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Introduction

== Introduction<ref>Pandey, A., & Navare, A. V. (2018). Paths of Yoga: Perspective for Workplace Spirituality. In ''The Palgrave Handbook of Workplace Spirituality and Fulfilment''. Palgrave Macmillan Cham.</ref> ==

 

Predominantly, the term Yoga is interpreted as a particular way of doing physical exercises. Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary defines Yoga as “a system of exercises for attaining bodily or mental control and wellbeing” (Merriam-Webster [[:File:///C:/Users/adiag/Downloads/manuscript (1).docx#CR35|''2004'']]). Though the yogic postures and concentrative meditation as parts of the Aṣṭānga Yoga system explained in the Pataṃjali Yoga Sūtra [[:File:///C:/Users/adiag/Downloads/manuscript (1).docx#Fn1|¹]] is arguably the most commonly known and practiced form of yoga, the ''Bhagavad-Gītā,'' the most revered and popular text of Hindu traditional wisdom recognizes well over a dozen forms of yoga (Radhakrishnan [[:File:///C:/Users/adiag/Downloads/manuscript (1).docx#CR45|''1948'']]/1973). Essentially, the idea of “Yoga” as a contribution of Indic culture to the world cultural heritage is much wider and goes beyond mere physical exercises (Corner [[:File:///C:/Users/adiag/Downloads/manuscript (1).docx#CR12|''2008'']]). Indic traditional wisdom and literature on Yoga include paths oriented toward intellectual discernment, devotion, service, and Samādhi and each offers practices to mitigate suffering and aims at total personal transformation or attaining higher levels of consciousness (Feuerstein [[:File:///C:/Users/adiag/Downloads/manuscript (1).docx#CR63|''2011'']]; Gard et al. [[:File:///C:/Users/adiag/Downloads/manuscript (1).docx#CR20|''2014'']]). These techniques are based on concepts and worldview that is centered on a shared vision of spirituality in different branches and sub-branches of Hindu traditional wisdom.

Predominantly, the term Yoga is interpreted as a particular way of doing physical exercises. Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary defines Yoga as “a system of exercises for attaining bodily or mental control and wellbeing” (Merriam-Webster [[:File:///C:/Users/adiag/Downloads/manuscript (1).docx#CR35|''2004'']]). Though the yogic postures and concentrative meditation as parts of the Aṣṭānga Yoga system explained in the Pataṃjali Yoga Sūtra [[:File:///C:/Users/adiag/Downloads/manuscript (1).docx#Fn1|¹]] is arguably the most commonly known and practiced form of yoga, the ''Bhagavad-Gītā,'' the most revered and popular text of Hindu traditional wisdom recognizes well over a dozen forms of yoga (Radhakrishnan [[:File:///C:/Users/adiag/Downloads/manuscript (1).docx#CR45|''1948'']]/1973). Essentially, the idea of “Yoga” as a contribution of Indic culture to the world cultural heritage is much wider and goes beyond mere physical exercises (Corner [[:File:///C:/Users/adiag/Downloads/manuscript (1).docx#CR12|''2008'']]). Indic traditional wisdom and literature on Yoga include paths oriented toward intellectual discernment, devotion, service, and Samādhi and each offers practices to mitigate suffering and aims at total personal transformation or attaining higher levels of consciousness (Feuerstein [[:File:///C:/Users/adiag/Downloads/manuscript (1).docx#CR63|''2011'']]; Gard et al. [[:File:///C:/Users/adiag/Downloads/manuscript (1).docx#CR20|''2014'']]). These techniques are based on concepts and worldview that is centered on a shared vision of spirituality in different branches and sub-branches of Hindu traditional wisdom.

The aim of this chapter is to explicate the fundamental principles of major forms of Yoga and their implication on management practices and scholarship. An imperative of explicating the role of different pathways of yoga on management is an elaboration of Hindu worldview, which is common across the various pathways of Yoga. Hindu worldview is essentially a Dharmik worldview, and first, we present the basic features of Dharmic perspective. In this section, we also present the place of consciousness and self, and the role of the human being in larger social and natural environment in order to present the Dharmik worldview. Second, the distinctions and comparison of the paths of yoga are presented. The third section elaborates the role of four classical Indian Yoga and their relevance and implications on management. The conclusion section summarizes the central arguments of the chapter and offers additional reflection and opportunities for empirical research on the paths of yoga in the field of management.

The aim of this chapter is to explicate the fundamental principles of major forms of Yoga and their implication on management practices and scholarship. An imperative of explicating the role of different pathways of yoga on management is an elaboration of Hindu worldview, which is common across the various pathways of Yoga. Hindu worldview is essentially a Dharmik worldview, and first, we present the basic features of Dharmic perspective. In this section, we also present the place of consciousness and self, and the role of the human being in larger social and natural environment in order to present the Dharmik worldview. Second, the distinctions and comparison of the paths of yoga are presented. The third section elaborates the role of four classical Indian Yoga and their relevance and implications on management. The conclusion section summarizes the central arguments of the chapter and offers additional reflection and opportunities for empirical research on the paths of yoga in the field of management.

