignca.nic.in/vedic_portal_rigveda.htm Rigveda Samhita,Overview.]''<nowiki/><nowiki/><nowiki/><nowiki/><nowiki/>''<nowiki/>''