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Veda Vargeekarana (वेदवर्गीकरणम्) (view source)

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# [[Samaveda (सामवेद)|सामवेदः || The Samaveda]]

# [[Atharvaveda|अथर्वणवेदः || The Atharvanaveda]]

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Of these, the first three were the principal original division, also called त्रयी-विद्या || Trayi vidya, that is, 'the triple science' of reciting mantras (Rigveda), performing ~~यज्ञाः~~ ॥ yajnas (sacrifices) (Yajurveda), and singing of mantras set to musical notes (Samaveda). Atharvaveda consists of mantras applicable to activities of daily life, such as ailments and their cure, achieving desired things, warfare, trade, commerce, construction among other things.

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Of these, the first three were the principal original division, also called त्रयी-विद्या || Trayi vidya, that is, 'the triple science' of reciting mantras (Rigveda), performing यज्ञ-s ॥ yajnas (sacrifices) (Yajurveda), and singing of mantras set to musical notes (Samaveda). Atharvaveda consists of mantras applicable to activities of daily life, such as ailments and their cure, achieving desired things, warfare, trade, commerce, construction among other things.

== ऋग्वेदः || Rigveda ==

=== व्युत्पत्तिः ॥ Etymology ===

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There are two types of divisions of Rigveda namely, मण्डल-क्रमः ॥ Mandala krama and अष्टक-क्रमः ॥ Ashtaka krama. They arose mainly for अध्ययनम् || study and अध्यापनम् || teaching. A small lesson is easily grasped or understood and committed to memory.(See footnote 3 on Page 35 of Reference 1<ref name=":0223222" />) There are different versions advocated by different scholars about the number of सूक्त-s || suktas and मन्त्र-s || mantras available in Rigveda.

==== मण्डल-क्रमः ॥ Mandala Krama ====

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According to the मण्डल-क्रमः ॥ Mandala krama, ऋग्वेद-संहिता ॥ Rigveda Samhita is divided into 10 Mandalas or books. The Mandalas are subdivided into 85 अनुवाक-s || Anuvakas, 1028 सूक्त-s || Suktas and 10522 मन्त्राः ॥ mantras<ref name=":0223222" /> and 10552 mantras according to another version<ref name=":123222" />. In Rig veda, in शाकल-संहिता ॥ Shakala samhita the number of suktas in each Mandala is - 191, 43, 62, 58, 87, 75, 104, 103, 114, 191 (1028) respectively from the first to tenth Mandala.<ref name=":0223222" /><ref name=":123222">Rigveda Classification on [http://vedicheritage.gov.in/samhitas/rigveda/shakala-samhita/ Vedic Heritage Portal] </ref>

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According to the मण्डल-क्रमः ॥ Mandala krama, ऋग्वेद-संहिता ॥ Rigveda Samhita is divided into 10 Mandalas or books. The Mandalas are subdivided into 85 अनुवाक-s || Anuvakas, 1028 सूक्त-s || Suktas and 10522 मन्त्राः ॥ mantras<ref name=":0223222" /> and 10552 mantras according to another version<ref name=":123222" />. In Rig veda, in शाकल-संहिता ॥ Shakala samhita, the number of suktas in each Mandala is - 191, 43, 62, 58, 87, 75, 104, 103, 114, 191 (1028) respectively from the first to tenth Mandala.<ref name=":0223222" /><ref name=":123222">Rigveda Classification on [http://vedicheritage.gov.in/samhitas/rigveda/shakala-samhita/ Vedic Heritage Portal] </ref>

{| class="wikitable"

!मण्डलम् ॥ Mandala ►

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!सूक्तम् ॥ Sukta ►

!मन्त्रः ॥ Mantra

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|}~~Rig Veda~~ contains 10552 mantras (about 10,170 Rks) according to some other scholars, spread over 1028 Suktas and 85 Anuvakas in 10 Mandalas.<ref name=":03222">Introduction to Samhitas in [http://vedicheritage.gov.in/samhitas/ Vedic Heritage Portal]</ref> According to शौनक-ऋषिः ॥ Shaunaka rishi there are 10580 mantras (Page 17 of Reference 4).<ref name=":223222">Gopal Reddy, Mudiganti and Sujata Reddy, Mudiganti (1997) ''[https://archive.org/stream/SAMSKRUTAKAVIJEEVITAMULUByMALLADISURYANARAYANASASTRIGARU/SAMSKRUTA%20SAHITYA%20CHARITRA%20BY%20MUDUGANTI%20GOPALA%20REDDI%26SUJATA%20REDDI%20#page/n33/mode/2up Sanskrita Saahitya Charitra] (Vaidika Vangmayam - Loukika Vangamayam, A critical approach)'' Hyderabad : P. S. Telugu University</ref> According to शौनक-अनुक्रमणिका ॥ Shaunaka Anukramanika, 11 suktas of वालखिल्य-s || Valakhilyas are present. Removing which from the total number of suktas (1028), will yield 1017 Suktas in ~~Rig Veda~~ Samhita. वष्कल ॥ Vashkala or बाष्कल-शाखा ॥ ~~Baskala shaka~~ has 8 suktas more than 1017. Thereby is mentioned as having 1025 Suktas.<ref name=":0223222" /><ref name=":223222" />

