Difference between revisions of "Vaidika Vangmaya (वैदिकवाङ्मयम्)"
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Vaidika Vangmayam (Samskrit : वैदिकवाङ्मयम्) means that literature which is "associated with the Vedas". Vaidika literature includes the ancillary and subsidiary texts associated with the Vedas which have come into existence to clarify, understand, the Vedas and in understanding them, over a period of time, different explanatory shastras evolved to explain the subtle concepts presented in Vedas and they are included in such literature.<ref name=":4">Gopal Reddy, Mudiganti and Sujata Reddy, Mudiganti (1997) ''[https://archive.org/stream/SAMSKRUTAKAVIJEEVITAMULUByMALLADISURYANARAYANASASTRIGARU/SAMSKRUTA%20SAHITYA%20CHARITRA%20BY%20MUDUGANTI%20GOPALA%20REDDI%26SUJATA%20REDDI%20#page/n33/mode/2up Sanskrita Saahitya Charitra] (Vaidika Vangmayam - Loukika Vangamayam, A critical approach)'' Hyderabad : P. S. Telugu University</ref> | Vaidika Vangmayam (Samskrit : वैदिकवाङ्मयम्) means that literature which is "associated with the Vedas". Vaidika literature includes the ancillary and subsidiary texts associated with the Vedas which have come into existence to clarify, understand, the Vedas and in understanding them, over a period of time, different explanatory shastras evolved to explain the subtle concepts presented in Vedas and they are included in such literature.<ref name=":4">Gopal Reddy, Mudiganti and Sujata Reddy, Mudiganti (1997) ''[https://archive.org/stream/SAMSKRUTAKAVIJEEVITAMULUByMALLADISURYANARAYANASASTRIGARU/SAMSKRUTA%20SAHITYA%20CHARITRA%20BY%20MUDUGANTI%20GOPALA%20REDDI%26SUJATA%20REDDI%20#page/n33/mode/2up Sanskrita Saahitya Charitra] (Vaidika Vangmayam - Loukika Vangamayam, A critical approach)'' Hyderabad : P. S. Telugu University</ref> | ||
| − | Understanding vedic literature itself developed into many branches covering different aspects of the subject. While some have developed independently (such as Jyotisha - to explain muhurtas in vedic rituals), others summarize (such as Kalpa which is a manual of material from different vedas) and a few others are simplified (like the Puranas in story format) for easy understanding (including the Mahabharata). | + | Vedas are a storehouse of knowledge needed for mankind, not merely spiritual but also secular or temporal. They are not compositions made in any one particular period. They are spread over a period of time; one group separated from the other probably by centuries and handed down from one generation to the other through word of mouth.Understanding vedic literature itself developed into many branches covering different aspects of the subject. While some have developed independently (such as Jyotisha - to explain muhurtas in vedic rituals), others summarize (such as Kalpa which is a manual of material from different vedas) and a few others are simplified (like the Puranas in story format) for easy understanding (including the Mahabharata). |
# वेदाङ्गानि || [[Shad Vedaangas (षड् वेदाङ्ग)|Vedangas]] (6) | # वेदाङ्गानि || [[Shad Vedaangas (षड् वेदाङ्ग)|Vedangas]] (6) | ||
# वेद-उपाङ्गानि || Veda-Upangas (4) | # वेद-उपाङ्गानि || Veda-Upangas (4) | ||
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# पुराणानि || Puranas (18) | # पुराणानि || Puranas (18) | ||
