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Vedangas (Samskrit : वेदाङ्गम्) literally meaning 'limbs of the Veda' are the six angas or explanatory limbs to the Vedas. They include Shiksha (authored by various rishis), Vyakarana of [[Panini]], the Chandas of [[Pingalacharya]], the Nirukta of Maharshi [[Yaska]], the Jyotish of [[Lagadha]] and the Kalpas (Shrauta, Grhya, Dharma and Shulba) belonging to the authorship of various Rishis.

Vedangas (Samskrit : वेदाङ्गम्) literally meaning 'limbs of the Veda' are the six angas or explanatory limbs to the Vedas. They include Shiksha (authored by various rishis), Vyakarana of [[Panini (पाणिनिः)|Panini]], the Chandas of [[Pingalacharya (पिङ्गलाचार्यः)|Pingalacharya]], the Nirukta of Maharshi [[Maharshi Yaska (महर्षिः यास्कः)|Yaska]], the Jyotish of [[Lagadha]] and the Kalpas (Shrauta, Grhya, Dharma and Shulba) belonging to the authorship of various Rishis.

It is said that Bhagavan Vishnu incarnated as Maharshi Veda [[Vyasa]] in Dvapara yuga and organized the [[Vedas]] in their present form. Maharshi Vyasa's efforts brought about uniformity in the religious observances thereby performance of rites and rituals, religious ceremonies, yajnas (sacrifices) and [[vratas]] (vows) continued without any flaw. As Vedas have different aspects of understanding to them, various types of expositions on Vedas came into existence and each became a subject to be learnt for a comprehensive understanding of the Vedas to be achieved. Maharshi [[Yaska]], who gave Nirukta to the world, also expounded [[Vedic Terminology|vedic terminology]] on the basis of legends and ancient lore. [[Manu (मनुः)|Manu]], the Law giver of ancient Bharatavarsha, laid down certain instructions as to how the teaching of Vedas should be conducted.

It is said that Bhagavan Vishnu incarnated as Maharshi Veda [[Vyasa]] in Dvapara yuga and organized the [[Vedas (वेदाः)|Vedas]] in their present form. Maharshi Vyasa's efforts brought about uniformity in the religious observances thereby performance of rites and rituals, religious ceremonies, yajnas (sacrifices) and [[Vrata (व्रतम्)|vratas]] (vows) continued without any flaw. As Vedas have different aspects of understanding to them, various types of expositions on Vedas came into existence and each became a subject to be learnt for a comprehensive understanding of the Vedas to be achieved. Maharshi Yaska, who gave Nirukta to the world, also expounded [[Vedic Terminology|vedic terminology]] on the basis of legends and ancient lore. [[Manu (मनुः)|Manu]], the Law giver of ancient Bharatavarsha, laid down certain instructions as to how the teaching of Vedas should be conducted.

The Six Angas are as follows :

The Six Angas are as follows :

#[[Shiksha]] is a knowledge of phonetics. Shiksha deals with pronunciation and accent. The text of the Vedas are arranged in various forms or पाठ-s || Pathas. The पदपाठः ॥ Padapatha gives each word its separate form. The क्रमपाठः ॥ Kramapatha connects the word in pairs.<ref name=":022">All About HInduism, Swami Sivananda, Page 33-34</ref>

#[[Shiksha]] is a knowledge of phonetics. Shiksha deals with pronunciation and accent. The text of the Vedas are arranged in various forms or पाठ-s || Pathas. The पदपाठः ॥ Padapatha gives each word its separate form. The क्रमपाठः ॥ Kramapatha connects the word in pairs.<ref name=":022">All About HInduism, Swami Sivananda, Page 33-34</ref>

#[[Chandas]] is the knowledge of meters. This auxiliary discipline lays its focus on the metrical construction of vedic mantras and poetic meters, including those based on the number of syllables per mantra and those based on the duration of pronunciation of syllables in a mantra.

