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Line 46: − + + + − == संभाषायाः प्रयोजनम् ॥ Purpose of Sambhasha ==+ − The purposes of Sambhasha are enumerated as, − # Enjoyment through knowledge − # Encouraging oratory skills − # Gaining command and confidence over a certain topic as well as fame − # To acquire new knowledge about various things as well as develop scholarship and skill of defeating the opponent.<ref name=":9" /> (Charaka Samhita, Vimana Sthana, Chapter 8, Verse 15-16) − == संभाषाप्रकाराः ॥ Types of Sambhasha ==+ − There are 2 types of Sambhasha mentioned in the Charaka Samhita - Sandhaaya Sambhasha and Vigrhya Sambhasha − − Line 58:
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Types of Discourse (सम्भाषाप्रकाराः) (view source)
Revision as of 14:47, 15 May 2019
, 14:47, 15 May 2019Adding content from Charaka Samhita with reference
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Three methods to obtain knowledge are adhyayana (study), adhyapana (teaching) and Sambhasha (participating in debates), from which the last method 'Tadvidya Sambhasha' (debate between experts of same field) is discussed here. (Charaka Samhita, Vimana Sthana, Chapter 8, Verse 1)
Three methods to obtain knowledge are adhyayana (study), adhyapana (teaching) and Sambhasha (participating in debates), from which the last method 'Tadvidya Sambhasha' (debate between experts of same field) is discussed here.<ref name=":9" /> <blockquote>अध्ययनमध्यापनं तद्विद्यसम्भाषा चेत्युपायाः ॥४॥<ref>Edited by Debendra Nath Sen and Upendra Nath Sen, Charaka Samhita, Vimana Sthana, Chapter 8, [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.322332/page/n399 Pg.no.326]</ref> ''adhyayanamadhyāpanaṁ tadvidyasambhāṣetyupāyāḥ ॥4॥''</blockquote>Meaning: To this end, we shall indicate the means viz. study, teaching and discussion with those versed in the same subject.<ref>Edited and Published by Ayurvedic Society (Jamnagar, 1949), Charaka Samhita (Volume 5), [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.326551/page/n375 Pg.no.324]</ref>
It is said that, भिषक् भिषज सह संभाषेत् ।
== चरकसंहितायां सम्भाषाविधिः ॥ Sambhasha in Charaka Samhita ==
It is said that, <blockquote>भिषक् भिषजा सह संभाषेत ।<ref name=":11">Edited by Debendra Nath Sen and Upendra Nath Sen, Charaka Samhita, Vimana Sthana, Chapter 8, [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.322332/page/n403 Pg.no.329-30]</ref> ''bhiṣak bhiṣajā saha saṁbhāṣeta ।''</blockquote>Meaning: A physician should discuss (a problem) with another physician<ref name=":12">Edited and Published by Ayurvedic Society (Jamnagar, 1949), Charaka Samhita (Volume 5), [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.326551/page/n379 Pg.no.328]</ref> to solve the problem and clear the doubt is a 'Tadvidya Sambhasha'.
Meaning: One physician discusses a problem with another physician to solve the problem and clear the doubt is a 'Tadvidya Sambhasha'. (Charaka Samhita, Vimana Sthana, Chapter 8, Verse 14)
=== संभाषायाः प्रयोजनम् ॥ Purpose of Sambhasha ===
The purposes of Sambhasha are enumerated as,
# Enjoyment through knowledge
# Encouraging oratory skills
# Gaining command and confidence over a certain topic as well as fame
# To acquire new knowledge about various things as well as develop scholarship and skill of defeating the opponent.<ref name=":9" /> (Charaka Samhita, Vimana Sthana, Chapter 8, Verse 15-16)
<blockquote>तद्विद्यसम्भाषा हि ज्ञानाभियोगसंहर्षकरो भवति, वैशारद्यमपि चाभिनिवर्तयति, वचनशक्तिमपि चाधत्ते, यशश्चाभिदीपयति पूर्वश्रुते च संदेहवतः पुनः श्रवणाच्छ्रुतसंशयमपकर्षति श्रुते चासंदेहवतो भूयोऽध्यवसायमभिनिर्वर्तयति अश्रुतमपि च कञ्चिदर्थे श्रोत्रविषयमापादयति यच्चाचार्यः शिष्याय शुश्रूषवे प्रसन्नः क्रमेणोपदिशति गुह्याभिमतमर्थजातं तत् परस्परेण सह जल्पन् पिण्डेन विजिगीषुराह संहर्षात् तस्मात्तद्विद्यसंभाषाम्भिप्रशंसन्ति कुशलाः ॥१२॥<ref name=":11" /></blockquote><blockquote>''tadvidyasambhāṣā hi jñānābhiyogasaṁharṣakaro bhavati, vaiśāradyamapi cābhinivartayati, vacanaśaktimapi cādhatte, yaśaścābhidīpayati pūrvaśrute ca saṁdehavataḥ punaḥ śravaṇācchrutasaṁśayamapakarṣati śrute cāsaṁdehavato bhūyo'dhyavasāyamabhinirvartayati aśrutamapi ca kañcidarthe śrotraviṣayamāpādayati yaccācāryaḥ śiṣyāya śuśrūṣave prasannaḥ krameṇopadiśati guhyābhimatamarthajātaṁ tat paraspareṇa saha jalpan piṇḍena vijigīṣurāha saṁharṣāt tasmāttadvidyasaṁbhāṣāmbhipraśaṁsanti kuśalāḥ ॥12॥''</blockquote>Meaning: Discussion with a person of the same branch of science is indeed what makes for the increase of knowledge and happiness. It contributes towards the clarity of understanding, increases dialectical skill, broadcasts reputation, dispels doubts regarding things heard by repeated hearing, and confirms the ideas of those that have no doubts. It enables one to hear a few things in the course of discussion. Sometimes, secret meanings which the teacher imparts to the ministering disciple in a propitious moment gradually, is revealed by the excited disputant, desirous of victory, in the process of discussion. Hence, it is that discussion with men of the same branch of science, is applauded by the wise.<ref name=":12" />
It could also be used to solve the war issues between the nations and family disputes also. Sambhasha is that which is used to discuss a problem or a topic to explore the thoughts of intellectual people and to give a relevant conclusion. Rgveda (1.89.1) and nyaya darshana also give the clues about Sambhasha.