# उपपुराणानि || Upa-Puranas (18) | # उपपुराणानि || Upa-Puranas (18) | ||
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== विद्यास्थानानि ॥ Vidyasthanas == | == विद्यास्थानानि ॥ Vidyasthanas == | ||
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| − | वेदादिषु चतुर्दशसु विद्यासु। ताश्च “विद्याश्चतुर्दश प्रोक्ताः क्रमेण तु यथास्थिति। षडङ्गमिश्रितावेदा धर्म्मशास्त्रं पुराणकम्। मीमांमातर्कमपि च एता विद्याश्चतुर्दश” नन्दि पु०।<ref name=":2">Vachaspatyam ([http://www.upasanayoga.org/sites/default/files/sanskritdocs/VacD-Pages/VacD-206_catu-catur.htm Chaturdashavidyas])</ref> | + | === चतुर्दशविद्याः ॥ Chaturdasha vidyas === |
| + | According to Vachaspatyam, '''Nandi Purana''' gives the 14 vidyasthanas as follows<blockquote>वेदादिषु चतुर्दशसु विद्यासु। ताश्च “विद्याश्चतुर्दश प्रोक्ताः क्रमेण तु यथास्थिति। षडङ्गमिश्रितावेदा धर्म्मशास्त्रं पुराणकम्। मीमांमातर्कमपि च एता विद्याश्चतुर्दश” नन्दि पु०।<ref name=":2">Vachaspatyam ([http://www.upasanayoga.org/sites/default/files/sanskritdocs/VacD-Pages/VacD-206_catu-catur.htm Chaturdashavidyas])</ref></blockquote>Meaning : Fourteen vidyas are given as is - vedas with their 6 angas, dharmashastram, puranam, mimamsa | ||
| − | + | According to Vachaspatyam, <blockquote>पुराणन्यायमीमांसाधर्म्मशास्त्राङ्गमिश्रिताः। वेदाः स्थानानि विद्यानां धर्म्मस्य च चतुर्दश” या० स्मृतौ विद्यास्थानत्वोक्तेस्तासां तथात्वम्।<ref name=":2" /> (Yagn. Smri. 1.3)</blockquote>Summary: Purana, Nyaya, Mimamsa, Dharmashastras combined with vedangas, and vedas form the 14 vidyastanas as given in '''Yagnavalkya Smriti.''' | |
| − | + | चतुर्दशविद्याः ॥ Chaturdasha vidyas are called the विद्यास्थानानि ॥ Vidyasthanas as they give comprehensive knowledge of dharma. These include learning the Chaturvedas (Rigveda, Yajurveda, Samaveda and Atharvanaveda), Shad(ved)angas (Shiksha, Kalpa, Vyakarana, Nirukta, Chandas and Jyotish), and 4 Upangas (Puranas, Nyaya shastra, Mimamsa and Dharmashastra) of Vedas.<ref name=":0">Venkateswara Rao. Potturi (2010) ''Paaramaathika Padakosam'' Hyderabad: Msko Books</ref> '''Manusmriti''' also refers to these abodes of knowledge as 14 vidyas.<blockquote>अङ्गानि वेदाश्चत्वारो मीमांसा न्यायविस्तरः । पुराणं धमर्शास्त्रं च विद्या ह्येताश्चतुदर्श ॥</blockquote> | |
| − | + | === अष्टादशविद्याः ॥ Ashtadasha vidyas === | |
| − | + | However, Vishnupurana<ref>[http://www.astrojyoti.com/puranassanskrit.htm Vishnupurana] (3.6)</ref> enumerates the existence of 18 vidyashtanas by adding Ayurveda, Dhanurveda, Gandharvaveda and Arthasashtra (four Upavedas) to the previously explained 14 vidyasthanas as given in the following slokas.<blockquote>अङ्गानि वेदाश्चत्वारो मीमांसा न्यायविस्तरः। पुराणं धर्मशास्त्रं च विद्या ह्येताश्चतुर्दश ॥ २८ ॥ (Vish. Pura. 3.6.28)</blockquote><blockquote>आयुर्वेदो धनुर्वेदो गान्धर्वश्चेत्यनुक्रमात् । अर्थशास्त्रं परं तस्मात् विद्या ह्यष्टादश स्मृताः ।। २९ ।। (Vish. Pura. 3.6.29)</blockquote> | |
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| − | अङ्गानि वेदाश्चत्वारो मीमांसा न्यायविस्तरः। पुराणं धर्मशास्त्रं च विद्या ह्येताश्चतुर्दश ॥ २८ ॥ (Vish. Pura. 3.6.28) | ||
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| − | आयुर्वेदो धनुर्वेदो गान्धर्वश्चेत्यनुक्रमात् । अर्थशास्त्रं परं तस्मात् विद्या ह्यष्टादश स्मृताः ।। २९ ।। (Vish. Pura. 3.6.29) | ||