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|}Rigveda contains 10552 mantras (about 10,170 Rks) according to some other scholars, spread over 1028 Suktas and 85 Anuvakas in 10 Mandalas.<ref name=":03222">Introduction to Samhitas in [http://vedicheritage.gov.in/samhitas/ Vedic Heritage Portal]</ref> According to शौनक-ऋषिः ॥ Shaunaka rishi there are 10580 mantras (Page 17 of Reference 4).<ref name=":223222">Gopal Reddy, Mudiganti and Sujata Reddy, Mudiganti (1997) ''[https://archive.org/stream/SAMSKRUTAKAVIJEEVITAMULUByMALLADISURYANARAYANASASTRIGARU/SAMSKRUTA%20SAHITYA%20CHARITRA%20BY%20MUDUGANTI%20GOPALA%20REDDI%26SUJATA%20REDDI%20#page/n33/mode/2up Sanskrita Saahitya Charitra] (Vaidika Vangmayam - Loukika Vangamayam, A critical approach)'' Hyderabad : P. S. Telugu University</ref> According to शौनक-अनुक्रमणिका ॥ Shaunaka Anukramanika, 11 suktas of वालखिल्य-s || Valakhilyas are present. Removing which from the total number of suktas (1028), will yield 1017 Suktas in Rigveda Samhita. वष्कल ॥ Vashkala or बाष्कल-शाखा ॥ Bashkala shakha has 8 suktas more than 1017. Thereby is mentioned as having 1025 Suktas.<ref name=":0223222" /><ref name=":223222" />

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In Rigveda, not only are the suktas and mantras counted but also there is a system of counting even the ~~अक्षराणि~~ ॥ Aksharas (letters) in such texts called ~~सर्वाणुक्रमणिका~~-s | Sarvanukramanikas, thereby leaving no scope of additions or deletion of letters in the Veda. This was one main reason why there are no changes in this Veda since ancient times. It is to be noted that in this अक्षरगणना ॥ Aksharaganana, the Valakhilya sutras are not seen, hence ~~they~~ Suktas are counted without them. The differences in the counting of mantras is mainly because of the differences in the shakhas, additionally in modern times the differences in counting the Rks is attributed to breaking the mantras having 4 पादा-s || padas into 2 padas each (Page No 6 of Reference 4<ref name=":223222" />).

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In Rigveda, not only are the suktas and mantras counted but also there is a system of counting even the अक्षर-s ॥ Aksharas (letters) in such texts called सर्वानुक्रमणिका-s | Sarvanukramanikas, thereby leaving no scope of additions or deletion of letters in the Veda. This was one main reason why there are no changes in this Veda since ancient times. It is to be noted that in this अक्षरगणना ॥ Aksharaganana, the वालखिल्यसूत्र-s || Valakhilya sutras are not seen, hence the Suktas are counted without them. The differences in the counting of mantras is mainly because of the differences in the शाखाः ॥ shakhas, additionally in modern times the differences in counting the ऋक्-s || Rks is attributed to breaking the mantras having 4 पादा-s || padas into 2 पाद-s || padas each (Page No 6 of Reference 4<ref name=":223222" />).

==== अष्टक-क्रमः ॥ Ashtaka Krama ====

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According to the अष्टक-क्रमः ॥ Ashtaka krama, ऋग्वेद-संहिता ॥ Rigveda Samhita is divided into 8 Ashtakas each containing 8 Adhyayas. Thus, a total of 64 Adhyayas are available. The number of वर्ग-s || Vargas in each Ashtaka is - 265, 221, 225, 250, 238, 331, 248, 246 respectively from first to eighth Ashtaka. Thus, a total of 2024 vargas are present in Rk samhita. The total number of mantras are 10522 according to some scholars(Page 34 of Ref 1).<ref name=":0223222" />

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According to the अष्टक-क्रमः ॥ Ashtaka krama, ऋग्वेद-संहिता ॥ Rigveda Samhita is divided into 8 अष्टक-s || Ashtakas each containing 8 अध्याय-s || Adhyayas. Thus, a total of 64 Adhyayas are available. The number of वर्ग-s || Vargas in each Ashtaka is - 265, 221, 225, 250, 238, 331, 248, 246 respectively from first to eighth Ashtaka. Thus, a total of 2024 वर्गाः ॥ vargas are present in ऋक्-संहिता ॥ Rk samhita. The total number of mantras are 10522 according to some scholars(Page 34 of Ref 1).<ref name=":0223222" />

{| class="wikitable"

!अष्टकः ॥ Ashtaka ►

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=== शाखाः ॥ Shakhas ===

Only one Shaka (school or recension) of the Rigveda is available today

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* '''शाकल-शाखा || Shakala'''<ref name=":0223222" /><ref name=":123222" />

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* '''शाकल-शाखा || Shakala shakha'''<ref name=":0223222" /><ref name=":123222" />

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According to ~~सर्वाणुक्रमणि~~-वृत्तिः ॥ Sarvanukramani vritti, अहिर्बुध्न्यसंहिता ॥ Ahirbudhnyasamhita, मुक्तिकोपनिषद् ॥ Muktikopanishad and पतञ्जलेः महाभाष्यम् ॥ Patanjali's Mahabhashya, and recently many scholars opined that Rigveda had 21 shakhas.

