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Kala (Samskrit: कला) or Art is a vital component of the Ancient Indian Education System. They are disciplines, a student acquires knowledge of, during the course of training in the गुरुकुलम् ॥ Gurukula. They are called as चतुःषष्टिः कलाः ॥ Chatusshashti Kala since they are 64 in number.

Kala (Samskrit: कला) or Art is a vital component of the Ancient Indian Education System. They are disciplines, a student acquires knowledge of, during the course of training in the Gurukula. They are called as Chatusshashti Kalas (चतुःषष्टिः कला-s) since they are 64 in number.

== परिचयः ॥ Introduction  ==

== परिचयः ॥ Introduction  ==

भारतवर्षः ॥ Bharatavarsha (Ancient Indian Sub-continent) has always attached great value to knowledge. Talking of India's knowledge tradition, Kapil Kapoor says, ''"India's'' ''knowledge tradition is ancient and uninterrupted like the flow of the river Ganga."''  

Bharatavarsha (Ancient Indian Sub-continent) has always attached great value to knowledge. Talking of India's knowledge tradition, Kapil Kapoor says, ''"India's'' ''knowledge tradition is ancient and uninterrupted like the flow of the river Ganga."''  

ज्ञानम् ॥ Jnana (Knowledge) has been at the centre of all speculations in India. There are three terms that appear in all discussions related to knowledge<ref>Kapoor Kapil and Singh Avadhesh Kumar, [http://iks.iitgn.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Indian-Knowledge-Systems-Kapil-Kapoor.pdf Indian Knowledge Systems], Vol.1, NewDelhi: D.K.Printworld, Pg.no.11</ref>:

Jnana (ज्ञानम् | Knowledge) has been at the center of all speculations in India. There are three terms that appear in all discussions related to knowledge<ref>Kapoor Kapil and Singh Avadhesh Kumar, [http://iks.iitgn.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Indian-Knowledge-Systems-Kapil-Kapoor.pdf Indian Knowledge Systems], Vol.1, NewDelhi: D.K.Printworld, Pg.no.11</ref>:

* दर्शनम् ॥ Darshana

* दर्शनम् ॥ Darshana

* ज्ञानम् ॥ Jnana

* ज्ञानम् ॥ Jnana

* विद्या ॥ Vidya

* विद्या ॥ Vidya

दर्शनम् ॥ Darshana literally means "a point of view" which leads to ज्ञानम् ॥ Jnana (knowledge). When this knowledge, gathered about a particular domain is organized and systematized for purposes of चिन्तनम् ॥ Chintana (reflection) and अध्यापनम् ॥ Adhyapana (pedagogy), it attains the status of विद्या ॥ Vidya (discipline).

Darshana literally means "a point of view" which leads to Jnana (knowledge). When this knowledge, gathered about a particular domain is organized and systematized for purposes of Chintana (चिन्तनम् | reflection) and Adhyapana (अध्यापनम् | pedagogy), it attains the status of Vidya (विद्या | discipline).

The tradition always talks of a combination 18 major विद्याः ॥ Vidyas (disciplines of knowledge) and 64 कलाः ॥ kalas (arts) while referring to the curriculum of Ancient Indian Education<ref>Kapoor Kapil and Singh Avadhesh Kumar, [http://iks.iitgn.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Indian-Knowledge-Systems-Kapil-Kapoor.pdf Indian Knowledge Systems], Vol.1, NewDelhi: D.K.Printworld, Pg.no.18</ref>

The tradition always talks of 18 major Vidyas (disciplines of knowledge) and 64 kalas (arts) while referring to the curriculum of Ancient Indian Education<ref>Kapoor Kapil and Singh Avadhesh Kumar, [http://iks.iitgn.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Indian-Knowledge-Systems-Kapil-Kapoor.pdf Indian Knowledge Systems], Vol.1, NewDelhi: D.K.Printworld, Pg.no.18</ref>

The 18 विद्याः ॥ Vidyas include:

The 18 Vidyas include:

* चतुर्वेदाः ॥ The Four Vedas: ऋग्वेदः ॥ Rigveda, यजुर्वेदः ॥ Yajurveda, सामवेदः ॥ Samaveda and अथर्ववेदः ॥ Atharvaveda

* चतुर्वेदाः ॥ The Four Vedas: Rigveda, Yajurveda, Samaveda and Atharvaveda

* चत्वारः उपवेदाः ॥ The Four subsidiary Vedas: आयुर्वेदः ॥ Ayurveda (medicine), धनुर्वेदः ॥ Dhanurveda (weaponry), गान्धर्ववेदः ॥ Gandharvaveda (music) and शिल्पशास्त्रम् ॥ Shilpashastra (architecture)

* चत्वारः उपवेदाः ॥ The Four subsidiary Vedas: Ayurveda (medicine), Dhanurveda (weaponry), Gandharvaveda (गान्धर्ववेदः | music) and Shilpashastra (architecture)

* चत्वारि उपाङ्गानि ॥ The Four Upangas: पुराणम् ॥ Purana, न्यायः ॥ Nyaya, मीमांसा ॥ Mimamsa, धर्मशास्त्रम् ॥ Dharma Shastra

* चत्वारि उपाङ्गानि ॥ The Four Upangas: Purana, Nyaya, Mimamsa (मीमांसा), Dharma Shastra

* षड्वेदाङ्गानि ॥ The Six Vedangas (Auxiliary Sciences): शिक्षा ॥ Shiksha (phonetics), व्याकरणम् ॥ Vyakarana (grammar), छन्दस् ॥ Chandas (metre), ज्योतिष् ॥ Jyotish (astronomy), कल्पः ॥ Kalpa (ritual) and निरुक्तम् ॥ Nirukta (etymology)  

* षड्वेदाङ्गानि ॥ The Six Vedangas (Auxiliary Sciences): Shiksha (phonetics), Vyakarana (grammar), Chandas (metre), Jyotish (astronomy), Kalpa (ritual) and Nirukta (etymology)  

However, as far as the कलाः ॥ kalas (arts) are concerned, there are competing enumerations of 64.

However, as far as the kalas (arts) are concerned, there are competing enumerations of 64.

== Which are the 64 Kalas ? ==

== Which are the 64 Kalas ? ==

As mentioned above, there are slight variations regarding the enumeration of the 64 कलाः ॥ Kalas (arts). The mention of these arts occur in:  

As mentioned above, there are slight variations regarding the enumeration of the 64 Kalas (arts). The mention of these arts occur in:  

* शैवतन्त्रम् ॥ Shaivatantra

* शैवतन्त्रम् ॥ Shaivatantra

* महाभारतम् ॥ Mahabharata by व्यासमहर्षिः ॥ Vyasa Maharshi

* महाभारतम् ॥ Mahabharata by Vyasa Maharshi

* कामसूत्रम् ॥ Kamasutra by वात्स्यायनः ॥ Vatsyayana

* कामसूत्रम् ॥ Kamasutra by Vatsyayana

* नाट्यशास्त्रम् ॥ Natya Shastra by भरतमुनिः ॥ Bharatamuni  

* नाट्यशास्त्रम् ॥ Natya Shastra by Bharatamuni  

* भगवतपुराणम् ॥ Bhagavata Purana by व्यासमहर्षिः ॥ Vyasa Maharshi

* भगवतपुराणम् ॥ Bhagavata Purana (Commentary)

* शुक्रनीतिः ॥ Shukraneeti by शुक्राचार्यः ॥ Shukracharya  

* शुक्रनीतिः ॥ Shukraneeti by Shukracharya  

* शिवतत्त्वरत्नाकरः ॥ Shivatattvaratnakara by बसवराजेन्द्रः ॥ Basavarajendra

* शिवतत्त्वरत्नाकरः ॥ Shivatattvaratnakara by Basavarajendra

The list of the 64 Kalas in some these texts have been juxtaposed in the following table:

The list of the 64 Kalas in some these texts have been juxtaposed in the following table:

{| class="wikitable"

{| class="wikitable"