== वेदाङ्गानि || Vedangas == | == वेदाङ्गानि || Vedangas == | ||
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| Science of archery and warfare | | Science of archery and warfare | ||
| Yajurveda. | | Yajurveda. | ||
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== पुराणानि उपपुराणानि च ॥ Puranas and Upapuranas == | == पुराणानि उपपुराणानि च ॥ Puranas and Upapuranas == | ||
Revision as of 16:55, 3 February 2018
Vaidika Vangmayam (Samskrit : वैदिकवाङ्मयम्) means that literature which is "associated with the Vedas". Vaidika literature includes the ancillary and subsidiary texts associated with the Vedas which have come into existence to clarify, understand, the Vedas and in understanding them, over a period of time, different explanatory shastras evolved to explain the subtle concepts presented in Vedas and they are included in such literature.[1]
Vedas are a storehouse of knowledge needed for mankind, not merely spiritual but also secular or temporal. They are not compositions made in any one particular period. They are spread over a period of time; one group separated from the other probably by centuries and handed down from one generation to the other through word of mouth.Understanding vedic literature itself developed into many branches covering different aspects of the subject. While some have developed independently (such as Jyotisha - to explain muhurtas in vedic rituals), others summarize (such as Kalpa which is a manual of material from different vedas) and a few others are simplified (like the Puranas in story format) for easy understanding (including the Mahabharata).
- वेदाङ्गानि || Vedangas (6)
- वेद-उपाङ्गानि || Veda-Upangas (4)
- उपवेदाः || Upa-Vedas (4)
- पुराणानि || Puranas (18)
- उपपुराणानि || Upa-Puranas (18)
विद्यास्थानानि ॥ Vidyasthanas
चतुर्दशविद्याः ॥ Chaturdasha vidyas
According to Vachaspatyam, Nandi Purana gives the 14 vidyasthanas as follows
वेदादिषु चतुर्दशसु विद्यासु। ताश्च “विद्याश्चतुर्दश प्रोक्ताः क्रमेण तु यथास्थिति। षडङ्गमिश्रितावेदा धर्म्मशास्त्रं पुराणकम्। मीमांमातर्कमपि च एता विद्याश्चतुर्दश” नन्दि पु०।[2]
Meaning : Fourteen vidyas are given as is - vedas with their 6 angas, dharmashastram, puranam, mimamsa According to Vachaspatyam,
पुराणन्यायमीमांसाधर्म्मशास्त्राङ्गमिश्रिताः। वेदाः स्थानानि विद्यानां धर्म्मस्य च चतुर्दश” या० स्मृतौ विद्यास्थानत्वोक्तेस्तासां तथात्वम्।[2] (Yagn. Smri. 1.3)
Summary: Purana, Nyaya, Mimamsa, Dharmashastras combined with vedangas, and vedas form the 14 vidyastanas as given in Yagnavalkya Smriti. चतुर्दशविद्याः ॥ Chaturdasha vidyas are called the विद्यास्थानानि ॥ Vidyasthanas as they give comprehensive knowledge of dharma. These include learning the Chaturvedas (Rigveda, Yajurveda, Samaveda and Atharvanaveda), Shad(ved)angas (Shiksha, Kalpa, Vyakarana, Nirukta, Chandas and Jyotish), and 4 Upangas (Puranas, Nyaya shastra, Mimamsa and Dharmashastra) of Vedas.[3] Manusmriti also refers to these abodes of knowledge as 14 vidyas.
अङ्गानि वेदाश्चत्वारो मीमांसा न्यायविस्तरः । पुराणं धमर्शास्त्रं च विद्या ह्येताश्चतुदर्श ॥
अष्टादशविद्याः ॥ Ashtadasha vidyas
However, Vishnupurana[4] enumerates the existence of 18 vidyashtanas by adding Ayurveda, Dhanurveda, Gandharvaveda and Arthasashtra (four Upavedas) to the previously explained 14 vidyasthanas as given in the following slokas.
