Changes

The earliest reference to Shiksha attached to तैत्तिरीय-आरण्यकम् || Taittriya Aranyaka, extends the applicability as follows :            <blockquote>अथ शिक्षां व्याख्यास्यामः । वर्णः स्वरः । मात्रा बलम् । साम सन्तान। इत्युक्तः शिक्षाध्यायः ॥ (Tait. Aran. 7.2)<ref name=":0">Taittirya Aranyakam [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D(%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0)/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%AD Prapathaka 7]</ref></blockquote><blockquote>atha śikṣāṃ vyākhyāsyāmaḥ । varṇaḥ svaraḥ । mātrā balam । sāma santāna। ityuktaḥ śikṣādhyāyaḥ ॥ (Tait. Aran. 7.2)<ref name=":0">Taittirya Aranyakam [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D(%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0)/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%AD Prapathaka 7]</ref></blockquote>Meaning : Let us comment about Shiksha. Shiksha study involves Varna, Svara, Matra, Bala, Sama, Santana". Where,             

The earliest reference to Shiksha attached to तैत्तिरीय-आरण्यकम् || Taittriya Aranyaka, extends the applicability as follows :            <blockquote>अथ शिक्षां व्याख्यास्यामः । वर्णः स्वरः । मात्रा बलम् । साम सन्तान। इत्युक्तः शिक्षाध्यायः ॥ (Tait. Aran. 7.2)<ref name=":0">Taittirya Aranyakam [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D(%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0)/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%AD Prapathaka 7]</ref></blockquote><blockquote>atha śikṣāṃ vyākhyāsyāmaḥ । varṇaḥ svaraḥ । mātrā balam । sāma santāna। ityuktaḥ śikṣādhyāyaḥ ॥ (Tait. Aran. 7.2)<ref name=":0">Taittirya Aranyakam [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D(%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0)/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%AD Prapathaka 7]</ref></blockquote>Meaning : Let us comment about Shiksha. Shiksha study involves Varna, Svara, Matra, Bala, Sama, Santana". Where,             

# '''वर्णः ॥ Varna -''' वर्णः अकारादिः । varṇaḥ akārādiḥ । - Varnas are the letters including Vowels and Consonants             

# '''वर्णः ॥ Varna -''' वर्णः अकारादिः । varṇaḥ akārādiḥ । - Varnas are the letters including Vowels and Consonants             

# स्वरः ॥ '''Svara -''' स्वरस्तु उदात्तादिः । svarastu udāttādiḥ । - Svaras (Accents) are of three kinds उदात्तः || udatta (acute accent), अनुदात्तः || anudatta (accentless), स्वरितः || svarita (normal accent).             

# '''स्वरः ॥ Svara -''' स्वरस्तु उदात्तादिः । svarastu udāttādiḥ । - Svaras (Accents) are of three kinds उदात्तः || udatta (acute accent), अनुदात्तः || anudatta (accentless), स्वरितः || svarita (normal accent).             

# '''मात्रा ॥ Matra -''' मात्रा ह्रस्वादिकाः । mātrā hrasvādikāḥ । - Prosodically or metrically, ह्रस्व ॥ hrsva (short), दीर्घ || deergha (long), प्लुत || pluta (prolated)             

# '''मात्रा ॥ Matra -''' मात्रा ह्रस्वादिकाः । mātrā hrasvādikāḥ । - Prosodically or metrically, ह्रस्व ॥ hrsva (short), दीर्घ || deergha (long), प्लुत || pluta (prolated)             

# '''बलम् ॥ Bala''' - बलम् उच्चारणस्थानं ताल्वादिकम् । balam uccāraṇasthānaṃ tālvādikam । - Part of body from where sound is produced, such as taalu, kantha, ostha etc.             

# '''बलम् ॥ Bala''' - बलम् उच्चारणस्थानं ताल्वादिकम् । balam uccāraṇasthānaṃ tālvādikam । - Part of body from where sound is produced, such as तालु: ॥ talu, कन्ठः ॥ kantha, ओष्ठः ॥ ostha etc.             

