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<blockquote>तत्त्वष्टाहवनीयमुप प्रावर्तयत्स्वाहेन्द्रशत्रुर्वर्धस्वेति यदवर्तयत्तद्वृत्रस्य वृत्रत्वं यदब्रवीत्स्वाहेन्द्रशत्रुर्वर्धस्वेति तस्मादस्येन्द्रः शत्रुरभवत् | (Tait. Samh. 2.5.2)<ref name=":1">Taittriya [http://parankusa.org/KrYajurBrowse.aspx Samhita] </ref></blockquote><blockquote>tattvaṣṭāhavanīyamupa prāvartayatsvāhendraśatrurvardhasveti yadavartayattadvṛtrasya vṛtratvaṃ yadabravītsvāhendraśatrurvardhasveti tasmādasyendraḥ śatrurabhavat | (Tait. Samh. 2.5.2)<ref name=":1">Taittriya [http://parankusa.org/KrYajurBrowse.aspx Samhita] </ref></blockquote><blockquote>त्वष्टा॥ Tvasta angered by Indra's killing of his son विश्वरूपः  || Vishwaroopa, initiates an अभिचारिक-यागः  || abhicharika yaga (a [[yaga]] performed to cause harm to an intended person) to procure a son to kill Indra. The ऋत्विज्  || rtvijas were to utter the mantra "इन्द्रशत्रुर्वर्धस्व" with अन्त-उदात्तः ॥ Anta-Udatta or Udatta svara in the end of the mantra (to mean, Prosper Oh ! Enemy of Indra). Instead, they used the आद्य-उदात्तः ॥ Adya Udatta svara in the beginning of the mantra (meaning, Oh! Indra, one who has enemies, Prosper).So, instead of asking for the rise and prosperity of a son to take revenge on Indra, the Rtvijas asked for the prosperity and glory of Indra who destroyed असुर  || Asuras. Thus, वृत्रासुर  '''||''' Vrttrasura, the son of Tvasta was born, an enemy of Indra, but eventually Indra was rewarded with glory in killing Vrttrasura.</blockquote>Shiksha literature is very widely available based on the different शाखा || shakhas (divisions) of different vedas. They are पाणिनीयशिक्षा || Panineeya Shiksha, व्यासशिक्षा || Vyasashiksha, भारद्वाजशिक्षा || Bharadvaja shiksha, याज्ञवलक्यशिक्षा || Yajnavalkya Shiksha, पराशरशिक्षा || Parashara shiksha, वासिष्टीशिक्षा || Vasishtee shiksha, कात्यायनीशिक्षा || Katyayanee shiksha, माध्यन्दिनीशिक्षा || Madhyandinee shiksha, केशवीशिक्षा || Keshavee shiksha, अमोघानन्दिनीशिक्षा || Amoghanandinee shiksha, माण्डव्यशिक्षा || Mandavya shiksha, मल्लशर्मशिक्षा || Mallasharma shiksha, स्वराकुशशिक्षा || Svarakusha shiksha, षोडशशिक्षा || Shodasha shiksha, नारदीयशिक्षा || Naradeeya shiksha, माण्डुकीयशिक्षा || Mandukeeya shiksha, स्वरभक्तिलक्षणशिक्षा || Svarabhaktilakshana,  अवसाननिर्णयशिक्षा || Avasananirnaya shiksha, वर्णरत्नप्रदीपिका शिक्षा || Varnaratna pradeepika shiksha among many others.