#[[Chandas (छन्दस्)|Chandas]] is the knowledge of meters. This auxiliary discipline lays its focus on the metrical construction of vedic mantras and poetic meters, including those based on the number of syllables per mantra and those based on the duration of pronunciation of syllables in a mantra.

#[[Vyakarana]] is the knowledge of construction of words or grammar.  This auxiliary discipline has focused on the rules of grammar and सिद्धिप्रक्रिया ॥ siddhiprakriya (the process of deriving a word), so as to establish the exact form of words and sentences to properly express ideas.

#[[Vyakarana (व्याकरणम्)|Vyakarana]] is the knowledge of construction of words or grammar.  This auxiliary discipline has focused on the rules of grammar and सिद्धिप्रक्रिया ॥ siddhiprakriya (the process of deriving a word), so as to establish the exact form of words and sentences to properly express ideas.

#[[Nirukta]] gives the व्युत्पत्ति-अर्थ ॥ vyutpatti-artha (etymology), explaining words, particularly those which are archaic and have a different ancient vedic usage with uncommon meaning. This auxiliary discipline has focused on developing a [[Nighantu]] which is a dictionary that has a collection of vedic usages. These words are analysed to establish the proper meaning of the words according to the context used in vedas.

#[[Nirukta]] gives the व्युत्पत्ति-अर्थ ॥ vyutpatti-artha (etymology), explaining words, particularly those which are archaic and have a different ancient vedic usage with uncommon meaning. This auxiliary discipline has focused on developing a [[Nighantu]] which is a dictionary that has a collection of vedic usages. These words are analysed to establish the proper meaning of the words according to the context used in vedas.

#[[Jyotisha|Jyotish]] deals with astronomy and astrology. It deals with the movements of the heavenly bodies, planets, etc., and their influence in human affairs.<ref name=":022" /> This auxiliary Vedic discipline focused on time keeping.  

#[[Jyotisha|Jyotish]] deals with astronomy and astrology. It deals with the movements of the heavenly bodies, planets, etc., and their influence in human affairs.<ref name=":022" /> This auxiliary Vedic discipline focused on time keeping.  

#[[Kalpa (Vedanga)|Kalpas]] are the texts that deal with the methods of [[Yagya (यज्ञ)|yajna]] and other rituals. This field focused on standardizing procedures for Vedic Shrauta rituals, Smarta rituals associated with [[samskaras]] - major life events such as birth, wedding and death in family, as well as discussing [[Dharma|dharmas]] laid down for the personal conduct and proper duties of an individual in different stages of his life.   

#[[Kalpa (Vedanga)|Kalpas]] are the texts that deal with the methods of [[Yagya (यज्ञ)|yajna]] and other rituals. This field focused on standardizing procedures for Vedic Shrauta rituals, Smarta rituals associated with [[Samskaras (संस्काराः)|samskaras]] - major life events such as birth, wedding and death in family, as well as discussing [[Dharma|dharmas]] laid down for the personal conduct and proper duties of an individual in different stages of his life.   

==  सविस्तरविवरणम् ॥ Detailed Discussion ==

==  सविस्तरविवरणम् ॥ Detailed Discussion ==

वेदाङ्गानि || Vedangas help us construct, chant and understand Veda mantras. These are called अङ्ग || Angas (ancillaries) to Vedas.<blockquote>शिक्षा कल्पो व्याकरणं निरुक्तं छन्दसां चयः । ज्योतिषामयनं चैव वेदाङ्गानि षडेव तु ॥</blockquote><blockquote>śikṣā kalpo vyākaraṇaṃ niruktaṃ chandasāṃ cayaḥ । jyotiṣāmayanaṃ caiva vedāṅgāni ṣaḍeva tu ॥</blockquote>According to the above shloka, Vedangas are six in number namely शिक्षा ॥ Shiksa, कल्पः || Kalpa, व्याकरणम् || Vyakarana, निरुक्तम् || Nirukta, छन्दस् || Chandas, and ज्योतिष् || Jyotish.

