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==  सामवेदः || Samaveda ==

==  सामवेदः || Samaveda ==

=== व्युत्पत्तिः ॥ Etymology ===

=== व्युत्पत्तिः ॥ Etymology ===

तल्लक्षणमाह जैमिनिः - गीतेषुसामाख्या इति गीयमानेषु मन्त्रेषु सामसंज्ञेत्यर्थः . इति ||  

<blockquote>तल्लक्षणमाह जैमिनिः - गीतेषुसामाख्या इति गीयमानेषु मन्त्रेषु सामसंज्ञेत्यर्थः इति ||</blockquote><blockquote>tallakṣaṇamāha jaiminiḥ - gīteṣusāmākhyā iti gīyamāneṣu mantreṣu sāmasaṃjñetyarthaḥ iti ||</blockquote>According to जैमिनिः ॥ Jaimini (शब्दकल्पद्रुमः ॥ Shabdakalpadruma), Mantras which are to be sung are called as साम ॥ Sama.

According to Jaimini (Shabdakalpadruma) Mantras which are to be sung are called as Sama.  

According to बृहदारण्यक-उपनिषद् ॥ Brhadaranyaka Upanishad (1.3.22), साम ॥ Sama is derived as follows:<blockquote>सा चामश्चेति तत्साम्नः सामत्वम् । <ref>Samaveda as per Brhadaranyaka Upanishad ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D_1a Adhyaya 1])</ref></blockquote><blockquote>sā cāmaśceti tatsāmnaḥ sāmatvam ।</blockquote>Meaning : सा stands for Rk mantra and अम stands for गान ॥ Gana (gandhara etc svaras) and forms साम ॥ Sama when combined.<ref name=":222">Adhikari, Shriram Article : ''[http://vedicheritage.gov.in/pdf/ved_vedang_gp_16.pdf Samaved ka parichay evam vaisishtya]'' from Vedic Heritage Portal </ref>

Along with the preparation of सोमरसः ॥ Soma rasa, praising the देवताः ॥ devatas by singing सामगानम् ॥ Samagana is an important aspect during सोमयज्ञः ॥ Somayajna. Instruments such as veena, dundubhi flute and other instruments were used. शतपथ-ब्राह्मणम् ॥ Shatapata Brahmana states that without सामगानम् ॥ Samagana, सोमयज्ञः ॥ Somayajna does not yield the desired results.<ref name=":223222" />

 

 

 

Along with the preparation of Soma rasa, praising the devatas by singing Samagana is an important aspect during Somayajna. Instruments such as veena, dundubhi flute and other instruments were used. Shatapata Brahmana states that without Samagana, Somayajna does not yield the desired results.<ref name=":223222" />

=== सामवेद-विभाजनम् ॥ Samaveda Vibhajana ===

=== सामवेद-विभाजनम् ॥ Samaveda Vibhajana ===

Samaveda Samhita is the shortest of all the vedas given to the world by Jaimini.<ref name=":222" />  Many Sama mantras are derived from the eighth and ninth Mandalas of the Rigveda.<ref name=":223222" />

सामवेद-संहिता ॥ Samaveda Samhita is the shortest of all the vedas given to the world by जैमिनिः ॥ Jaimini.<ref name=":222" />  Many साम-मन्त्राः ॥ Sama mantras are derived from the eighth and ninth मण्डल-s || Mandalas of the Rigveda.<ref name=":223222" /> The division of the सामवेद ॥ samaveda text is as follows :

{| class="wikitable"

{| class="wikitable"

!<nowiki>| Kandas       ►</nowiki>

!काण्डः ॥ Kanda       ►

!<nowiki>| Adhyayas       ►</nowiki>

!अध्यायः ॥ Adhyaya       ►

!<nowiki>| Mantras </nowiki>

!मन्त्रः ॥ Mantra

|}The Samaveda comprises two major parts.  

|}The Samaveda comprises two major parts.  