<blockquote>तत्त्वष्टाहवनीयमुप प्रावर्तयत्स्वाहेन्द्रशत्रुर्वर्धस्वेति यदवर्तयत्तद्वृत्रस्य वृत्रत्वं यदब्रवीत्स्वाहेन्द्रशत्रुर्वर्धस्वेति तस्मादस्येन्द्रः शत्रुरभवत् | (Tait. Samh. 2.5.2)<ref name=":1">Taittriya [http://parankusa.org/KrYajurBrowse.aspx Samhita] </ref></blockquote><blockquote>tattvaṣṭāhavanīyamupa prāvartayatsvāhendraśatrurvardhasveti yadavartayattadvṛtrasya vṛtratvaṃ yadabravītsvāhendraśatrurvardhasveti tasmādasyendraḥ śatrurabhavat | (Tait. Samh. 2.5.2)<ref name=":1">Taittriya [http://parankusa.org/KrYajurBrowse.aspx Samhita] </ref></blockquote><blockquote>त्वष्टा॥ Tvasta angered by Indra's killing of his son विश्वरूपः  || Vishwaroopa, initiates an अभिचारिक-यागः  || abhicharika yaga (a [[yaga]] performed to cause harm to an intended person) to procure a son to kill Indra. The ऋत्विज्  || rtvijas were to utter the mantra "इन्द्रशत्रुर्वर्धस्व" with अन्त-उदात्तः ॥ Anta-Udatta or Udatta svara in the end of the mantra (to mean, Prosper Oh ! Enemy of Indra). Instead, they used the आद्य-उदात्तः ॥ Adya Udatta svara in the beginning of the mantra (meaning, Oh! Indra, one who has enemies, Prosper).So, instead of asking for the rise and prosperity of a son to take revenge on Indra, the Rtvijas asked for the prosperity and glory of Indra who destroyed असुर  || Asuras. Thus, वृत्रासुर  '''||''' Vrttrasura, the son of Tvasta was born, an enemy of Indra, but eventually Indra was rewarded with glory in killing Vrttrasura.</blockquote>Shiksha literature is very widely available based on the different शाखा || shakhas (divisions) of different vedas. They are पाणिनीयशिक्षा || Panineeya Shiksha, व्यासशिक्षा || Vyasashiksha, भारद्वाजशिक्षा || Bharadvaja shiksha, याज्ञवलक्यशिक्षा || Yajnavalkya Shiksha, पराशरशिक्षा || Parashara shiksha, वासिष्टीशिक्षा || Vasishtee shiksha, कात्यायनीशिक्षा || Katyayanee shiksha, माध्यन्दिनीशिक्षा || Madhyandinee shiksha, केशवीशिक्षा || Keshavee shiksha, अमोघानन्दिनीशिक्षा || Amoghanandinee shiksha, माण्डव्यशिक्षा || Mandavya shiksha, मल्लशर्मशिक्षा || Mallasharma shiksha, स्वराकुशशिक्षा || Svarakusha shiksha, षोडशशिक्षा || Shodasha shiksha, नारदीयशिक्षा || Naradeeya shiksha, माण्डुकीयशिक्षा || Mandukeeya shiksha, स्वरभक्तिलक्षणशिक्षा || Svarabhaktilakshana,  अवसाननिर्णयशिक्षा || Avasananirnaya shiksha, वर्णरत्नप्रदीपिका शिक्षा || Varnaratna pradeepika shiksha among many others.

=== कल्पः ॥ Kalpa ===

=== कल्पः ॥ Kalpa ===

Manusmriti (3.147)<ref>Manusmriti [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83 (3.147)]</ref> defines Kalpa as एष वै प्रथमः कल्पः प्रदाने हव्यकव्ययोः । as विधिः । Vidhi to follow in the offering of havyakavyas (yagna vidhis).   

[[Manu Smriti|Manusmriti]] (3.147)<ref>Manusmriti [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83 (3.147)]</ref> defines Kalpa as एष वै प्रथमः कल्पः प्रदाने हव्यकव्ययोः । eṣa vai prathamaḥ kalpaḥ pradāne havyakavyayoḥ । as विधिः । Vidhi to follow in the offering of हव्यकव्य ॥ havyakavyas (yajna vidhis).   

