Varna Dharma (वर्णधर्मः)

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परिचयः ॥ Introduction

Talking of the purpose of the Varna Dharma Manu says,

सर्वस्यास्य तु सर्गस्य गुप्त्यर्थं स महाद्युतिः । मुखबाहूरुपज्जानां पृथक्कर्माण्यकल्पयत् । । १.८७ । ।[1]

sarvasyāsya tu sargasya guptyarthaṁ sa mahādyutiḥ । mukhabāhūrupajjānāṁ pr̥thakkarmāṇyakalpayat । । 1.87 । ।

Meaning: In order to protect this universe He, the most resplendent one, assigned separate (duties and) occupations to those who sprang from his mouth, arms, thighs, and feet. [v.1.87.][2] By this are referred the four varnas whose origin is described in the Purusha Sukta as follows,

ब्राह्मणोऽस्य मुखमासीद्बाहू राजन्यः कृतः । ऊरू तदस्य यद्वैश्यः पद्भ्यां शूद्रो अजायत ॥१२॥ (Rig.10.90.12)[3]

brāhmaṇo'sya mukhamāsīdbāhū rājanyaḥ kr̥taḥ । ūrū tadasya yadvaiśyaḥ padbhyāṁ śūdro ajāyata ॥12॥ (Rig.10.90.12)

Meaning: The Brahmana was his mouth, of both his arms was the Rajanya made. His thighs became the Vaishya, from his feet the Sudra was produced.[4]

विषयविस्तारः ॥ Subject Matter

ब्राह्मणः ॥ Brahmana

According to Manusmrti, the duties prescribed for a brahmana include

अध्यापनं अध्ययनं यजनं याजनं तथा । दानं प्रतिग्रहं चैव ब्राह्मणानां अकल्पयत् । । १.८८ । ।[1]

adhyāpanaṁ adhyayanaṁ yajanaṁ yājanaṁ tathā ।dānaṁ pratigrahaṁ caiva brāhmaṇānāṁ akalpayat । । 1.88 । ।

Meaning: To Brahmanas, he assigned teaching and studying (the Veda), sacrificing for their own benefit and for others, giving and accepting (of alms). [v.1.88.][2] Talking of the importance of adhering to the Brahmana Varna Dharma, Manusmrti says,

आचारः परमो धर्मः श्रुत्युक्तः स्मार्त एव च । तस्मादस्मिन्सदा युक्तो नित्यं स्यादात्मवान्द्विजः । । १.१०८ । ।[1]

ācāraḥ paramo dharmaḥ śrutyuktaḥ smārta eva ca । tasmādasminsadā yukto nityaṁ syādātmavāndvijaḥ । । 1.108 । ।

Meaning: The rule of conduct is a transcendent law, whether it be taught in the revealed texts or in the sacred tradition; hence a twice-born man who possesses regard for himself, should be always careful to (follow) it. [v.1.108.] It says, a Brahmana who studies these Institutes (and) faithfully fulfils the duties (prescribed therein), is never tainted by sins, arising from thoughts, words, or deeds. [v.1.104.] He who duly follows it, will obtain the full reward but a Brahmana who departs from the rule of conduct, does not reap the fruit of the Veda. [v.1.109.][2]

इदं शास्त्रं अधीयानो ब्राह्मणः शंसितव्रतः । मनोवाग्गेहजैर्नित्यं कर्मदोषैर्न लिप्यते । । १.१०४ । ।

आचाराद्विच्युतो विप्रो न वेदफलं अश्नुते । आचारेण तु संयुक्तः सम्पूर्णफलभाज्भवेत् । । १.१०९ । ।[1]

idaṁ śāstraṁ adhīyāno brāhmaṇaḥ śaṁsitavrataḥ । manovāggehajairnityaṁ karmadoṣairna lipyate । । 1.104 । ।

ācārādvicyuto vipro na vedaphalaṁ aśnute । ācāreṇa tu saṁyuktaḥ sampūrṇaphalabhājbhavet । । 1.109 । ।

क्षत्रियः ॥ Kshatriya

प्रजानां रक्षणं दानं इज्याध्ययनं एव च । विषयेष्वप्रसक्तिश्च क्षत्रियस्य समासतः । । १.८९ । ।[1]

prajānāṁ rakṣaṇaṁ dānaṁ ijyādhyayanaṁ eva ca ।viṣayeṣvaprasaktiśca kṣatriyasya samāsataḥ । । 1.89 । ।

Meaning: The Kshatriya, he commanded to protect the people, to bestow gifts, to offer sacrifices, to study (the Veda), and to abstain from attaching himself to sensual pleasures; [v.1.89.][2]

वैश्यः ॥ Vaishya

पशूनां रक्षणं दानं इज्याध्ययनं एव च । वणिक्पथं कुसीदं च वैश्यस्य कृषिं एव च । । १.९० । ।[1]

paśūnāṁ rakṣaṇaṁ dānaṁ ijyādhyayanaṁ eva ca । vaṇikpathaṁ kusīdaṁ ca vaiśyasya kr̥ṣiṁ eva ca । । 1.90 । ।

Meaning: The Vaishya to tend cattle, to bestow gifts, to offer sacrifices, to study (the Veda), to trade, to lend money, and to cultivate land. [v.1.90.][2]

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Manusmrti, Adhyaya 1
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 The Laws of Manu, Translated by G.Buhler, Chapter 1
  3. Rigveda, Mandala 10, Sukta 90, Verse 12.
  4. Four Vedas (English Translation), Rig Veda - RT Griffith, Hymn XC. Purusa