Traditional Hindu Worldviews: Putting Yoga in Context

== Traditional Hindu Worldviews: Putting Yoga in Context ==

 

Worldview is the philosophical outlook that a person, knowingly or not, utilizes to organize his or her belief system and activities (Theilmen [[:File:///C:/Users/adiag/Downloads/manuscript (1).docx#CR54|''2008'']]). A worldview comprises of culturally organized and inter-related macro thoughts that organize much of the body of symbolic creations and ethnophilosophy among many other epistemic and ontological stances (Kearney [[:File:///C:/Users/adiag/Downloads/manuscript (1).docx#CR28|''1984'']], p. 1). A note on Hindu worldview will be useful to understand and appreciate the different pathways of Yoga.

Worldview is the philosophical outlook that a person, knowingly or not, utilizes to organize his or her belief system and activities (Theilmen [[:File:///C:/Users/adiag/Downloads/manuscript (1).docx#CR54|''2008'']]). A worldview comprises of culturally organized and inter-related macro thoughts that organize much of the body of symbolic creations and ethnophilosophy among many other epistemic and ontological stances (Kearney [[:File:///C:/Users/adiag/Downloads/manuscript (1).docx#CR28|''1984'']], p. 1). A note on Hindu worldview will be useful to understand and appreciate the different pathways of Yoga.

Spirituality in Hindu Traditions: Few Basic Tenets

== Spirituality in Hindu Traditions: Few Basic Tenets ==

 

Hindu is a descriptive term for the people from the other side of river Sindhu and first used by Arabs in fifth century AD. The sense of life goes beyond the senses, and individual limitations are essentially the origin of religion. The idea of Hindu religion originated from Nature worship. Nature is personified into Gods in many places in Vedas, the ultimate source of Hinduism (Vivekananda, p. 147). ''Sanātana Dharma'' was the overarching term originally used for so many spiritual paths practiced in Hindu society in ancient India. That can be loosely translated as eternal truth. Frawley ([[:File:///C:/Users/adiag/Downloads/manuscript (1).docx#CR17|''1995'']]) translate this term as “eternal tradition” and pointed out and summarized its characteristics like it is not limited to any scripture, messiah, church, community, or particular historical end, embraces a timeless self-renewing reality and divinity in all forms of nature and existence. This description is not very different from the original meaning of religion and its nature explained by Hill et al. ( [[:File:///C:/Users/adiag/Downloads/manuscript (1).docx#CR24|''2000'']]). [[:File:///C:/Users/adiag/Downloads/manuscript (1).docx#Fn3|³]]

Hindu is a descriptive term for the people from the other side of river Sindhu and first used by Arabs in fifth century AD. The sense of life goes beyond the senses, and individual limitations are essentially the origin of religion. The idea of Hindu religion originated from Nature worship. Nature is personified into Gods in many places in Vedas, the ultimate source of Hinduism (Vivekananda, p. 147). ''Sanātana Dharma'' was the overarching term originally used for so many spiritual paths practiced in Hindu society in ancient India. That can be loosely translated as eternal truth. Frawley ( [[:File:///C:/Users/adiag/Downloads/manuscript (1).docx#CR17|''1995'']]) translate this term as “eternal tradition” and pointed out and summarized its characteristics like it is not limited to any scripture, messiah, church, community, or particular historical end, embraces a timeless self-renewing reality and divinity in all forms of nature and existence. This description is not very different from the original meaning of religion and its nature explained by Hill et al. ( [[:File:///C:/Users/adiag/Downloads/manuscript (1).docx#CR24|''2000'']]). [[:File:///C:/Users/adiag/Downloads/manuscript (1).docx#Fn3|³]]

Hindu tradition acknowledges the Prasthānatrayī as its three primary sources. The texts comprising the ''Prasthānatrayī'' are the ''Upaniṣada'' , the ''Bhagavad-Gītā'', and the ''Brahmasūtra''. Concepts and their interpretations presented in this chapter are chiefly drawn from either of these sources. We present the basic tenets of spirituality, objective, and role of human life in the larger social and natural environment in this section which we think is essential to delineate the implication of path of Yoga on management.

Hindu tradition acknowledges the Prasthānatrayī as its three primary sources. The texts comprising the ''Prasthānatrayī'' are the ''Upaniṣada'' , the ''Bhagavad-Gītā'', and the ''Brahmasūtra''. Concepts and their interpretations presented in this chapter are chiefly drawn from either of these sources. We present the basic tenets of spirituality, objective, and role of human life in the larger social and natural environment in this section which we think is essential to delineate the implication of path of Yoga on management.