कल्प्यते विधीयते (Shabdakalpadruma) defines kalpa as vidhis (for yagnas)   

कल्प्यते विधीयते | kalpyate vidhīyate | (Shabdakalpadruma) defines kalpa as vidhis (for yagnas)   

वैदिकविधानज्ञापकेशास्त्रभेदे स चाश्वलायनापस्तम्बबौधायनकात्यायनादि-सूत्रात्मकः। (Vaachaspatyam)<ref>Vachaspatyam [https://sa.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA#%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D Link for Kalpa Definition]</ref> Kalpa is defined as the (set of) sutras defining the vaidika vidhanas (vedic rituals) as given by Asvalayana, Apastamba, Baudhayana, Katyayana among others.   

वैदिकविधानज्ञापकेशास्त्रभेदे स चाश्वलायनापस्तम्बबौधायनकात्यायनादि-सूत्रात्मकः। vaidikavidhānajñāpakeśāstrabhede sa cāśvalāyanāpastambabaudhāyanakātyāyanādi-sūtrātmakaḥ। |(Vachaspatyam)<ref>Vachaspatyam [https://sa.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA#%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D Link for Kalpa Definition]</ref> Kalpa is defined as the (set of) sutras defining the vaidika vidhanas (vedic rituals) as given by Asvalayana, Apastamba, Baudhayana, Katyayana among others.   

The origin of कल्पः ॥ Kalpa was for the organization of all the extensive rituals described in Vedas (वैदिक कर्मकाण्ड || Vaidika Karmakaanda).   

The origin of कल्पः ॥ Kalpa was for the organization of all the extensive rituals described in Vedas (वैदिक कर्मकाण्ड || Vaidika Karmakanda).   

As given by Vishnumitra, "कल्पो वेदविहितानां कर्मणामानुपूर्व्येण कल्पनाशास्त्रम्" -  "Kalpa sastra is a guideline for all the actions laid down in Veda (such as yagnas and yaagas)".   

As given by Vishnumitra, "कल्पो वेदविहितानां कर्मणामानुपूर्व्येण कल्पनाशास्त्रम्" kalpo vedavihitānāṃ karmaṇāmānupūrvyeṇa kalpanāśāstram | -  "Kalpa sastra is a guideline for all the actions laid down in Veda (such as yajnas and yagas)".   

There are 4 types of Kalpa sutras

There are 4 types of Kalpa sutras

# '''श्रौत सूत्र || Srauta sutras''' - explain the दर्शपोउर्नमास यज्ञ || Darshapournamaasa Yagas and others as defined by श्रुति || Shruti  

# '''श्रौत सूत्र || Shrauta sutras''' - explain the दर्शपौर्णमास यज्ञ || Darshapournamasa Yajnas and others as defined by श्रुति || Shruti  

# '''धर्म सूत्र || Dharma sutras''' - extensively gives the धार्मिक || dharmika rules for general people and the rulers

# '''धर्म सूत्र || Dharma sutras''' - extensively gives the धार्मिक || dharmika rules for general people and the rulers

# '''गृह्य सूत्र || Grhya sutras''' - explains the यज्ञ || yaagas to be followed by the ब्राह्मण || brahmana, क्षत्रिय || kshatriya and वैश्य || vaishyas

# '''गृह्य सूत्र || Grhya sutras''' - explains the यज्ञ || yajnas to be followed by the ब्राह्मण || brahmana, क्षत्रिय || kshatriya and वैश्य || vaishyas

# '''सुल्ब सूत्र || Sulba sutras''' - शास्त्र || Shastra for measurements, includes the रेखागणितं || rekhaganitam (geometrical principles) laid down for vedic constructions.

# शुल्ब '''सूत्र || Shulba sutras''' - शास्त्र || Shastra for measurements, includes the रेखागणितम् || rekhaganit (geometrical principles) laid down for vedic constructions.

'''श्रौत सूत्र ||''' '''Srauta Sutras''' vividly describe the procedures for दर्शपोउर्नमास यज्ञ || Darshapournamaasa yagna and other यज्ञ || yagnas such as अग्निहोत्रं || Agnihotram, पशुययज्ञ || Pashuyagam, and सोमयज्ञ् || Somayagam among others as set forth in Shruti literature.  Thus, it can be said that in श्रौत सूत्र || Srauta Sutras the explanations given in different वैदिक ब्राह्मण || Vaidika Braahamanas regarding श्रौताग्नि यज्ञ || Srautagni yagaas are dealt with in an orderly manner.  

