Yajna (यज्ञः)
Characteristics of Yajna (Vedic Rituals):
‘Yajna’ (Vedic Rituals) is the most important feature of Vedic literature. It occupies very important cultural position in the literature and life as well. The word ‘Yajna’ is derived from the root ‘Yaj’ – to Worship or offering an oblation to a deity and paying one’s respect to it. Its meaning is further drawn signifying devotion in different ways. The materials offered to ‘Yajna’ are called ‘Havis’. The performance of offering, the dedicated ‘Havis’ into the principal of universal fire is ‘Homa’. ‘Adhvara’, ‘Kratu’, ‘Makha’, ‘Yaga’ and ‘Medha’ are other words used as synonyms for the term ‘Yajna’ in general sense though there are many features which differ among themselves. These play a great role in shaping our civilization order and peace.
The Yajna is classified into three types viz. ‘Nitya’(Daily), ‘Naimittika’ (Occasional) and ‘Kamya’ (Optional) based on the practice. ‘Nitya’ is that which is performed daily, ‘Naimittika’ is attended to on particular occasion and ‘Kamya’ is that which is performed to attain some special object.
Yagna Vidhis in Kalpa
‘Vedanga Kalpa’ mainly deals with Vedic rituals. The very name itself means ‘Kalpyate Samarthyate Yaga Prayogo Atra’ which means “The practice of Vedic ritual traditions are explained here”. Kalpa Vedanga deals with four types of sutras namely,
- Sulvasutras : Practical manuals with mathematical measurements necessary for construction of yagna vedi (sacrificial altar).
- Srautasutras : Contain rules for the conduct of great sacrifices lasting for many days.
- Dharmasutras : Contain spiritual and worldly laws
- Grhyasutras : Lays down rules for the ceremonies and yagnas involved in everyday life.
The ‘Sulvasutras’ and ‘Srautasutras’ directly deal with the performance of Vedic rituals. These texts provide guidance for the performance of Vedic sacrifices. The performance of Vedic rituals is being continued even to modern period especially in South India.
Srauta, as the name suggest, refers to the texts which have been derived from the Sruti or the Vedas. Although they are memorial texts (Smriti), their source is Sruti. They also serve as the source of Kalpa. The Srauta rituals cover a whole gamut of rituals from the simplest to the most complicated. Most of them are no more practiced, but their study is useful for historical reasons.
According to Prof Radhakrishna Bhat,
"Most of the ‘Haviryajnas’, ‘Agnihotra’, ‘Darsapurnamasa’ and ‘Caturmasya’ sacrifices, the basic ‘Somayajnas’, ‘Agnistomas’ and its varieties, and some culturally and historically important sacrifices like ‘Vajapeya’, “Asvamedha’, ‘Sarvamedha’ etc are found in ‘Yajurveda’ (Adhvaryuveda). Later in ‘Puranas’ the references to Vedic rituals and practices are found. In classical Sanskrit literature some references to Vedic rituals and practices are mentioned. This shows that the Vedic ritual tradition is continued to modern period too without any interruption". [1]
Classification of Yagnas
A ‘Yaga’ is made up of several rituals which has its own principal part (Pradhana). Those that form subsidiary or supplement to this are called ‘Angas’. Some of the rituals may be common to several ‘Yagas’.[2]
The different modes of classifications of Yagnas are
1. ‘Prakrti’ (Model) and ‘Vikrti’ (Modified)
2. ‘Pradhana (Principal) and ‘Anga’ (Auxiliary)
3. ‘Isti’, ‘Pasubandha’ and ‘Saumika’
4. ‘Nitya’, ‘Naimittika’ and ‘Kamya’
Categories of Srauta Yagnas
Aitreya Aranyakam (2.3.3) (belonging to Rig veda) describes five categories of srauta yagnas as follows
sa esha yajnah panchavidho agnihotram darsapurnamaasau chaturmasyaani pasu somah
- Agnihotra
- Darsapurnamaasa
- Chaaturmasya
- Pasu
- Soma
As per tradition, the Srauta Shastras identify the following six types of sacrifices (yajnas).
Paaka yagnas
They involve cooking of food (paka) for offering to gods. They go by different names such as aṣtaka, sthālipāka, parvana, srāvaṇi, āgrahayani, etc.
Soma yagnas
These sacrifices involved the extraction of Soma and its offering to Soma, Indra and their companion gods. Examples of Soma sacrifices are Agnistoma, atyagnistoma, uktya, shodasi, vājapeya etc.
Havir yagnas
In these sacrifices, the priests poured oblations of milk, vegetable oil, sesame oil, clarified butter, honey and other liquid offerings. Agniyādhāna, Agnihotra, Darśa-Pūrṇamāsa, Agrayana, Cāturmāsya, Sautrāmaṇi are a few important Havir yajnas
Panchamahayagnas
They are performed daily by the householders.