# '''Saama''' ॥ साम निषादादिः - 7 Musical notes enumerated as 1. निषाद || nisada; 2. रिसभ || ṛiṣabha 3. गान्धार || gandhara 4. सद्ज || ṣaḍja 5. मध्यम || madhyama 6. धैवता || dhaivata 7. पञ्चम || pancama             

# '''साम ॥ Sama -''' साम निषादादिः । sāma niṣādādiḥ । - 7 Musical notes enumerated as 1. निषादः || nishada; 2. रिषभः || ṛiṣhabha 3. गान्धारः || gandhara 4. सड्जः || Shadja 5. मध्यमः || madhyama 6. धैवतः || dhaivata 7. पञ्चमः || pancama             

# '''Santana''' ॥ सन्तानो विकर्षणादि              

# '''सन्तानः ॥ Santana -''' सन्तानो विकर्षणादि । santāno vikarṣaṇādi ।               

Classical Sanskrit literature differs from Vedic literature, as it is not highly regulated by the उच्चारणम् ॥ uccharanam (utterance) which is important for the utterance of vedic mantras. Hence शिक्षा ॥ '''Siksha''' is of vital importance as an ancillary for vedas, because अशुध्दोच्चारणम् ॥ ashuddhoccharanam (wrongly uttered) of mantras bring about a meaning change which can cause great harm to the यजमानः || yajamana (the performer of the yagna).               

Classical Sanskrit literature differs from Vedic literature, as it is not highly regulated by the उच्चारणम् ॥ uccharana (utterance) which is important for the utterance of vedic mantras. Hence, Shiksha is of vital importance as an ancillary for vedas, because अशुध्दोच्चारणम् ॥ ashuddhoccharana (wrong utterence) of mantras bring about a meaning change which can cause great harm to the यजमानः || yajamana (the performer of the yagna).               

An example of such wrong utterance is typically explained by the legend of Vrttrasura's birth:            <blockquote>मन्त्रो हीनः स्वरतो वर्णतो वा मिथ्या प्रयुक्तो न तमर्थमाह । स वाग्वज्रो यजमानं हिनस्ति यथेन्द्रशत्रुः स्वरतोपराधात् ॥</blockquote>If a mantra is devoid of a वर्ण || varna or letter, or has wrongly utterances or स्वर || swaras, then it does not the give the meaning it is intended to and produces a false meaning. This incorrectly and improperly uttered mantra becomes a वाक्वज्र || vakvajra (word weapon) and is capable of destroying the यजमानः || yajamana (performer of the yagna). Example is the famous story of Indra's enemy, Vrttrasura whose origin was due to स्वरापराध ॥ swarapradha (wrong swara utterance) of a mantra.            <blockquote>'''वृत्रासुर  जननम्  || Vrttrasura Jananam''' :  </blockquote><blockquote>तत्त्वष्टाहवनीयमुप प्रावर्तयत्स्वाहेन्द्रशत्रुर्वर्धस्वेति यदवर्तयत्तद्वृत्रस्य वृत्रत्वं यदब्रवीत्स्वाहेन्द्रशत्रुर्वर्धस्वेति तस्मादस्येन्द्रः शत्रुरभवत् (Tait. Samh. 2.5.2)<ref>Taittriya [http://parankusa.org/KrYajurBrowse.aspx Samhita] </ref></blockquote><blockquote>त्वष्टा॥ Tvastha angered by Indra's killing of his son विश्वरूप  || Vishwaroopa, initiates an आभिचारिकं यागं  || aabhaicharikam yagam (a yagam performed to cause harm to an intended person) to procure a son to kill Indra. The ऋत्विज  || ritvijas were to utter the mantra "इन्द्रशत्रुर्वर्धस्व" with अन्त उदात्तः ॥ Anta Udaatta or Udaatta swara in the end of the mantra (to mean Prosper Oh ! Enemy of Indra)  instead they used the आद्य उदात्तः ॥ Aadya Udaatta swara in the beginning of the mantra (meaning Oh! Indra, one who has enemies, Prosper). So instead of asking for the rise and prosperity of a son to take revenge on Indra, the ऋत्विज  || ritvijas asked for the prosperity and glory of Indra who destroyed असुर  || Asuras. Thus वृत्रासुर  '''||''' Vrttrasura the son of त्वष्टा ॥ Tvastha was born, an enemy of Indra, but eventually Indra was rewarded with glory in killing वृत्रासुर  '''||''' Vrttrasura.</blockquote>Siksha literature is very widely available based on the different शाखा || shaka (divisions) of different vedas. They are पाणिनीयशिक्षा || Panineeya Siksha  व्यासशिक्षा || Vyasasiksha, भारद्वाजशिक्षा || Bharadwaaja siksha, याज्ञवलक्यशिक्षा || Yaagnvalkya Siksha, पराशरशिक्षा || Paarasharee siksha, वासिष्टीशिक्षा || Vaasishtee siksha, कात्यायनीशिक्षा || Kaatyayanee siksha, माध्यन्दिनीशिक्षा || Maadhyandinee siksha, केशवीशिक्षा || Keshavee siksha, अमोघानन्दिनीशिक्षा || Amoghaanandinee siksha, माण्डव्यशिक्षा || Maandavya siksha, मल्लशर्मशिक्षा || Mallasharma siksha, स्वराकुशशिक्षा || Svaraakusha siksha, षोडशशिक्षा || Shodasha slokee siksha, नारदीयशिक्षा || Naaradeeya siksha, माण्डुकीयशिक्षा || Mandukeeya siksha, स्वरभक्तिलक्षणशिक्षा || Svarabhaktilaskhana siksha, अवसाननिर्णयशिक्षा || Avasaananirnaya siksha, वर्णरत्न प्रदीपिका शिक्षा || Varnaratna pradeepikaa siksha among many others.