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According to सर्वानुक्रमणि-वृत्तिः ॥ Sarvanukramani vritti, अहिर्बुध्न्यसंहिता ॥ Ahirbudhnyasamhita, मुक्तिकोपनिषद् ॥ Muktikopanishad and पतञ्जलेः महाभाष्यम् ॥ Patanjali's Mahabhashya, and recently many scholars opined that Rigveda had 21 shakhas.

However, according to Pt. Satyavrat Samashrami<ref name=":0223222" />, Rig veda has only 2 ancient shakhas namely, शाकलः || Shakala and माण्डूकेयः || Mandukeya. These two shakhas became 21 shakhas gradually. शङ्कराचार्यः ॥ Shakalacharya taught this veda to 5 of his disciples and gradually in their pronunciation there were differences bringing about 5 different versions of the Veda, which according to the text विकृति-कौमुदी ॥ Vikruti Kaumudi is as follows: <blockquote>शाकल्यसेय शतं शिष्या नैष्ठिकब्रह्मचारिणः | पञ्च तेषां गृहस्थास्ते धर्मनिष्ठाश्च कुटुम्बिनः ||</blockquote><blockquote>शिशिरो वाष्कलो सांख्यो वात्स्यश्चैवाश्वलायनः | पञ्चैते शाकलाः शिष्याः शाखाभेदप्रवर्त्तकाः ||</blockquote><blockquote>śākalyaseya śataṃ śiṣyā naiṣṭhikabrahmacāriṇaḥ | pañca teṣāṃ gṛhasthāste dharmaniṣṭhāśca kuṭumbinaḥ ||</blockquote><blockquote>śiśiro vāṣkalo sāṃkhyo vātsyaścaivāśvalāyanaḥ | pañcaite śākalāḥ śiṣyāḥ śākhābhedapravarttakāḥ ||</blockquote>Meaning : शाकलः ॥ Shakala had 100 students who were ब्रह्मचारी-s || brahmacharis. Of them, 5 who were having धर्मनिष्ठा ॥ dharmanishtha were गृहस्थ-s || grhasthas bearing the responsibility of maintaining a family. शिशिरः || Shishira, वाष्कलः || Vashkala (Bashkala), साङ्ख्यः || Sankhya, वात्स्यः || Vatsya and आश्वलायनः || Ashvalayana were the five disciples who were the प्रवर्तक-s || pravartakas of the different shakhas.<ref name=":0223222" /> Ashvalayana Samhita was available as lately as 17th century but is presently unavailable. शाङ्खायन-संहिता ॥ Sankhayana samhita is not available but its ब्राह्मण-s || Brahmanas and आरण्यक-s || Aranyakas are available. Some scholars opine that शाङ्खायन ॥ Sankhayana and कौषीतकी शाखाः॥ Kaushitaki shakhas are one and the same.<ref name=":223222" />

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The first group is in praise of the deities like अग्निः || Agni, इन्द्रः || lndra, वरुणः || Varuna, मित्रः || Mitra and others. The Vedic deities numbering 33 are assigned to the three regions of the universe viz. पृथ्वी || Prithvi (earth), द्यौस् || Dyaus (heaven) and अन्तरिक्षम् || Antariksha (intermediary space). Although these deities appear as personifications of forces of nature, they are actually different facets of ब्रह्मन् ॥ Brahman, the Only One Supreme Reality. The famous mantra on this point occurs in this Samhita. <blockquote>एकम् सत् विप्रः बहुध वदन्ति || ekam sat vipraḥ bahudha vadanti || (Rig. Ved. 1.164. 92)</blockquote>Meaning : Truth is one, learned call it by various names.

==== '''उपासनापराः ॥ Philosophical''' ====

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The second group is concerned with philosophical speculations like the origin of the Universe and the real nature of human beings. Although the Samhita contains mantras in praise of the devatas, the concept of Vedanta is present at least in a rudimentary form. However, advocacy of worship of devatas with form and qualities - सगुणोपासना || Sagunopasana - is predominant. Various Rigveda mantras show एकदेवतावादः || eka-devata-vada or monotheism and not polytheism. For example, the Samhita states that प्रजापतिः ॥ Prajapati creates the world out of Himself and rules over it; He is omnipresent (present everywhere), omnipotent (all powerful) and omniscient (all knowing). He is ever perfect, infinitely compassionate, easily approachable by the devotees and He grants us immortality. But the idea about actual process of creation of the universe finds a place only in the later Vedantic literature i.e. the उपनिषदः ॥ [[Upanishads]]. The concept of Brahman is clearer in the Upanishad parts.