Vedavratas
These were meant to mark the progress of a student’s education under a teacher and his success in attaining the knowledge of the Vedas, while keeping his vows of celibacy and secrecy until his graduation as a Snataka (one who has bathed and was ready for the life of a householder or an apprentice).
Shodasa Samskaras
They are performed at different times in the life of an individual.
Spiritual sense
All activities in the limitless expansion of the universe are said to have generated from a grand eternal यज्ञ || Yagya.
Atharva Veda (9.15.14) describes Yagya as:
"अयम् यज्न विस्ह्वस्य भुवनस्य नभेएहि ||"
"ayam yajna vishvasya bhuvanasya nabheehiâ ||"
Meaning : Yagya as the fundamental process of manifestation of nature.
In physical terms, Yagya (होम || homam, हवन || havan or अग्निहोत्र || agnihotra) is a process of herbal sacrifices in holy fire aimed at the finest utilization of the subtle properties of sacrificed matter with the help of the thermal energy of fire and the sound energy of the mantras. Modern scientific research has also shown significant therapeutic applications of Yagya and also affirmed its potential in purification of environment.
Literally speaking, Yagya means - selfless sacrifice for noble purposes. Sacrificing ego, selfishness and material attachments and adopting rational thinking, humane compassion and dedicated creativity for the welfare of all - is indeed the best Yagya which should be performed by all human beings. The philosophy of Yagya teaches a way of living in the society in harmony, a living style to promote and protect higher humane values in the society - which is indeed the basis of the ideal human culture.
Vedic yagyas (other name, yajna, yagna) are performed to create positive effects and avoid unwanted effects in the different areas of life of individuals and nations and to have the best possible nature support. Many people use the yagna or yajna words instead of yagya, the meaning of it is the same. We use the vedic word because yagyas are based on the knowledge of the ancient saints of vedic tradition. Vedic yagyas are done by specially trained वैदिक पण्डित || vedic pandits (pundits), who are the experts of vedic ceremonies, performances, and who live their lives' according to the rules of vedic tradition. Yagnas, yajnas are performed through the recitation of sound or vedic mantras to reach certain result. This is vedic music, vedic vibration. It is possible to use them as prevention but it is also possible to use them for promoting the different areas of life. The benefits of the yagya reigning are the vedic health, wealth, harmony and evolution. Head pandit is the expert of ज्योतिष || jyotish (astrologer), that vedic science which can be used to predict the life events of the individuals and which can be the well-grounded base of suggesting the necessary yagya services for a balanced life.
Aahutis (Offerings) in Agnihotram
Aahuti is an important aspect of Agnihotram. Different types dravayas are offered as aahuti which changes according to the yaagas, the fires being worshipped and purpose of the yaaga. The dravyas or materials being offered in agnihotram are of the following kinds
- Vegetable source : Soma juice, tila (sesame),
- Uncooked Animal source : Payaha (Milk) and milk products like dadhi (curds), ajyam (ghee), navanita (butter). Vaapa (animal fat), honey and wine.
- Cooked Animals/Pasu Offerings : Body parts of Goat, Cow, Sheep and Horse.
- Cooked : Purodasa (made of powdered rice), Odana (cooked rice), Laajah (baked rice), yavaagu (rice gruel)
Based on the type of yaagas the important aahuti's are
- For Agnihotram : Milk
- For Isthi : Purodasa
- For Pasu : Pasu sacrifice (goat). Aswamedha yaaga - horse.
- For Soma yaagas : Soma juice
Yaagakunda Vedi
Temples (and in some homes of aahitagni's) have the brick structures for the conduct of agnihotram. Temples also have designated yaaga-shalas.
Pradhana vedi, Uttara vedi are used to set up altars. Mahavedis are used when there is a requirement of wide spaces. Pasuvedis are used in Pasuyaagas. A large vedi, in the shape of Syena (eagle) is used for Somayaaga[3].
Sulva sutras are the texts that describe the dimensions and geometric measurements, materials for constructing the yaaga-kunda. The yaaga-kunda for the three agnis are
- Gaarhapatya agni - It is placed to the west of the place and kindled in circular shaped kunda.
- Aahvaniya agni - It is placed to the east of the place, in a rectangular shaped kunda.
- Dakshinaagni - It is placed to the south of the place, in a semi-circular (ardhachandra) shaped kunda.
Square and triangle shaped vedi's are also used. One yaagashala may contain many kundas for simultaneous performance of Agnihotram.
References
- ↑ Radhakrishna Bhat, N. Vedic Ritual Tradition of Karnataka, Vedic Heritage Portal.
- ↑ Radhakrishna Bhat, N. Vedic Ritual Tradition of Karnataka, Vedic Heritage Portal.
- ↑ Purkayastha, Dipanjona (2014) Ph. D Thesis from Assam University : A Study of the Asvalayana srauta sutra with reference to the principal sacrifices