It could also be used to solve the war issues between the nations and family disputes also. Sambhasha is that which is used to discuss a problem or a topic to explore the thoughts of intellectual people and to give a relevant conclusion. Rgveda (1.89.1) and nyaya darshana also give the clues about Sambhasha.
== संभाषायाः इतिहासः ॥ History of Sambhasha ==
== संभाषायाः इतिहासः ॥ History of Sambhasha ==
Sambhasha is also called as Vada (discussion) in many texts. The concept of Vada is derived from the Nyaya darshana. It is said that,<blockquote>प्रमाणतर्कसाधनोपालम्भः सिद्धान्ताविरुद्धः पञ्चावयवोपपन्नः पक्षप्रतिपक्षपरिग्रहः वादः ।।१।।</blockquote>Amongst the 44 Vada marga padas (logical terms used in debate), the first one is Vada. It refers to a debate following the laws of shastra (text) ie. it should have 5 avayavas, paksha (in favour) and Pratipaksha (in opposing side) both laod down on the basis of Pramana (parametres of evidence) and tarka (logical reasoning).<ref name=":9" />
Sambhasha is also called as Vada (discussion) in many texts. The concept of Vada is derived from the Nyaya darshana. It is said that,<blockquote>प्रमाणतर्कसाधनोपालम्भः सिद्धान्ताविरुद्धः पञ्चावयवोपपन्नः पक्षप्रतिपक्षपरिग्रहः वादः ।।१।।</blockquote>Amongst the 44 Vada marga padas (logical terms used in debate), the first one is Vada. It refers to a debate following the laws of shastra (text) ie. it should have 5 avayavas, paksha (in favour) and Pratipaksha (in opposing side) both laod down on the basis of Pramana (parametres of evidence) and tarka (logical reasoning).<ref name=":9" />
== संभाषाप्रकाराः ॥ Types of Sambhasha ==
There are 2 types of Sambhasha mentioned in the Charaka Samhita - Sandhaaya Sambhasha and Vigrhya Sambhasha<ref name=":9" /><blockquote>द्विविधा तु खलु तद्विद्यसंभाषा भवति सन्धायसंभाषा विगृह्यसंभाषा च ।<ref name=":11" /></blockquote>''dvividhā tu khalu tadvidyasaṁbhāṣā bhavati sandhāyasaṁbhāṣā vigr̥hyasaṁbhāṣā ca ।''
Meaning: Such discussion with the men of the same branch of science is of two kinds - friendly discussion and the discussion of challenge or hostile discussion.<ref name=":12" />
Sandhaaya Sambhasha (friendly discussion) is characterised by
Sandhaaya Sambhasha (friendly discussion) is characterised by (Charaka Samhita, Vimana Sthana, Chapter 8, Verse 17)
# participants having scientific knowledge
# participants having scientific knowledge
# power of argument and counter argument
# power of argument and counter argument
# not rejoicing defeat of opponents
# not rejoicing defeat of opponents
# answering questions with confidence
# answering questions with confidence
# having a polite approach with the opponent
# having a polite approach with the opponent<ref name=":9" />
It is said that,<blockquote>तत्र ज्ञानविज्ञानवचनप्रतिवचनशक्तिसम्पन्नेनाकोपेनानुपस्कृतविद्येनानसूयकेनानुनेयेनानुनयकोविदेन क्लेशक्षमेण प्रियसम्भाषणेन च सह सन्धायसम्भाषा विधीयते ।<ref name=":11" /></blockquote><blockquote>''tatra jñānavijñānavacanaprativacanaśaktisampannenākopenānupaskr̥tavidyenānasūyakenānuneyenānunayakovidena kleśakṣameṇa priyasambhāṣaṇena ca saha sandhāyasambhāṣā vidhīyate ।''</blockquote>Meaning: The friendly discussion is enjoined with the person that is endowed with knowledge and experience, that is well versed in the dialectics of statement and rejoinder, that does not get angered, that is possessed of special insight into the subject, that is not carping, that is easily persuaded, that is an adept in the art pf persuasion, that has tolerance and pleasantness of speech.<ref name=":12" />
Vigrhya Sambhasha (hostile discussion) is characterised by examination of the good and bad qualities of the opponent based on which opponents are classified into superior, equal and inferior.
Vigrhya Sambhasha (hostile discussion) is characterised by examination of the good and bad qualities of the opponent based on which opponents are classified into superior, equal and inferior.