Changes

===== छलम् ॥ Chala =====

===== छलम् ॥ Chala =====

Chala (Quibbling), as mentioned above is basically of three types.  

Chala (Quibbling), as mentioned above, is basically of three types.  

# Vak chala that is 'an attempt to misinterpret the meaning of an expression.'  

* Vak Chala that is 'an attempt to misinterpret the meaning of an expression.'  

<blockquote>अविशेषाभिहिते अर्थे वक्तुः अभिप्रायातर्थान्तरकल्पना वाक्छलम् ।।१.२.१२।।<ref name=":6" /> </blockquote><blockquote>''aviśeṣābhihite arthe vaktuḥ abhiprāyātarthāntarakalpanā vākchalam ।।1.2.12।।''</blockquote>For example: When one says, 'the boy has a nava kambala (new blanket)'; the opponent would look horrified and exclaim, 'why would a little boy need nava (nine) blankets !'

<blockquote>अविशेषाभिहिते अर्थे वक्तुः अभिप्रायातर्थान्तरकल्पना वाक्छलम् ।।१.२.१२।।<ref name=":6" /> </blockquote><blockquote>''aviśeṣābhihite arthe vaktuḥ abhiprāyātarthāntarakalpanā vākchalam ।।1.2.12।।''</blockquote>For example: When one says, 'the boy has a nava kambala (new blanket)'; the opponent would look horrified and exclaim, 'why would a little boy need nava (nine) blankets !'

# improperly generalize its meaning (samanya chala)

* Samanya Chala that refers to 'improperly generalizing the meaning of an argument.'

<blockquote>सम्भवतः अर्थस्य अतिसामान्ययोगातसम्भूतार्थकल्पना सामान्यच्छलम् ।।१.२.१३।।<ref name=":6" /></blockquote><blockquote>''sambhavataḥ arthasya atisāmānyayogātasambhūtārthakalpanā sāmānyacchalam ।।1.2.13।।''</blockquote>For example, when one says: he is a hungry man (purusha), the other would generalize Man – Purusha as ‘humans’, and ask why are all the human beings hungry?

<blockquote>सम्भवतः अर्थस्य अतिसामान्ययोगातसम्भूतार्थकल्पना सामान्यच्छलम् ।।१.२.१३।।<ref name=":6" /></blockquote><blockquote>''sambhavataḥ arthasya atisāmānyayogātasambhūtārthakalpanā sāmānyacchalam ।।1.2.13।।''</blockquote>For example: When one says, 'he is a hungry man (purusha)'; the opponent would generalize Man (Purusha) as ‘humans’ and ask, 'why are all the human beings hungry ?'

* conflation of an ordinary use of a word with its metaphorical use (upachara chala), with a view to derange the argument.

* Upachara Chala which is 'conflation of an ordinary use of a word with its metaphorical use with a view to derange the argument.'

<blockquote>धर्मविकल्पनिर्देशे अर्थसद्भावप्रतिषेधः उपचारच्छलम् ।।१.२.१४।।<ref name=":6" /></blockquote><blockquote>''dharmavikalpanirdeśe arthasadbhāvapratiṣedhaḥ upacāracchalam ।।1.2.14।।''</blockquote>For example, the term ‘mancha’ ordinarily means a cot; but, its metaphorical meaning could be platform or dais or the people sitting on it.<ref name=":3" />

<blockquote>धर्मविकल्पनिर्देशे अर्थसद्भावप्रतिषेधः उपचारच्छलम् ।।१.२.१४।।<ref name=":6" /></blockquote><blockquote>''dharmavikalpanirdeśe arthasadbhāvapratiṣedhaḥ upacāracchalam ।।1.2.14।।''</blockquote>For example: Interpreting ordinary use of the term ‘mancha’ meaning a cot as it's metaphorical meaning like 'platform' or 'dais' or 'the people sitting on it'.<ref name=":3" />

===== जातिः ॥ Jati =====

===== जातिः ॥ Jati =====