अङ्गानि वेदाश्चत्वारो मीमांसा न्यायविस्तरः। पुराणं धर्मशास्त्रं च विद्या ह्येताश्चतुर्दश ॥ २८ ॥ (Vish. Pura. 3.6.28)
आयुर्वेदो धनुर्वेदो गान्धर्वश्चेत्यनुक्रमात् । अर्थशास्त्रं परं तस्मात् विद्या ह्यष्टादश स्मृताः ।। २९ ।। (Vish. Pura. 3.6.29)
वेदाङ्गानि || Vedangas
The word अङ्ग ॥ Anga is used in the sense of उपकारक ॥ Upakaraka (useful tool). And with reference to understanding vedajnana or the knowledge of vedas, these six shastras are extremely useful, hence they are called Vedangas. The oldest reference to what constitute the Vedangas is given in Mundakopanishad
तत्रापरा ऋग्वेदो यजुर्वेदः सामवेदोऽथर्ववेदः शिक्षा कल्पो व्याकरणं निरुक्तं छन्दो ज्योतिषमिति । (Mund. Upan. 1.1.5)[5]
tatrāparā r̥gvēdō yajurvēdaḥ sāmavēdō'tharvavēdaḥ śikṣā kalpō vyākaraṇaṁ niruktaṁ chandō jyōtiṣamiti । (Mund. Upan. 1.1.5)
Meaning : Aparavidya include the rigveda, yajurveda, samaveda, atharvaveda (four vedas), siksha, kalpa, vyakaranam, niruktam, chandas, jyothisha (6 angas of vedas).
शिक्षा कल्पो व्याकरणं निरुक्तं छन्दसां चयः । ज्योतिषामयनं चैव वेदाङ्गानि षडेव तु ॥
śikṣā kalpo vyākaraṇaṃ niruktaṃ chandasāṃ cayaḥ । jyotiṣāmayanaṃ caiva vedāṅgāni ṣaḍeva tu ॥
According to the above shloka, Vedangas are six in number namely Shiksha, Kalpa, Vyakarana, Nirukta, Chandas, Jyotish.[6]
| Title | Subject Dealt With |
|---|---|
| 1.शिक्षा || Shiksha | Science of phonetics or pronunciation and intonation. |
| 2.व्याकरणम् || Vyakarana | Science of the grammar of language |
| 3.निरुक्तम् || Nirukta | Etymology or the science of origin, meaning and explanation of the Vedic words. |
| 4.छन्दस् || Chandas | Prosody or science of composition of the hymns like meter, rhyme, पाद (quarter) etc. of the mantras |
| 5.ज्योतिष् || Jyotish | Astronomy and astrology mainly directed towards fixing up of auspicious moments for the performance of the Vedic sacrifices |
| 6.कल्पः || Kalpa | Science or manual of yagna kriyas or rituals, both Vedic and domestic |
छन्दः पादौ तु वेदस्य हस्तौ कल्पोऽथ उच्यते । ज्योतिषामयनं चक्षुर्निरुक्तं श्रोत्रमुच्यते ॥ (Pani. Siks. 41)
शिक्षा घ्राणं तु वेदस्य मुखं व्याकरणं स्मृतम् । तस्मात् साङ्गमधीत्यैव ब्रह्मलोके महीयते ॥ (Pani. Siks. 42)
chandaḥ pādau tu vedasya hastau kalpo'tha ucyate । jyotiṣāmayanaṃ cakṣurniruktaṃ śrotramucyate ॥
śikṣā ghrāṇaṃ tu vedasya mukhaṃ vyākaraṇaṃ smṛtam । tasmāt sāṅgamadhītyaiva brahmaloke mahīyate ॥
In पाणिनीयशिक्षा, these six vedangas are described in the above shloka which means - "Chandas forms the feet of the Vedapurusha, while Kalpas are the hands, Jyotish is the eye, Nirukta forms the ears, Shiksha is the nose, while the face (speech) is formed by Vyakarana. Only by studying vedas (Vedapurusha) along with vedangas (different parts) will one attain the brahmaloka".[7][8]
वेद-उपाङ्गानि || Veda-Upangas
Puranas, Mimamsa, Nyaya and Dharma shastras are included in Upangas of Vedas[3][9].