An example of such wrong utterance is typically explained by the legend of Vrttrasura's birth:            <blockquote>मन्त्रो हीनः स्वरतो वर्णतो वा मिथ्या प्रयुक्तो न तमर्थमाह । स वाग्वज्रो यजमानं हिनस्ति यथेन्द्रशत्रुः स्वरतोपराधात् ॥</blockquote>If a mantra is devoid of a वर्ण || varna or letter, or has wrongly utterances or स्वर || swaras, then it does not the give the meaning it is intended to and produces a false meaning. This incorrectly and improperly uttered mantra becomes a वाक्वज्र || vakvajra (word weapon) and is capable of destroying the यजमानः || yajamana (performer of the yagna). Example is the famous story of Indra's enemy, Vrttrasura whose origin was due to स्वरापराध ॥ swarapradha (wrong swara utterance) of a mantra.            <blockquote>'''वृत्रासुर  जननम्  || Vrttrasura Jananam''' :  </blockquote><blockquote>तत्त्वष्टाहवनीयमुप प्रावर्तयत्स्वाहेन्द्रशत्रुर्वर्धस्वेति यदवर्तयत्तद्वृत्रस्य वृत्रत्वं यदब्रवीत्स्वाहेन्द्रशत्रुर्वर्धस्वेति तस्मादस्येन्द्रः शत्रुरभवत् (Tait. Samh. 2.5.2)<ref>Taittriya [http://parankusa.org/KrYajurBrowse.aspx Samhita] </ref></blockquote><blockquote>त्वष्टा॥ Tvastha angered by Indra's killing of his son विश्वरूप  || Vishwaroopa, initiates an आभिचारिकं यागं  || aabhaicharikam yagam (a yagam performed to cause harm to an intended person) to procure a son to kill Indra. The ऋत्विज  || ritvijas were to utter the mantra "इन्द्रशत्रुर्वर्धस्व" with अन्त उदात्तः ॥ Anta Udaatta or Udaatta swara in the end of the mantra (to mean Prosper Oh ! Enemy of Indra)  instead they used the आद्य उदात्तः ॥ Aadya Udaatta swara in the beginning of the mantra (meaning Oh! Indra, one who has enemies, Prosper). So instead of asking for the rise and prosperity of a son to take revenge on Indra, the ऋत्विज  || ritvijas asked for the prosperity and glory of Indra who destroyed असुर  || Asuras. Thus वृत्रासुर  '''||''' Vrttrasura the son of त्वष्टा ॥ Tvastha was born, an enemy of Indra, but eventually Indra was rewarded with glory in killing वृत्रासुर  '''||''' Vrttrasura.</blockquote>Siksha literature is very widely available based on the different शाखा || shaka (divisions) of different vedas. They are पाणिनीयशिक्षा || Panineeya Siksha  व्यासशिक्षा || Vyasasiksha, भारद्वाजशिक्षा || Bharadwaaja siksha, याज्ञवलक्यशिक्षा || Yaagnvalkya Siksha, पराशरशिक्षा || Paarasharee siksha, वासिष्टीशिक्षा || Vaasishtee siksha, कात्यायनीशिक्षा || Kaatyayanee siksha, माध्यन्दिनीशिक्षा || Maadhyandinee siksha, केशवीशिक्षा || Keshavee siksha, अमोघानन्दिनीशिक्षा || Amoghaanandinee siksha, माण्डव्यशिक्षा || Maandavya siksha, मल्लशर्मशिक्षा || Mallasharma siksha, स्वराकुशशिक्षा || Svaraakusha siksha, षोडशशिक्षा || Shodasha slokee siksha, नारदीयशिक्षा || Naaradeeya siksha, माण्डुकीयशिक्षा || Mandukeeya siksha, स्वरभक्तिलक्षणशिक्षा || Svarabhaktilaskhana siksha, अवसाननिर्णयशिक्षा || Avasaananirnaya siksha, वर्णरत्न प्रदीपिका शिक्षा || Varnaratna pradeepikaa siksha among many others.