वेदाङ्गानि || Vedangas help us construct, chant and understand Veda mantras. These are called अङ्ग || Angas (ancillaries) to Vedas.<blockquote>शिक्षा कल्पो व्याकरणं निरुक्तं छन्दसां चयः । ज्योतिषामयनं चैव वेदाङ्गानि षडेव तु ॥</blockquote><blockquote>śikṣā kalpo vyākaraṇaṃ niruktaṃ chandasāṃ cayaḥ । jyotiṣāmayanaṃ caiva vedāṅgāni ṣaḍeva tu ॥</blockquote>According to the above shloka, Vedangas are six in number namely शिक्षा ॥ Shiksa, कल्पः || Kalpa, व्याकरणम् || Vyakarana, निरुक्तम् || Nirukta, छन्दस् || Chandas, and ज्योतिष् || Jyotish.

==== '''वृत्रासुर-जननम्  || Vrttrasura Janana'''  ====

==== '''वृत्रासुर-जननम्  || Vrttrasura Janana'''  ====

<blockquote>तत्त्वष्टाहवनीयमुप प्रावर्तयत्स्वाहेन्द्रशत्रुर्वर्धस्वेति यदवर्तयत्तद्वृत्रस्य वृत्रत्वं यदब्रवीत्स्वाहेन्द्रशत्रुर्वर्धस्वेति तस्मादस्येन्द्रः शत्रुरभवत् | (Tait. Samh. 2.5.2)<ref name=":1">Taittriya [http://parankusa.org/KrYajurBrowse.aspx Samhita] </ref></blockquote><blockquote>tattvaṣṭāhavanīyamupa prāvartayatsvāhendraśatrurvardhasveti yadavartayattadvṛtrasya vṛtratvaṃ yadabravītsvāhendraśatrurvardhasveti tasmādasyendraḥ śatrurabhavat | (Tait. Samh. 2.5.2)<ref name=":1">Taittriya [http://parankusa.org/KrYajurBrowse.aspx Samhita] </ref></blockquote><blockquote>त्वष्टा॥ Tvasta angered by Indra's killing of his son विश्वरूपः  || Vishwaroopa, initiates an अभिचारिक-यागः  || abhicharika yaga (a [[yaga]] performed to cause harm to an intended person) to procure a son to kill Indra. The ऋत्विज्  || rtvijas were to utter the mantra "इन्द्रशत्रुर्वर्धस्व" with अन्त-उदात्तः ॥ Anta-Udatta or Udatta svara in the end of the mantra (to mean, Prosper Oh ! Enemy of Indra). Instead, they used the आद्य-उदात्तः ॥ Adya Udatta svara in the beginning of the mantra (meaning, Oh! Indra, one who has enemies, Prosper).So, instead of asking for the rise and prosperity of a son to take revenge on Indra, the Rtvijas asked for the prosperity and glory of Indra who destroyed असुराः  || Asuras. Thus, वृत्रासुरः  '''||''' Vrttrasura, the son of Tvasta was born, an enemy of Indra, but eventually Indra was rewarded with glory in killing Vrttrasura.</blockquote>Shiksha literature is very widely available based on the different शाखा || shakhas (divisions) of different vedas. They are पाणिनीयशिक्षा || Panineeya Shiksha, व्यासशिक्षा || Vyasashiksha, भारद्वाजशिक्षा || Bharadvaja shiksha, याज्ञवलक्यशिक्षा || Yajnavalkya Shiksha, पराशरशिक्षा || Parashara shiksha, वासिष्टीशिक्षा || Vasishtee shiksha, कात्यायनीशिक्षा || Katyayanee shiksha, माध्यन्दिनीशिक्षा || Madhyandinee shiksha, केशवीशिक्षा || Keshavee shiksha, अमोघानन्दिनीशिक्षा || Amoghanandinee shiksha, माण्डव्यशिक्षा || Mandavya shiksha, मल्लशर्मशिक्षा || Mallasharma shiksha, स्वराकुशशिक्षा || Svarakusha shiksha, षोडशशिक्षा || Shodasha shiksha, नारदीयशिक्षा || Naradeeya shiksha, माण्डुकीयशिक्षा || Mandukeeya shiksha, स्वरभक्तिलक्षणशिक्षा || Svarabhaktilakshana,  अवसाननिर्णयशिक्षा || Avasananirnaya shiksha, वर्णरत्नप्रदीपिकाशिक्षा || Varnaratna pradeepika shiksha among many others.