Vedangas developed as ancillary studies for the Vedas, but its insights into meters, structure of sound and language, grammar, linguistic analysis and other subjects influenced post-Vedic studies, arts, culture and various schools of philosophy. According to some scholars,[10] the Shad-darshanas may be classified as Upangas of Vedas. However, traditionally the Chaturdasha vidyas consider the above given shastras as Veda Upangas.[3][9]
- The Kalpa Vedanga studies, for example, expounded the Dharma-sutras (vaidika kriyas), which later expanded into Dharma-shastras (smritis). While Kalpa Dharmasutras generally lay down the code of conduct of a person during procedures related to vaidika yagna kriyas, Dharmasastras (classified under Upangas) lay down the general moral code of conduct applicable for every human being. Dharmashastras are also mentioned as Smritis, for ex: Manu Smriti, on which the present day Bharatiya judicial system is founded on.
- The Nyaya shastra given by Gautama rishi Nyaya shastra is the science of logic, also called as हेतुविद्या ॥ Hetu-vidya.
- Mimamsa is divided into Purvamimamsa and Uttaramimamsa. Purva Mimamsa highlights the discriminating and decision making qualities of the Vedas by analysis. Here, Purva Mimamsa is generally what is considered for the term Mimamsa. Uttara Mimamsa is also called as Vedanta, which is classified under the Jnanakanda.
उपवेदाः || Upavedas
They are called the subsidiary Vedas. They are four in number one attached to each Veda[11] viz.
| Title | Subject Dealt with | Associated with |
|---|---|---|
| आयुर्वेदः || Ayurveda | Science of healthy living including the prevention and cure of diseases | Rig Veda |
| गान्धर्ववेदः || Gandharvaveda | Science of fine arts like music and dance | Sama Veda. |
| अर्थशास्त्रम् || Arthashastra | Science of finance, economics, politics and statesmanship | Atharva Veda |
| धनुर्वेदः || Dhanurveda | Science of archery and warfare | Yajurveda. |
पुराणानि उपपुराणानि च ॥ Puranas and Upapuranas
The Puranas are a vast genre of encyclopedic Indian texts about a wide range of topics particularly legends and traditional lore. Several of these texts are named after major devatas such as Vishnu, Shiva and Devi. There are 18 Mahapuranas (Great Puranas) and 18 Upapuranas (Minor Puranas), containing over 400,000 verses.[12]
The 18 Mahapuranas and Upapuranas as listed in Agni Puranam are as follows
| मत्स्यपुराणम् || Matsya Purana | मार्कण्डेयपुराणम् || Markandeya Purana | कूर्मपुराणम् || Kurma Purana |
| भागवतपुराणम् || Bhagavata Purana | भविष्यपुराणम् || Bhavishya Purana | ब्रह्माण्डपुराणम् || Brahmanda Purana |
| ब्रह्मवैवर्तपुराणम् || Brahmavaivarta Purana | ब्रह्मपुराणम् || Brahma Purana | वामनपुराणम् || Vamana Purana |
| वराहपुराणम् || Varaha Purana | विष्णुपुराणम् || Vishnu Purana | वायुपुराणम् || Vayu Purana |
| अग्निपुराणम् || Agni Purana | नारदपुराणम् || Narada Purana | पद्मपुराणम् || Padma Purana |
| लिङ्गपुराणम् || Linga Purana | गरुडपुराणम् || Garuda Purana | स्कन्दपुराणम् || Skanda Purana |
| सनत्कुमारीयम् ॥ Sanatkumareeya | नारसिंहम् ॥ Narasimha | नन्दीयम् ॥ Nandeeya |
| शिवरहस्यम् ॥ Shivarahasya | दौर्वासम् ॥ Daurvasa | कपिलम् ॥ Kapila |
| नारदीयम् ॥ Naradeeya | वामनम् ॥ Vamana | वारुणम् ॥ Varunam |
| देवीभागवतम् ॥ Devibhagavata | वासिष्ठम् ॥ Vasishta | साम्बपुराणम् ॥ Samba |
| कल्की / कालिका॥ Kalki / Kalika | हंसम् ॥ Hamsa | सौरम् ॥ Saura |
| गाणपत्यम् / मुद्गलम् ॥ Ganapatya / Mudgala | पराशरम् ॥ Parashara | भार्गवम् ॥ Bhargava |
The Puranas have been influential in the development of Bharateeya samskriti. They are considered Vaidika (congruent with Vedic literature) or pertaining to vedas.