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The second group is concerned with philosophical speculations like the origin of the Universe and the real nature of human beings. Although the Samhita contains mantras in praise of the devatas, the concept of Vedanta is present at least in a rudimentary form. However, advocacy of worship of devatas with form and qualities - सगुणोपासना || Sagunopasana - is predominant. Various Rigveda mantras show एकदेवतावादः || eka-devata-vada or monotheism and not polytheism. For example, the Samhita states that प्रजापतिः ॥ Prajapati creates the world out of Himself and rules over it; He is omnipresent (present everywhere), omnipotent (all powerful) and omniscient (all knowing). He is ever perfect, infinitely compassionate, easily approachable by the devotees and He grants us immortality. But the idea about actual process of creation of the universe finds a place only in the later Vedantic literature i.e. the उपनिषदः ॥ [[Upanishads]]. The concept of ब्रह्मन् ॥ Brahman is clearer in the Upanishad parts.

==== '''इतिहासपराः ॥ Miscellaneous''' ====

The third group deals with several secular subjects like marriage, war etc., which show the nature of society of those times. A just and equitable social order existed. However, social life was conditioned by spiritual consciousness. There was समन्वयः || Samanvaya or harmony of life here and hereafter. सत्यम् || Satya (truth) and धर्मः || Dharma (righteousness) are glorified and अमृतत्वम् || Amritatva (immortality) as the goal of life was accepted.

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== यजुर्वेदः || Yajurveda ==

=== व्युत्पत्तिः ॥ Etymology<ref name=":223222" /> ===

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According to शब्दकल्पद्रुमः ॥ Shabdakalpadruma, <blockquote>इज्यतेऽनेनेति यजुः || ijyate'neneti yajuḥ || </blockquote>Meaning: performing of यज्ञ-s || yajnas using this () hence called यजुस् ॥ Yajus.<blockquote>अनियताक्षरावसानो यजुः ॥ aniyatākṣarāvasāno yajuḥ ॥ </blockquote>Meaning: that which has no regulation (metrical) of letters is called Yajus.<ref name=":223222" />

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According to शब्दकल्पद्रुमः ॥ Shabdakalpadruma, <blockquote>इज्यतेऽनेनेति यजुः || ijyate'neneti yajuḥ || </blockquote>Meaning: performing of यज्ञ-s || yajnas using this (mantra) hence called यजुस् ॥ Yajus.<blockquote>अनियताक्षरावसानो यजुः ॥ aniyatākṣarāvasāno yajuḥ ॥ </blockquote>Meaning: that which has no regulation (metrical) of letters is called Yajus.<ref name=":223222" />

According to Pt Gajanan Shastri - the word yajus is derived by the combination of यज् || yaj and उसि || usi.<ref name=":13222">Singh, Ahilya. (2010) PhD Thesis Title: [http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/180070/3/03_chapter%201.pdf Pracheen bharat mein aarthik jeevan prarambh se vaidik kaal tak]. V. B. S. Purvanchal University.</ref><blockquote>गद्यात्मको यजुः || gadyātmako yajuḥ || </blockquote>Meaning: Yajus are (the mantras) in prose form.<ref name=":1" />

Following texts clearly define the purpose of "Yajus" mantras in yajnas and hence the name Yajurveda is given.

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* Nirukta, यजुः यजतेः । ७.१२ ।<ref>Nirukta ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83 Adhyaya 7])</ref> Yajnas are conducted with Yajus (mantras).

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*निरुक्तम् ॥ [[Nirukta]], यजुः यजतेः । ७.१२ ।<ref>Nirukta ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83 Adhyaya 7])</ref>yajuḥ yajateḥ । 7.12 । यज्ञ-s || Yajnas are conducted with यजुस् ॥ Yajus (mantras).

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* Katha Samhita (27.1), यजर्भियजन्ति and (Kath. Samh. 200.21) यजुस्तस्माद् (यज्ञात्) अजायत

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* कठसंहिता ॥ Katha Samhita (27.1), यजर्भियजन्ति ॥ yajarbhiyajanti and (Kath. Samh. 200.21) यजुस्तस्माद् (यज्ञात्) अजायत ॥ yajustasmād (yajñāt) ajāyata

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* Brahmanda Purana : यच्छिष्टं तु यजुर्वेदे तेन यज्ञमयुंजत । यजनात्स यजुर्वेद इति शास्त्रविनिश्चयः ।। ३४.२२ ।। (Brah. Pura. Purvabhaga 34.22)<ref>Brahmanda Purana ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%A9%E0%A5%AA Purvabhaga Adhyaya 34])</ref>

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* ब्रह्माण्डपुराणम् ॥ Brahmanda Purana : यच्छिष्टं तु यजुर्वेदे तेन यज्ञमयुंजत । यजनात्स यजुर्वेद इति शास्त्रविनिश्चयः ।। ३४.२२ ।। yacchiṣṭaṃ tu yajurvede tena yajñamayuṃjata । yajanātsa yajurveda iti śāstraviniścayaḥ ।। 34.22 ।। (Brah. Pura. Purvabhaga 34.22)<ref>Brahmanda Purana ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%A9%E0%A5%AA Purvabhaga Adhyaya 34])</ref>

=== यजुर्वेद-विभाजनम् ॥ Yajurveda Vibhajana ===

The divisions of the text for शुक्लयजुर्वेदः ॥ Shukla Yajurveda are slightly different and include a combination of these as given below (See Page xviii of the Introduction in Reference <ref>Swaminathan, C. R. (1997) ''Kanvasatapathabrahmanam Vol 2.'' New Delhi : Indra Gandhi National Centre For the Arts and Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Pvt. Ltd.</ref> ). However, variations of these divisions is seen according to other scholars.