 

==== '''श्रौत सूत्र ||''' '''Srauta Sutras''' ====

vividly describe the procedures for दर्शपोउर्नमास यज्ञ || Darshapournamaasa yagna and other यज्ञ || yagnas such as अग्निहोत्रं || Agnihotram, पशुययज्ञ || Pashuyagam, and सोमयज्ञ् || Somayagam among others as set forth in Shruti literature.  Thus, it can be said that in श्रौत सूत्र || Srauta Sutras the explanations given in different वैदिक ब्राह्मण || Vaidika Braahamanas regarding श्रौताग्नि यज्ञ || Srautagni yagaas are dealt with in an orderly manner.

Of the available Srauta sutras the important ones are - अश्वलयन || Ashvalayana, शाखायन || Shaakhayana , मानव || Maanava , बौधायन || Boudhayana, आपस्तम्भ || Aapasthamba, हिरन्यकेषि || Hiranyakeshi, जैमिनीय || Jaimineeya, कात्यायन || Kaatyayana, वैतान || Vaitaana, लात्यायन || Laatyayana, द्राह्यान || Draahyaana श्रौत सूत्र || Srauta sutras.

Of the available Srauta sutras the important ones are - अश्वलयन || Ashvalayana, शाखायन || Shaakhayana , मानव || Maanava , बौधायन || Boudhayana, आपस्तम्भ || Aapasthamba, हिरन्यकेषि || Hiranyakeshi, जैमिनीय || Jaimineeya, कात्यायन || Kaatyayana, वैतान || Vaitaana, लात्यायन || Laatyayana, द्राह्यान || Draahyaana श्रौत सूत्र || Srauta sutras.

'''धर्म सूत्र ||''' '''Dharma Sutras''' expound the rules of Dharma and the actions (activities) to be performed by a person in general as well as the king or the ruler. A complete set of rules to be followed by the different people of different occupations and for those in the four आश्रम || ashramaas (ब्रह्मचार्य || brahmacharya, गृहस्थ || grihastha, वानप्रस्थ || vaanaprastha and सन्यास || sanyas) are described in these sutras. Thus it can be said that the topics related to the spiritual world, this material world, society and social activities, and all righteous activities are described in a holistic manner. Available important Dharma sutras include वासिष्ट || Vasishta, गौतम || Goutama, बौधायन || Boudhayana, आपस्तम्भ || Aapasthamba, मानव || Maanava धर्म सूत्र || Dharma sutras.

==== '''धर्म सूत्र ||''' '''Dharma Sutras''' ====

expound the rules of Dharma and the actions (activities) to be performed by a person in general as well as the king or the ruler. A complete set of rules to be followed by the different people of different occupations and for those in the four आश्रम || ashramaas (ब्रह्मचार्य || brahmacharya, गृहस्थ || grihastha, वानप्रस्थ || vaanaprastha and सन्यास || sanyas) are described in these sutras. Thus it can be said that the topics related to the spiritual world, this material world, society and social activities, and all righteous activities are described in a holistic manner. Available important Dharma sutras include वासिष्ट || Vasishta, गौतम || Goutama, बौधायन || Boudhayana, आपस्तम्भ || Aapasthamba, मानव || Maanava धर्म सूत्र || Dharma sutras.

