Changes

=== Jalpa ===

=== Jalpa ===

Jalpa is where each debator comes to the table with a preconceived notion that he is right and the other fellow is wrong.<ref name=":1" /> The purpose of the discussion is not to discover or establish the truth but is only to convert the other fellow to his camp.<ref name=":2" />  

Jalpa is described (in Nyaya Sutra 1.2.2) as a disputation or wrangling or a ’tricky’ debate between two rivals , where each is thoroughly convinced that he is absolutely right and the other (termed as the opponent – Prativadin) is hopelessly wrong.<ref name=":3" /> The purpose of the discussion is not to discover or establish the truth but is only to convert the other fellow to his camp.<ref name=":2" /> Each is prepared to employ various deceptive or sophistic devices, such as quibbling (''Chala''); unreasonable (''Ahetu'') responses; shifting the reason or the topics (Hetvantara or Arthantara); irrelevant rejoinders provoking the opponent to lose focus, to get perturbed and yet continue with the dispute (Jati) somehow; and such other devices to outwit the opponent.<ref name=":3" />

 

What is at stake here is the ‘prestige and honor’ of one’s School (Matha). And, therefore, each will try to win the debate by fair or foul means. And, when one senses that he might be losing the argument (nigrahasthāna), he will try to ''invent every sort of face-saving device or ruse to wriggle out of a bad situation that is quickly turning worse. Jalpa, predictably, could be noisy and unpleasant.''<ref name=":3" />

There is no knowledge that takes place in these discussions. Even if one is losing his arguments, he only goes and comes back with more ammunition to defend himself. The outcome of Jalpa is lot of noise.<ref name=":2" />  But those who are bystander can learn the defect in each of their arguments and they can learn out of these discussions if they do not have any preconceived notions.<ref name=":1" />

There is no knowledge that takes place in these discussions. Even if one is losing his arguments, he only goes and comes back with more ammunition to defend himself. The outcome of Jalpa is lot of noise.<ref name=":2" />  But those who are bystander can learn the defect in each of their arguments and they can learn out of these discussions if they do not have any preconceived notions.<ref name=":1" />