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Thus, as seen above, different classification systems are seen for every शाखा ॥ shakha.

=== शाखाः ॥ Shakhas ===

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The number of ~~यजुर्वेदशाखाः~~ ॥ Yajurveda shakhas is given variously by different ऋषि-s || rishis and scholars as

+

The number of यजुर्वेदशाख-s ॥ Yajurveda shakhas is given variously by different ऋषि-s || rishis and scholars as

* 101 shakhas (recensions)<ref name=":223222" />

* 101 out of which 86 were कृष्णयजुर्वेदः ॥ Krishna Yajurveda and 15 belonged to शुक्लयजुर्वेदः ॥ Shukla Yajurveda<ref name=":122" />

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# It contains only the छन्दस् ॥ Chandas (metrical) forms of mantras<ref name=":223222" /> without any prose content.

# Mantras are arranged in an orderly manner. <ref name=":0223222" /><ref name=":122" /><ref name=":3" />

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The Shukla Yajurveda separates the Samhita from its Brahmana (the शतपथ-ब्राह्मणम् ॥ Shatapatha Brahmana).

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The Shukla Yajurveda separates the Samhita from its ब्राह्मणम् ॥ Brahmana (the शतपथ-ब्राह्मणम् ॥ Shatapatha Brahmana).

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This Samhita was said to contain 15 shakhas (See footnote 1 in Page 20 of Reference <ref name=":0223222" />) which were called वाजसनेयी ॥ Vajasaneyi. शुक्ल-यजुर्वेद-संहिता || Shukla Yajurveda Samhita is said to have been brought to the knowledge of the world by the famous sage याज्ञवल्क्यः || Yajnavalkya from Vajasani which means the सूर्य-देवता ॥ Surya devata. Hence, this is also known as वाजसनेयी संहिता || Vajasaneyi Samhita.<ref name=":122" /> Shatapatha Brahmana (14.9.5.33) clearly mentions that the Shukla Yajus are expounded by Yajnavalkya <ref name=":122" /><ref name=":3" /><blockquote>आदित्यानीमानि शुक्लानि यजूंषि वाजसनेयेन याज्ञवल्क्येनाख्यायन्ते || (Shat. Brah. 14.9.5.33)<ref>Shatapatha Brahamana ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AA/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%AF/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A5%AA Kanda 14, Adhyaya 9])</ref></blockquote>Meaning : From Aditya these shukla yajus (mantras) are given to Yajnavalkya through Vajasaneya.

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This Samhita was said to contain 15 shakhas (See footnote 1 in Page 20 of Reference <ref name=":0223222" />) which were called वाजसनेयी ॥ Vajasaneyi. शुक्ल-यजुर्वेद-संहिता || Shukla Yajurveda Samhita is said to have been brought to the knowledge of the world by the famous sage याज्ञवल्क्यः || Yajnavalkya from Vajasani which means the सूर्य-देवता ॥ Surya devata. Hence, this is also known as वाजसनेयी संहिता || Vajasaneyi Samhita.<ref name=":122" /> Shatapatha Brahmana (14.9.5.33) clearly mentions that the Shukla Yajus are expounded by Yajnavalkya <ref name=":122" /><ref name=":3" /><blockquote>आदित्यानीमानि शुक्लानि यजूंषि वाजसनेयेन याज्ञवल्क्येनाख्यायन्ते || (Shat. Brah. 14.9.5.33)<ref>Shatapatha Brahamana ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AA/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%AF/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A5%AA Kanda 14, Adhyaya 9])</ref></blockquote><blockquote>ādityānīmāni śuklāni yajūṃṣi vājasaneyena yājñavalkyenākhyāyante || (Shat. Brah. 14.9.5.33)</blockquote>Meaning : From आदित्य ॥ Aditya these शुक्लयजुस् ॥ shukla yajus (मन्त्राः ॥ mantras) are given to याज्ञवल्क्यः ॥ Yajnavalkya through वाजसनेयः ॥ Vajasaneya.