'''गृह्य सूत्र ||''' '''Grhya Sutras''' extensively discuss the यज्ञ || yagas to be performed by the ब्राह्मण || brahmana, क्षत्रिय || kshatriya and वैश्य || vaishya people.  Most importantly the षोडस संस्कार || Shodasa samskaras (from गर्भदानं || Garbhaadhanam to अन्त्येष्टि || Antyeshti) that are performed for a person from birth till death are expounded vividly in these sutras.  Thus, how a ग्र्हस्थ || grhasta should lead his life and the procedure in which he has to conduct different धार्मिक || dharmic activities are completely described here. The seven kinds of गृह्य यज्ञ ||  Grhya yagnas to be performed are:

==== '''गृह्य सूत्र ||''' '''Grhya Sutras''' ====

extensively discuss the यज्ञ || yagas to be performed by the ब्राह्मण || brahmana, क्षत्रिय || kshatriya and वैश्य || vaishya people.  Most importantly the षोडस संस्कार || Shodasa samskaras (from गर्भदानं || Garbhaadhanam to अन्त्येष्टि || Antyeshti) that are performed for a person from birth till death are expounded vividly in these sutras.  Thus, how a ग्र्हस्थ || grhasta should lead his life and the procedure in which he has to conduct different धार्मिक || dharmic activities are completely described here. The seven kinds of गृह्य यज्ञ ||  Grhya yagnas to be performed are:

# पितृ यज्ञ || Pitru Yagnam

# पितृ यज्ञ || Pitru Yagnam

# पार्वण यज्ञ || Paarvana Yagnam

# पार्वण यज्ञ || Paarvana Yagnam

Available important Grhya sutras include अश्वलयन || Ashvalayana , शाखयन || Shaakhayana , मानव || Maanava , बौधायन || Boudhayana, आपस्तम्भ || Aapasthamba गृह्य सूत्र || Grhya sutras.

Available important Grhya sutras include अश्वलयन || Ashvalayana , शाखयन || Shaakhayana , मानव || Maanava , बौधायन || Boudhayana, आपस्तम्भ || Aapasthamba गृह्य सूत्र || Grhya sutras.

'''सुल्ब सूत्र ||''' '''Sulba Sutras''' explain the different systems of measurements. Aspects of measurements of various वेदेनिर्मान विधि || vedenirmanavidhi (altars and the procedure to construct them) Example, होम शाला || homa shala, यज्ञ शाला || yagashala are discussed. Thus, वैदिक कर्मकाण्ड || Vaidika Karmakaanda is the topic for सुल्ब सूत्र || Sulbasutras, wherein geometry or the रेखागनितं || Rekhaganitam is applied. Only those Sulbasutras associated with यजुरवेद || Yajurveda are available extensively indicating that यजुरवेद || Yajurveda is the main base for कर्मकाण्ड || karmakaanda. कात्यायन || Kaatyayana,  मानव || Maanava , बौधायन || Boudhayana, आपस्तम्भ || Aapasthamba, मैत्रेयी || Maitreyi, वारह || Vaaraha, वाधुला सुलब सूत्र || Vaadhula sulba sutras are the important ones in this category.

==== '''सुल्ब सूत्र ||''' '''Sulba Sutras''' ====

explain the different systems of measurements. Aspects of measurements of various वेदेनिर्मान विधि || vedenirmanavidhi (altars and the procedure to construct them) Example, होम शाला || homa shala, यज्ञ शाला || yagashala are discussed. Thus, वैदिक कर्मकाण्ड || Vaidika Karmakaanda is the topic for सुल्ब सूत्र || Sulbasutras, wherein geometry or the रेखागनितं || Rekhaganitam is applied. Only those Sulbasutras associated with यजुरवेद || Yajurveda are available extensively indicating that यजुरवेद || Yajurveda is the main base for कर्मकाण्ड || karmakaanda. कात्यायन || Kaatyayana,  मानव || Maanava , बौधायन || Boudhayana, आपस्तम्भ || Aapasthamba, मैत्रेयी || Maitreyi, वारह || Vaaraha, वाधुला सुलब सूत्र || Vaadhula sulba sutras are the important ones in this category.

=== व्याकरणम् ॥ Vyakarana ===

=== व्याकरणम् ॥ Vyakarana ===

Vyakaranam is described as the वेद पुरुष || Veda purusha's face.   

Vyakaranam is described as the वेद पुरुष || Veda purusha's face.