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→Vaidika Aksharas: adding content and citations
== Vedic Language Characteristics ==
== Vedic Language Characteristics ==
The following important features of Vedic Samskrit differentiates it from the Samskrita bhasha that has been in vogue in these recent centuries.
The following are the important features of Vedic Samskrit which differentiates it from the Samskrita bhasha that has been in vogue since recent centuries.
==== स्वराः Svaras ====
==== स्वराः Svaras ====
* The presence of Udatta and other svaras in Vaidika bhasha is a foremost differentiating feature from traditional Samskrit.
* The presence of Udatta and other svaras in vaidika bhasha is a foremost differentiating feature from traditional Samskrit.
* Usage of Svaras gives a musical tinge to the veda mantras, while such an attempt in traditional samskrit is not seen (chandas is applicable).<ref name=":4" />
* Usage of Svaras gives a musical tinge to the veda mantras, while such an attempt in traditional samskrit is not seen (chandas is applicable).<ref name=":4" />
* Doubling of consonants (द्वित्वम्) are seen in vaidika samskrit under various contexts which is not described by the grammatical rules of traditional samskrit.
* Doubling of consonants (द्वित्वम्) are seen in vaidika samskrit under various contexts which is not described by the grammatical rules of traditional samskrit.
* Svarabhakti (स्वरभक्तिः) and Abhinidhana (अभिनिधानम्) are grammatical processes where combined varnas (संयुक्तवर्णाः) are broken down for clarity of pronunciation.
* Svarabhakti (स्वरभक्तिः) and Abhinidhana (अभिनिधानम्) are grammatical processes where combined varnas (संयुक्तवर्णाः) are broken down for clarity of pronunciation.
* Vyuha (व्यूह) and Vyavaya (व्यवाय) : Vyuha means separation. The process of separation of combined letters to accommodate the appropriate metrical construction (chandas) is called Vyuha.<ref name=":4" />
* Vyuha (व्यूह) and Vyavaya (व्यवाय) : Vyuha means separation. The process of separation of combined letters to accommodate the appropriate metrical construction (chandas) in a pada of mantra is called Vyuha. Vyavaya (means interval) is a similar process applicable to combined letters containing y(य्)-v (व्)-r (र्)-l (ल्) which are separated to allow proper metrical composition.<ref name=":4" />
==== सन्धिः Sandhi ====
Vaidika and Loukika samskrita are similar in their sandhi constructs with few different sandhis in vaidika samskrit.
* Deergha (दीर्घ) sandhi, guna (गुण) sandhi, and vriddhi (वृद्धि) sandhi are called प्रश्लिष्ट सन्धिः, and yan (यण) sandhi of loukika sandhi is called Kshaipra (क्षैप्र) sandhi.
* Abhinihita (अभिनिहित सन्धिः) Padavritti (पदवृत्ति सन्धिः), Udgraha (उद्ग्राह सन्धिः) and Bhugna (भुग्न सन्धिः) are a few sandhis that are only seen in vaidika bhasha.<ref name=":4" />
* Some others like Prakrutibhava and Visarga sandhis have similar rules both in vaidika and loukika bhasha with additional rules in vaidika bhasha.
==== विभक्तिः Vibhakti ====
Vaidika and loukika word forms or Vibhaktis are similar with some additional rules applicable to vaidika word forms. Examples
* In shabdas ending with a (अकारान्त), their Prathama vibhakti (प्रथमाविभक्तिः बहुवचनम्) plural forms end in आः and आसः like in सोभ्यासः and ते अ॑ज्ये॒ष्ठा अक॑निष्ठासः | (Rig. Veda. 5.59.6).
* In shabdas ending with a (अकारान्त), their Tritiya vibhakti (तृतीयाविभक्तिः बहुवचनम्) plural forms end in ऐः and एभिः like in आदि॒त्यैर्या॑तमश्विना (Rig. Veda. 8.35.13) and अङ्गि॑रोभि॒रा ग॑हि य॒ज्ञिये॑भिः |(Rig. Veda. 10.14.5)
* In place of a word form having any vibhakti and vachana, the Prathama Ekavachana form can be replaced, which is a very unique rule seen for vaidika words. Example : अनृक्षरा ऋजवः सन्तु पन्थाः | In Rigveda the plural for पथिन् is पन्थाः
* Usage of stem forms (pratipadika) in place of any particular word in any vibhakti is another unique rule seen in vedic grammar. For example : आद्रे चर्मन् | Here चर्मन् is the stem for चर्मणि and used in its place.
* Sometimes in place of a vibhakti in a word any one of आ, आत्, ए, या, and ई are added.
=== Vaidika Aksharas ===
=== Vaidika Aksharas ===