Texts of only two major shakhas have survived

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# '''~~माध्यन्दिन~~ ॥ Madhyandina'''

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# '''माध्यन्दिनः ॥ Madhyandina'''

−

# '''~~काण्व~~''' ॥ '''Kanva'''

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# '''काण्वः''' ॥ '''Kanva'''

===== ब्राह्मणानि आरण्यकानि उपनिषदः च ॥ Brahmanas, Aranyakas and Upanishads =====

The ब्राह्मण-s ॥ Brahmanas, आरण्यक-s || Aranyakas and उपनिषद्-s || Upanishads related to this संहिता ॥ Samhita are-

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|-

|2

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|<nowiki>Irregularly arranged ऋषि-s || rishis, देवता-s || devatas and छन्दस् || chandas in तैत्तिरीय-~~सर्वाणुक्रमणिका~~ ॥ Taittriya Sarvanukramanika (अस्तव्यस्तता)</nowiki>

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|<nowiki>Irregularly arranged ऋषि-s || rishis, देवता-s || devatas and छन्दस् || chandas in तैत्तिरीय-सर्वानुक्रमणिका ॥ Taittriya Sarvanukramanika (अस्तव्यस्तता)</nowiki>

|Organized structure is seen in अनुक्रमणिका ॥ Anukramanika

|-

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In the context of Rishis in Yajurveda, 3 types of categories are seen

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# आदिद्रष्टा ॥ ~~Adidrastha~~ is the first rishi to whom the veda was revealed to. It was Maharshi Vedavyasa who received Vedas in a single form but later codified them and gave the Rigveda to Paila, Yajurveda to ~~Vaisampayana~~. From ~~Vaisampayana~~, his students Yajnavalkya and others received the knowledge. It is also said that since Shukla Yajurveda was received later from Aditya or Vivasvan he is also considered as the mantra ~~drastha~~.<ref name=":3" />

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# आदिद्रष्टा ॥ Adidrasta is the first rishi to whom the veda was revealed to. It was महर्षिः वेदव्यासः ॥ Maharshi Vedavyasa who received Vedas in a single form but later codified them and gave the ऋग्वेदः ॥ Rigveda to पैलः ॥ Paila, यजुर्वेदः ॥ Yajurveda to वैशम्पायनः ॥ Vaishampayana. From Vaishampayana, his students याज्ञवल्क्यः ॥ Yajnavalkya and others received the knowledge. It is also said that since शुक्लयजुर्वेदः ॥ Shukla Yajurveda was received later from आदित्यघ् ॥ Aditya or विवस्वान् ॥ Vivasvan, he is also considered as the मन्त्रद्रष्टा ॥ mantra drashta.<ref name=":3" />

−

# प्रकरणऋषिः ॥ Prakaranarishi is one who is associated with each prakarana or section of the Yajurveda. For example, for Darsapurnamasa prakarana, the rishi is Prajapati.

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# प्रकरणऋषिः ॥ Prakaranarishi is one who is associated with each प्रकरणम् ॥ prakarana or section of the यजुर्वेदः ॥ Yajurveda. For example, for दर्शपूर्णमासप्रकरणम् ॥ Darsapurnamasa prakarana, the rishi is प्रजापतिः ॥ Prajapati.

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# वैयक्तिकऋषिः॥ Vaiyaktikarishi is the category which includes all the rishis who praised the deities and practiced particular rituals to attain mantrasiddhi.<ref name=":3" />

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# वैयक्तिकऋषिः॥ Vaiyaktikarishi is the category which includes all the rishis who praised the deities and practiced particular rituals to attain मन्त्रसिद्धिः ॥ mantrasiddhi.<ref name=":3" />

=== विषयम् || Content ===

Whether Krishna or Shukla, both the shakhas of Yajurveda deal primarily with the कर्मकाण्डः ॥ karmakanda and are also called यज्ञकाण्डः ॥ yajnakanda<ref name=":022" />. All the shakha texts deal with detailed descriptions of श्रौतयज्ञाः ॥ Shrauta yajnas like राजसूयः ॥ [[Rajasuya]], वाजपेयः ॥ [[Vajapeya (वाजपेयः)|Vajapeya]], सोमयागः ॥ [[Somayaga (सोमयागः)|Somayaga]] etc. Krishna Yajurveda is considered older than the Shukla Yajurveda.<ref name=":122" />

−

For example, in माध्यन्दिन-संहिता ॥ Madhyandina samhita, the ~~यज्ञ-क्रियाः~~ ॥ yajna kriyas for दर्शपूर्णमासः ॥ [[Darshapurnamasa (दर्शपूर्णमासः)|Darshapurnamasa]], ~~अग्निहोत्रः~~ ॥ [[Agnihotra (अग्निहोत्रम्)|Agnihotra]], चातुर्मास्यम् ॥ [[Chaturmasya (चातुर्मास्यम्)|Chaturmasya]], अग्निष्टोमः ॥ [[Agnistoma (अग्निष्टोमः)|Agnistoma]], Nirudhapasubandha, Chayanayaga, Sautramani, अश्वमेधः ॥ [[Ashvamedha (अश्वमेधः)|Ashvamedha]], वाजपेयः ॥ Vajapeya, राजसूयः ॥ Rajasuya etc among other yajnas and इष्टि-s ॥ [[Ishti (इष्टिः)|ishtis]] are present. The 40th अध्यायः ॥ Adhyaya is the ईशावास्योपनिषद् ॥ Ishavasyopanishad; this is the only instance where an Upanishad is associated with the Samhita.

