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Line 2: − Samskit literature abounds with various kinds of expositions to help students study difficult shastras. Every exposition is basically a study, but different kinds of expositions have different characteristics. The chief function of a Vyakhyana is to remove doubts pertaining to the sense of words, as is aptly shown below in the text Paribhashendusekhara.<blockquote>व्याख्यानतो विशेषप्रतिपत्तिर्नहि सन्देहादलक्षणम्।। १ ।। (Pari. 1)<ref>Paribhashendusekhara ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%83 Full Text])</ref></blockquote>It indicates that where there arises doubt regarding the verbal meaning, a shastra cannot be regarded as futile, simply because its words are not always easily intelligible and such doubts should be removed with the help of traditional expositions.+ Line 12:
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added content about Vrtti
== Introduction ==
== Introduction ==
Samskrit literature abounds with various kinds of expositions to help students study difficult shastras. Every exposition is basically a study, but different kinds of expositions have different characteristics. The chief function of a Vyakhyana is to remove doubts pertaining to the sense of words, as is aptly shown below in the text Paribhashendusekhara.<blockquote>व्याख्यानतो विशेषप्रतिपत्तिर्नहि सन्देहादलक्षणम्।। १ ।। (Pari. 1)<ref>Paribhashendusekhara ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%83 Full Text])</ref></blockquote>It indicates that where there arises doubt regarding the verbal meaning, a shastra cannot be regarded as futile, simply because its words are not always easily intelligible and such doubts should be removed with the help of traditional expositions.
== Lakshana ==
== Lakshana ==
== Types of Vyakhyas or Expositions ==
== Types of Vyakhyas or Expositions ==
In this section we get an in depth understanding about the kinds of expositions that we see in samskrit literature since the earliest times they were composed. There are five kinds of expositions as given below
In this section we get an in depth understanding about the kinds of expositions that we see in samskrit literature since the earliest times they were composed. There are broadly four kinds of expositions as given below
# वृत्तिः ।। Vrtti
# वृत्तिः ।। Vrtti
# वार्तिकम् ।। Vaartika
# वार्तिकम् ।। Vaartika
# भाष्यम् ।। Bhashya
# भाष्यम् ।। Bhashya
# पञ्जिका ।। Panjika
# पञ्जिका ।। Panjika
# टीका ।। Tila
# टीका ।। Tika
# पस्पशा ।। Paspasha
# पस्पशा ।। Paspasha
# उपोद्घातम् ।। Upodghata
# उपोद्घातम् ।। Upodghata
=== वृत्तिः ।। Vrtti ===
=== वृत्तिः ।। Vrtti or Vyakhyana ===
<blockquote>सूत्रार्थप्रधानो ग्रन्थो वृत्तिः । (Padamanjari)</blockquote>The exposition which chiefly contains the meaning of the Sutras is designated as Vrtti, as is remarked above by Haradatta.
<blockquote>सूत्रार्थप्रधानो ग्रन्थो वृत्तिः । (Padamanjari)</blockquote>The exposition which chiefly contains the meaning of the Sutras is designated as Vrtti, as is remarked above by Haradatta. Vrttis appear to be the earliest attempts to show the sense of sutras. A Sutra does not necessarily contain all words which are needed to explain the complete function of a Sutra and as such there is necessity of the Vrttis for the completion of Sutrartha (सूत्रार्थ) or import of a sutra. In the Kalaapa Vyakarana, a Vrtti is defined as सूत्रार्थे विवरणं वृत्तिः। Similarly Kavyamimamsa by Rajasekhara also defines Vrtti as सूत्राणां सकलसारविवरणं वृत्तिः। which simply put mean that Vrtti is the complete explanation of the meaning of Sutras.
Vyakhyana lakshana given in the previous section, as defined by Patanjali in his Mahabhashya is identical to Vrtti for the function of a Vrtti is nothing but to disclose the Sutrartha (सूत्रार्थ) through the use of examples, counter examples.<ref name=":0" />
Factors that are to be considered when presenting Vrttis are thus as follows
# सूत्रार्थे विवरणं - Explanation of Sutras only have to be attempted.
# उदाहरणं प्रत्युदाहरणं - In Vyakarana, presenting examples and counter-examples (to support explanation of sutras) is also the duty of a Vrttikara.
# अधिकारा - Discussion on Adhikara (province) of topics is to be presented as remarked by Kaiyyata who mentions that वृत्तिकारस्तु अधिकाराणां प्रवृत्ति-निवृत्ती व्याचक्षते। (Pradipa 7.4.24)
# पदच्छेदः - Deducting the Padas from the sentences is required, since no direct exposition is possible without this step. It is also found that in a few cases, the Padacchedas made by different Vrttikaras are not the same (Pradipa 6.3.76) and each padaccheda is accepted in a particular school. It is the basis for the difference of opinion regarding the meaning of a sutra according to the different view-points of the Vrittikara.
# प्रसिद्धहनिः शब्दानाम् अप्रसिद्धे च कल्पना न कार्या... Tantravartika of Kumarila points out what should not be done by a Vrttikara. It says that a Vrittikara should confine himself to disclose the sense of the sutras without going into extensive discussion on any subtle theme.
=== वार्तिकम् ।। Vaartika ===
== References ==
== References ==
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