The Bhagavata Purana has been among the most celebrated, popularly studied and the principles practiced with reverence presently by people all over the world.[citation needed] The Puranic literature has become more popular with the Bhakti movement in India. Both Dvaita and Advaita scholars have given bhasyas or commentaries on the various vedantic philosophies of the Mahapuranas.[citation needed]
परिशिष्टम् || Parishishtam[citation needed]
Parishishta (supplement, appendix) is the term applied to various ancillary works of Vedic literature, dealing mainly with details of ritual. They are elaborations of the texts logically and chronologically prior to them namely Samhitas, Brahmanas, Aranyakas and Sutras. Naturally, classified with the Veda to which each pertains, Parishishta works exist for each of the four Vedas. However, only the literature associated with the Atharvaveda is extensive.
The Ashvalayana Grhya Parishishta is associated with the Rigveda.
The Gobhila Grhya Parishishta is a short text consisting of two chapters, with 113 and 95 verses respectively.
The Katiya Parishishtas, ascribed to Katyayana, consist of 18 works enumerated self-referentially in the fifth of the series (the Charanavyuha) and the Katyayana Shrauta Sutra Parishishta.
The Krshna Yajurveda has 3 Parishishtas - The Apastamba Shrauta Parishishta, which is also found as the second prashna of the Satyasadha Shrauta Sutra', and the Varaha Shrauta Sutra Parishishta.
पञ्चमवेदः || Panchamaveda
भारतः पञ्चमो वेदः || bhārataḥ pañcamo vedaḥ ||
As given in Mahabharata itself, it states that Mahabharata which covers numerous topics related to human relationships is considered as the "Fifth Veda".
पुराणं पञ्चमो वेद इति ब्रह्मानुशासनम् || (Skan. Pura. 5.3.1.18)[13]
purāṇaṃ pañcamo veda iti brahmānuśāsanam || (Skan. Pura. 5.3.1.18)[13]
Puranas are also considered as Panchamaveda according to the Skandapurana.
Apart from the Mahabharata and the Puranas, later texts such as Bharata's Natyashastra are also called as Panchamaveda by a few scholars.[citation needed]
References
- ↑ Gopal Reddy, Mudiganti and Sujata Reddy, Mudiganti (1997) Sanskrita Saahitya Charitra (Vaidika Vangmayam - Loukika Vangamayam, A critical approach) Hyderabad : P. S. Telugu University
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Vachaspatyam (Chaturdashavidyas)
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Venkateswara Rao. Potturi (2010) Paaramaathika Padakosam Hyderabad: Msko Books
- ↑ Vishnupurana (3.6)
- ↑ Mundakopanishad
- ↑ http://vedicheritage.gov.in/vedangas/ Introduction
- ↑ Panineeyasiksha (41 and 42)
- ↑ Dr. S. Yegnasubramanian, The Vedangas (Organs of the Vedas).http://svbf.org/journal/vol1no3/vedas.pdf
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Sri Sri Sri Chandrasekharendra Saraswathi Swamiji, (1907 to 1994) Hindu Dharma (Collection of Swamiji's Speeches), Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham
- ↑ Introduction about Upangas (Maharshi Vedic University)
- ↑ Introduction to Upavedas
- ↑ 18 Puranas - English Translation by Dharmic Scriptures Team
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Skanda Puranam (Reva Khanda)