+

For example, in माध्यन्दिन-संहिता ॥ Madhyandina samhita, the यज्ञक्रियाः ॥ yajna kriyas for दर्शपूर्णमासः ॥ [[Darshapurnamasa (दर्शपूर्णमासः)|Darshapurnamasa]], अग्निहोत्रम् ॥ [[Agnihotra (अग्निहोत्रम्)|Agnihotra]], चातुर्मास्यम् ॥ [[Chaturmasya (चातुर्मास्यम्)|Chaturmasya]], अग्निष्टोमः ॥ [[Agnistoma (अग्निष्टोमः)|Agnistoma]], Nirudhapasubandha, Chayanayaga, Sautramani, अश्वमेधः ॥ [[Ashvamedha (अश्वमेधः)|Ashvamedha]], वाजपेयः ॥ Vajapeya, राजसूयः ॥ Rajasuya etc among other yajnas and इष्टि-s ॥ [[Ishti (इष्टिः)|ishtis]] are present. The 40th अध्यायः ॥ Adhyaya is the ईशावास्योपनिषद् ॥ Ishavasyopanishad; this is the only instance where an Upanishad is associated with the Samhita.

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It may be noted that while in Rigveda the text is organized according to ऋषि-s || rishis as मन्त्रद्रष्टा-s || mantra drastas, in Yajurveda the text is given according to the yajnas. It is a compilation of ritual offering formulas that were said by a priest while an यजमानः ॥ yajamana performed ritual actions such as those before the yajna fire. यजुर्वेद-संहिता ॥ Yajurveda samhita includes mantras that are distinct yet borrow and build upon the foundation of verses in Rigveda. Unlike the सामवेदः ॥ Samaveda which is almost entirely based on Rigveda mantras and structured as songs, the Yajurveda samhitas are in prose and linguistically, they are different from other Vedic texts. Yajurveda text is not just related to rituals or sacrifice, it includes the largest collection of primary Upanishads, influential to various schools of Hindu philosophy.

+

It may be noted that while in Rigveda the text is organized according to ऋषि-s || rishis as मन्त्रद्रष्टा-s || mantra drastas, in Yajurveda the text is given according to the yajnas. It is a compilation of ritual offering formulas that were said by a priest while a यजमानः ॥ yajamana performed ritual actions such as those before the yajna fire. यजुर्वेद-संहिता ॥ Yajurveda samhita includes mantras that are distinct yet borrow and build upon the foundation of verses in Rigveda. Unlike the सामवेदः ॥ Samaveda which is almost entirely based on Rigveda mantras and structured as songs, the Yajurveda samhitas are in prose and linguistically, they are different from other Vedic texts. Yajurveda text is not just related to rituals or sacrifice, it includes the largest collection of primary Upanishads, influential to various schools of Hindu philosophy.

=== प्रसिद्धाः मन्त्राः ॥ Famous Mantras ===

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The popular mantras in praise of Lord Siva - ~~श्रीरुद्रप्रस्नः~~ || SriRudraprashna – finds a place in this Veda (षोडशः अध्यायः ॥ Shodasha Adhyaya). The other famous sukta, पुरुषसूक्तम् || Purusha Sukta also occurs here with some modifications.

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The popular mantras in praise of Lord Siva - श्रीरुद्रप्रश्नः || SriRudraprashna – finds a place in this Veda (षोडशः अध्यायः ॥ Shodasha Adhyaya). The other famous sukta, पुरुषसूक्तम् || Purusha Sukta also occurs here with some modifications.

== सामवेदः || Samaveda ==

=== व्युत्पत्तिः ॥ Etymology ===

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Other shakhas of Samaveda include:

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~~राणायन~~ || Ranayana, सात्यमुग्र-~~व्यास~~ || Satyamugra-vyasa, ~~भागुरि~~ || Bhaguri, ~~औलुण्डि~~ || Aulundi, ~~गौल्मुलिव~~ || Gaulmuliva, ~~भानुमान~~ || Bhanumana, ~~औपमन्यव~~ || Aupamanyava, ~~दाराल~~ || Darala, ~~गार्ग्य~~ || Gargya, ~~सावर्णि~~ || Sarvani, ~~वार्षगणि~~ || Varshagani, ~~कुथुमि~~ || Kauthumi, ~~शालिहोत्र~~ || ~~Shaalihotra~~, ~~जैमिनि~~ || Jaimini<ref name=":222" /> while according to Sanskrita Saahitya Charitra, ~~सात्यमुग्र~~ || Satyamugra, ~~व्यास~~ || Vyasa, are separate shakhas, few others namely ~~मानेपमन्यव~~ || Manepamanyava, ~~काराटि~~ || karati, मशका || Mashaka are mentioned in addition to those given earlier.<ref name=":223222" />