# आर्चिक Archika or the Mantras (hence called Samaamhita)  

# आर्चिकः ॥ Archika or the Mantras (hence called समांहितः ॥ Samamhita)  

# गण Gana or the Melody  

# गान ॥ Gana or the Melody  

According to some scholars the Rks are of two types - गेय (Song format) and अगेय (Not in Song format). Samaveda is composed of गेय ऋक् (Song format of Rks) called as आर्चिक (Archika) and गेय यजुस् (Song form of Yajus) called as स्तोक (Stoka).<ref name=":223222" />

According to some scholars the Rks are of two types - गेय (Song format) and अगेय (Not in Song format). Samaveda is composed of गेय-ऋक् (Song format of Rks) called as आर्चिक (Archika) and गेय-यजुस् (Song form of Yajus) called as स्तोक (Stoka).<ref name=":223222" />

The Kauthuma Samaveda Samhita consists of 1875 mantras<ref name=":223222" />, taken almost entirely (except for 75 mantras) from the Rigveda Shakala samhita. Scholars opine that the 75 mantras are also taken from the lost shakas of Rigveda (Shankhayana and others), while some others opine that they are the original mantras of Samaveda.<ref name=":222" />

The कौथुम-सामवेद-संहिता ॥ Kauthuma Samaveda Samhita consists of 1875 mantras<ref name=":223222" />, taken almost entirely (except for 75 mantras) from the ऋग्वेद-शाकल-संहिता॥ Rigveda Shakala samhita. Scholars opine that the 75 mantras are also taken from the lost shakhas of Rigveda (शाङ्खायन ॥ Shankhayana and others), while some others opine that they are the original mantras of Samaveda.<ref name=":222" />

Jaimineeya Samhita of Samaveda is divided into Purva Archika containing 646 mantras and Uttara Archika 1041, totaling to 1687 mantras.<ref name=":0223222" />

जैमिनीय-संहिता ॥ Jaimineeya Samhita of Samaveda is divided into पूर्वाचिकः ॥ Purva Archika containing 646 mantras and उत्तरार्चिकः ॥ Uttara Archika 1041, totaling to 1687 mantras.<ref name=":0223222" />

=== शाखाः ॥ Shakhas ===

=== शाखाः ॥ Shakhas ===

सहस्त्रवर्त्मा सामवेदः |<ref name=":223222" /><ref name=":222" />

<blockquote>सहस्त्रवर्त्मा सामवेदः |<ref name=":223222" /><ref name=":222" /></blockquote><blockquote>sahastravartmā sāmavedaḥ |</blockquote>According to महाभाष्यम् ॥ Mahabhashya, चरणव्यूहम् ॥ Charanavyuha, मुक्तिकोपनिषद् ॥ Muktikopanishad, अथर्वणपरिशिष्टम् ॥ Atharvana Parishisth, सर्वानुक्रमणिका ॥ Sarvanukramanika and महाभारतम् ॥ Mahabharata, this Veda is said to have 1000 Shakhas. This aspect is also found to be mentioned in पुराण-s || Puranas. There is an interesting ancedote mentioned by Pt. Ramshankar Bhattacharya that सामशाखाः ॥ Samashakhas were destroyed by इन्द्रः ॥ Indra. Also a mention was made about the different सामशाखा ॥ Samashaka preachers being wiped out by a natural calamity (See Page 21 of Reference 1<ref name=":0223222" />). However, there are different versions of scholars about the loss of shakhas of Samaveda, but many opine that an innumerable number of सामगान-s || Samaganas could have existed.  

 

According to Mahabhashya, Charanavyuha, Muktikopanishad, Atharvana Parishistham, Sarvanukramanika and Mahabharata, this Veda is said to have 1000 Shakhas. This aspect is also found to be mentioned in Puranas. There is an interesting ancedote mentioned by Pt. Ramshankar Bhattacharya that Samashakas were destroyed by Indra. Also a mention was made about the different Samashaka preachers being wiped out by a natural calamity (See Page 21 of Reference 1<ref name=":0223222" />). However, there are different versions of scholars about the loss of shakas of Samaveda, but many opine that an innumerable number of Samaganas could have existed.  

Some Samaganas that have found a mention in other texts include - बृहत् रथन्तर, वैराज, ज्येष्ठ, रैवत among others that are definitely more than 1000 which may be the reason why the word "सहस्त्र" or thousand may be justified. Some shakas of Samaveda that were mentioned in few ancient texts are

Some Samaganas that have found a mention in other texts include - बृहत् रथन्तर, वैराज, ज्येष्ठ, रैवत among others that are definitely more than 1000 which may be the reason why the word "सहस्त्र" or thousand may be justified. Some shakas of Samaveda that were mentioned in few ancient texts are