<blockquote>तत्त्वष्टाहवनीयमुप प्रावर्तयत्स्वाहेन्द्रशत्रुर्वर्धस्वेति यदवर्तयत्तद्वृत्रस्य वृत्रत्वं यदब्रवीत्स्वाहेन्द्रशत्रुर्वर्धस्वेति तस्मादस्येन्द्रः शत्रुरभवत् | (Tait. Samh. 2.5.2)<ref name=":1">Taittriya [http://parankusa.org/KrYajurBrowse.aspx Samhita] </ref></blockquote><blockquote>tattvaṣṭāhavanīyamupa prāvartayatsvāhendraśatrurvardhasveti yadavartayattadvṛtrasya vṛtratvaṃ yadabravītsvāhendraśatrurvardhasveti tasmādasyendraḥ śatrurabhavat | (Tait. Samh. 2.5.2)<ref name=":1">Taittriya [http://parankusa.org/KrYajurBrowse.aspx Samhita] </ref></blockquote><blockquote>त्वष्टा॥ Tvasta angered by Indra's killing of his son विश्वरूपः  || Vishwaroopa, initiates an अभिचारिक-यागः  || abhicharika yaga (a yaga performed to cause harm to an intended person) to procure a son to kill Indra. The ऋत्विज्  || rtvijas were to utter the mantra "इन्द्रशत्रुर्वर्धस्व" with अन्त-उदात्तः ॥ Anta-Udatta or Udatta svara in the end of the mantra (to mean, Prosper Oh ! Enemy of Indra). Instead, they used the आद्य-उदात्तः ॥ Adya Udatta svara in the beginning of the mantra (meaning, Oh! Indra, one who has enemies, Prosper).So, instead of asking for the rise and prosperity of a son to take revenge on Indra, the Rtvijas asked for the prosperity and glory of Indra who destroyed असुराः  || Asuras. Thus, वृत्रासुरः  '''||''' Vrttrasura, the son of Tvasta was born, an enemy of Indra, but eventually Indra was rewarded with glory in killing Vrttrasura.</blockquote>Shiksha literature is very widely available based on the different शाखा || shakhas (divisions) of different vedas. They are पाणिनीयशिक्षा || Panineeya Shiksha, व्यासशिक्षा || Vyasashiksha, भारद्वाजशिक्षा || Bharadvaja shiksha, याज्ञवलक्यशिक्षा || Yajnavalkya Shiksha, पराशरशिक्षा || Parashara shiksha, वासिष्टीशिक्षा || Vasishtee shiksha, कात्यायनीशिक्षा || Katyayanee shiksha, माध्यन्दिनीशिक्षा || Madhyandinee shiksha, केशवीशिक्षा || Keshavee shiksha, अमोघानन्दिनीशिक्षा || Amoghanandinee shiksha, माण्डव्यशिक्षा || Mandavya shiksha, मल्लशर्मशिक्षा || Mallasharma shiksha, स्वराकुशशिक्षा || Svarakusha shiksha, षोडशशिक्षा || Shodasha shiksha, नारदीयशिक्षा || Naradeeya shiksha, माण्डुकीयशिक्षा || Mandukeeya shiksha, स्वरभक्तिलक्षणशिक्षा || Svarabhaktilakshana,  अवसाननिर्णयशिक्षा || Avasananirnaya shiksha, वर्णरत्नप्रदीपिकाशिक्षा || Varnaratna pradeepika shiksha among many others.