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राणायनः || Ranayana, सात्यमुग्र-व्यासः || Satyamugra-vyasa, भागुरिः || Bhaguri, औलुण्डिः || Aulundi, गौल्मुलिवः || Gaulmuliva, भानुमानः || Bhanumana, औपमन्यवः || Aupamanyava, दारालः || Darala, गार्ग्यः || Gargya, सावर्णिः || Sarvani, वार्षगणिः || Varshagani, कुथुमिः || Kauthumi, शालिहोत्रः || Shalihotra, जैमिनिः || Jaimini<ref name=":222" /> while according to Sanskrita Saahitya Charitra, सात्यमुग्रः || Satyamugra, व्यासः || Vyasa, are separate shakhas, few others namely मानेपमन्यवः || Manepamanyava, काराटिः || karati, मशका || Mashaka are mentioned in addition to those given earlier.<ref name=":223222" />

Presently only three शाखाः ॥ shakhas are available.

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पैपलादाः ॥ Paippalada, स्त्रौदाः || Strauda, शौनकीयाः || Shaunakeeya, जाजलाः || Jajala, देवदर्शाः || Devadarsha, चारणविद्याः || Charanavidya, स्त्रौदाः || Strauda, जलदाः || Jalada, ब्रह्मवादः || Brahmavada <ref name=":0223222" />

−

According to other versions<ref name=":223222" /><ref name=":0" /> the nine ~~shakas~~ are

+

According to other versions<ref name=":223222" /><ref name=":0" /> the nine shakhas are

पैपलादाः || Paippalada, स्त्रौदाः || Strauda or तौदः || Tauda, मौदः ॥ Mauda , शौनकः ॥ Shaunaka, जाजलः ॥ Jajala, जलदः ॥ Jalada, ब्रह्मवादः || Brahmavada, देवदर्शः ॥ Devadarsha, चारणवैद्यः ॥ Charanavaidya

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This portion is mainly meant for [[Brahmacharya (walking on the path of the divine)|ब्रह्मचारी-s || Brahmacharis]], those who are in the first stage of their lives.

=== ब्राह्मणानि || Brahmanas ===

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आपस्तम्बः || Apastamba defines ब्राह्मण-s || Brahmanas as <blockquote>‘कर्मचोदना ब्राह्मणानि || karmacodanā brāhmaṇāni’ </blockquote>Meaning: ब्राह्मण-s || Brahmanas are injunctions for the performance of sacrificial rites (Apastamba Shrau. Sut. 34 and 35). Some believe that what are not mantras are ब्राह्मण-s || brahmanas (जैमिनीयपूर्वमीमांसा ॥ Jaimineeya Purvamimamsa 2.1.33)

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आपस्तम्बः || Apastamba defines ब्राह्मण-s || Brahmanas as <blockquote>‘कर्मचोदना ब्राह्मणानि || karmacodanā brāhmaṇāni’ </blockquote>Meaning: ब्राह्मण-s || Brahmanas are injunctions for the performance of sacrificial rites (Apastamba Shrau. Sut. 34 and 35).

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Some believe that what are not mantras are ब्राह्मण-s || brahmanas (जैमिनीयपूर्वमीमांसा ॥ Jaimineeya Purvamimamsa 2.1.33)

ब्राह्मण-s || Brahmanas though are not metrical like the Vedic mantras contain prose with पाठपद्धतिः ॥ patha paddhati (recitation methods) to chant them. They are commentaries or explanation of ceremonial श्रौतयज्ञाः ॥ Shrauta yajnas giving the meaning of मन्त्राः ॥ mantras in Vedic Samhitas of the four Vedas and depict the socio-economic conditions and religious aspects of the era. They also contain some legends and debates about a few differences in the rituals. Each Vedic shakha (school) has its own operating manual-like ब्राह्मण ॥ Brahmana text, most of which have been lost. A total of 19 Brahmana texts have survived into modern times: two associated with the Rigveda, six with the Yajurveda, ten with the Samaveda and one with the Atharvaveda.<ref name=":2" />

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Each of the Brahmanas is associated with one of the Samhitas or its recensions. The Brahmanas may either form separate texts or can be partly integrated into the text of the Samhitas. They may also include the आरण्यक-s || Aranyakas and उपनिषद्-s || Upanishads. The substance of the Brahmana text varies with each Veda.

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This portion of a Veda guides people in the performance of Vedic Karmas or sacrificial rituals; they are the prose explanations of the method of using the mantras in the Yajnas and other rituals. Brahmana is suitable for the गृहस्थ-s || ~~Grihasthas~~ (the householders), those belonging to the second stage in life.

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This portion of a Veda guides people in the performance of Vedic Karmas or sacrificial rituals; they are the prose explanations of the method of using the mantras in the Yajnas and other rituals. Brahmana is suitable for the गृहस्थ-s || Grhasthas (the householders), those belonging to the second stage in life.

=== आरण्यकानि || Aranyakas ===

आरण्यक-s || Aranyakas, "wilderness texts" or "forest treatisies" : <blockquote>अरण्येऽधीयूरान् || araṇye'dhīyūrān ||</blockquote>Meaning: Texts to be studied in forests

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