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svarga (स्वर्ग) is the word used in all the other three Veda saṁhitas but in Yajurveda saṁhita alone, it is replaced by suvarga (सुवर्ग). Does adding a simple vowel u (उ) make a great difference?
svarga (स्वर्ग) is the word used in all the other three Veda saṁhitas but in Yajurveda saṁhita alone, it is replaced by suvarga (सुवर्ग). Does adding a simple vowel u (उ) make a great difference?
== Different Language ==
== Pratisakhya Granthas ==
These variations suggest that Vedic language is different from conventional languages, we know and use. Veda talks about the importance of akṣara at many places. There are many r̥ks (ऋक्) and Yajus mantras emphasizing the importance of akṣara. 11th anuvāka of 7th praśna in 1st kāṇḍa of Taittirīya samhita<ref>Taittriya Samhita ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A5%A7/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%AD Kanda 1 Prapathaka 7])</ref> is all about akṣaras, starting with
These variations suggest that Vedic language is different from conventional languages, we know and use. Veda talks about the importance of akṣara at many places. There are many r̥ks (ऋक्) and Yajus mantras emphasizing the importance of akṣara. 11th anuvāka of 7th praśna in 1st kāṇḍa of Taittirīya samhita<ref>Taittriya Samhita ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A5%A7/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%AD Kanda 1 Prapathaka 7])</ref> is all about akṣaras, starting with
The following are the important features of Vedic Samskrit which differentiates it from the Samskrita bhasha that has been in vogue since recent centuries.
The following are the important features of Vedic Samskrit which differentiates it from the Samskrita bhasha that has been in vogue since recent centuries.
==== स्वराः Svaras ====
==== स्वराः ॥ Svaras ====
* The presence of Udatta and other svaras in vaidika bhasha is a foremost differentiating feature from traditional Samskrit.
* The presence of Udatta and other svaras in vaidika bhasha is a foremost differentiating feature from traditional Samskrit.
* Usage of Svaras gives a musical tinge to the veda mantras, while such an attempt in traditional samskrit is not seen (chandas is applicable).<ref name=":4" />
* Usage of Svaras gives a musical tinge to the veda mantras, while such an attempt in traditional samskrit is not seen (chandas is applicable).<ref name=":4" />
==== मात्रा Matra ====
==== मात्रा ॥ Matra ====
* The time of utterance (उच्चारण) of a syllable is called Matra (मात्रा). In vaidika samskrit - Hrasva (ह्रस्वः) Deergha (दीर्घः) Pluta (प्लुतः) kinds of utterances are available but Pluta is gradually lost in present day samskrit language.<ref name=":4" />
* The time of utterance (उच्चारण) of a syllable is called Matra (मात्रा). In vaidika samskrit - Hrasva (ह्रस्वः) Deergha (दीर्घः) Pluta (प्लुतः) kinds of utterances are available but Pluta is gradually lost in present day samskrit language.<ref name=":4" />
==== वर्णः Varnas ====
==== वर्णः ॥ Varnas ====
* Consonant ' ळ ' as in इळामग्ने, क Jihvamuliya (जिह्वामूलीयः) and प Upadmaniya (उपध्मानीयः) are distinct sounds in vaidika samskrit which are not in usage now. ' ळ ' and ' ळ्ह ' and the rules for their conversion to ड and ढ are described in Rig Pratisakhya. These vyanjanas are commonly seen only in Rigveda and not in other vedas also. (Pratisakhya Sutra given on Page 555 of Reference <ref name=":4">Upadhyaya, Baldev. (1958) ''[https://archive.org/details/VaidikSahityaBaldevUpadhyaya1958 Vaidik Sahitya]''. </ref>)
* Consonant ' ळ ' as in इळामग्ने, क Jihvamuliya (जिह्वामूलीयः) and प Upadmaniya (उपध्मानीयः) are distinct sounds in vaidika samskrit which are not in usage now. ' ळ ' and ' ळ्ह ' and the rules for their conversion to ड and ढ are described in Rig Pratisakhya. These vyanjanas are commonly seen only in Rigveda and not in other vedas also. (Pratisakhya Sutra given on Page 555 of Reference <ref name=":4">Upadhyaya, Baldev. (1958) ''[https://archive.org/details/VaidikSahityaBaldevUpadhyaya1958 Vaidik Sahitya]''. </ref>)
* ' ॡ ' varnas are seen in vaidkika samskrit, which are lost in traditional samskrit works.
* ' ॡ ' varnas are seen in vaidkika samskrit, which are lost in traditional samskrit works.
* Vyuha (व्यूह) and Vyavaya (व्यवाय) : Vyuha means separation. The process of separation of combined letters to accommodate the appropriate metrical construction (chandas) in a pada of mantra is called Vyuha. Vyavaya (means interval) is a similar process applicable to combined letters containing y(य्)-v (व्)-r (र्)-l (ल्) which are separated to allow proper metrical composition.
* Vyuha (व्यूह) and Vyavaya (व्यवाय) : Vyuha means separation. The process of separation of combined letters to accommodate the appropriate metrical construction (chandas) in a pada of mantra is called Vyuha. Vyavaya (means interval) is a similar process applicable to combined letters containing y(य्)-v (व्)-r (र्)-l (ल्) which are separated to allow proper metrical composition.
==== सन्धिः Sandhi ====
==== सन्धिः ॥ Sandhi ====
Vaidika and Loukika samskrita are similar in their sandhi constructs with few different sandhis in vaidika samskrit.<ref name=":4" />
Vaidika and Loukika samskrita are similar in their sandhi constructs with few different sandhis in vaidika samskrit.<ref name=":4" />
* Deergha (दीर्घ) sandhi, guna (गुण) sandhi, and vriddhi (वृद्धि) sandhi are called प्रश्लिष्ट सन्धिः, and yan (यण) sandhi of loukika sandhi is called Kshaipra (क्षैप्र) sandhi.
* Deergha (दीर्घ) sandhi, guna (गुण) sandhi, and vriddhi (वृद्धि) sandhi are called प्रश्लिष्ट सन्धिः, and yan (यण) sandhi of loukika sandhi is called Kshaipra (क्षैप्र) sandhi.
* Some others like Prakrutibhava and Visarga sandhis have similar rules both in vaidika and loukika bhasha with additional rules in vaidika bhasha.
* Some others like Prakrutibhava and Visarga sandhis have similar rules both in vaidika and loukika bhasha with additional rules in vaidika bhasha.
==== विभक्तिः Vibhakti ====
==== विभक्तिः ॥ Vibhakti ====
Vaidika and loukika word forms or Vibhaktis are similar with some additional rules applicable to vaidika word forms.<ref name=":4" /> Examples
Vaidika and loukika word forms or Vibhaktis are similar with some additional rules applicable to vaidika word forms.<ref name=":4" /> Examples
* In shabdas ending with a (अकारान्त), their Prathama vibhakti (प्रथमाविभक्तिः बहुवचनम्) plural forms end in आः and आसः like in सोभ्यासः and ते अ॑ज्ये॒ष्ठा अक॑निष्ठासः | (Rig. Veda. 5.59.6).
* In shabdas ending with a (अकारान्त), their Prathama vibhakti (प्रथमाविभक्तिः बहुवचनम्) plural forms end in आः and आसः like in सोभ्यासः and ते अ॑ज्ये॒ष्ठा अक॑निष्ठासः | (Rig. Veda. 5.59.6).