=== कल्पः ॥ Kalpa ===

=== कल्पः ॥ Kalpa ===

* एष वै प्रथमः कल्पः प्रदाने हव्यकव्ययोः । eṣa vai prathamaḥ kalpaḥ pradāne havyakavyayoḥ । [[Manu Smriti|Manusmriti]] (3.147)<ref>Manusmriti [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83 (3.147)]</ref> defines Kalpa as विधिः । Vidhi to follow in the offering of हव्यकव्याः ॥ havyakavyas (yajna vidhis).   

* एष वै प्रथमः कल्पः प्रदाने हव्यकव्ययोः । eṣa vai prathamaḥ kalpaḥ pradāne havyakavyayoḥ । [[Manu Smriti|Manusmriti]] (3.147)<ref>Manusmriti [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83 (3.147)]</ref> defines Kalpa as विधिः । Vidhi to follow in the offering of हव्यकव्याः ॥ havyakavyas (yajna vidhis).   

ज्योतिष्-शास्त्रम् || Jyotish shastra is like the eye to the वेदपुरुषः || veda purusha. Without the knowledge of this शस्त्रम् || shastra, कालः || kala (time) cannot be determined. For example - Auspiciousness of the Day, night, fortnight, month, season, and year cannot be determined. Auspicious time for the performance of yajnas and for travel, the time is determined by the knowledge of this shastra. वैदिकसंहिता || Vaidika samhitas explicitly deal with the kala (time) as in जीवेम शरदं शतम् || jīvema śaradaṃ śatam.

ज्योतिष्-शास्त्रम् || Jyotish shastra is like the eye to the वेदपुरुषः || veda purusha. Without the knowledge of this शस्त्रम् || shastra, कालः || kala (time) cannot be determined. For example - Auspiciousness of the Day, night, fortnight, month, season, and year cannot be determined. Auspicious time for the performance of yajnas and for travel, the time is determined by the knowledge of this shastra. वैदिकसंहिता || Vaidika samhitas explicitly deal with the kala (time) as in जीवेम शरदं शतम् || jīvema śaradaṃ śatam.

Ancient treatises on Jyotish available are सूर्यसिद्धन्तः ॥ Suryasiddhanta, बृहत्पराशरहोरः ॥ Brihat Parasharahora by पराशर-ऋषिः ॥ [[Parashara Rishi|Parashara rishi]], बृहज्जातकम् ॥ Brihat Jataka by वराहमिहिरः ॥ [[Varahamihira]] among others.  

Ancient treatises on Jyotish available are सूर्यसिद्धन्तः ॥ Suryasiddhanta, बृहत्पराशरहोरः ॥ Brihat Parasharahora by पराशर-ऋषिः ॥ [[Parashara Rishi (पराशरऋषिः)|Parashara rishi]], बृहज्जातकम् ॥ Brihat Jataka by वराहमिहिरः ॥ [[Varahamihira (वराहमिहिरः)|Varahamihira]] among others.  

== Notes ==

== Notes ==

व्याकरणम् ॥ Vyakarana and निरुक्तम् || Nirukta are unique to each Veda. Whereas शिक्षा || Siksha, छन्दस् || Chandas, कल्पः || Kalpa and ज्योतिष् || Jyotish are common for all Vedas.

व्याकरणम् ॥ Vyakarana and निरुक्तम् || Nirukta are unique to each Veda. Whereas शिक्षा || Siksha, छन्दस् || Chandas, कल्पः || Kalpa and ज्योतिष् || Jyotish are common for all Vedas.

==References==

==References==

<references />

<references />

[[Category:Vedangas| ]]

[[Category:Vedangas]]

[[Category:Vedic Texts| ]]

[[Category:Vedic Texts]]