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Panis are basically tradesmen who were prominent class of people along with Dasyus and [[Asura|Asuras]], intelligent, powerful having a materialistic outlook. [[Nirukta]] describes them as tightfisted, shrewd business-minded people with no regard for [[Yagya (यज्ञ)|yajnas]] (यज्ञ-s) and charity. The conflict between Indra and Panis was mainly due to the refusal of Panis to contribute to Dana (दानम्) and Dakshina (दक्षिणा) for Yajna. Wealth in those days was mainly the strength of cattle and property.<ref>Prasad, Prakash Charan. (1977) ''[https://books.google.co.in/books?id=RSW8az3Q_dEC&lpg=PA7&pg=PA21#v=onepage&q&f=false Foreign Trade and Commerce in Ancient India.]'' New Delhi : Abhinav Publications</ref> Rigveda (10.108)<ref>Rig Veda ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A6.%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%AE Mandala 10, Sukta 108])</ref> describes the legendary theft of the divine cows and the quest of Devashuni Sarama to locate them. A conversation between [[Sarama Pani Samvada (सरमापणिसंवादः)|Sarama and Panis]] takes place after she crosses the Rasa (रसा) river, where the Panis hide the cows in the caves. <ref>Satavalekar, Pt. Sripada Damodara. (1985) ''[http://vedicheritage.gov.in/flipbook/Rigveda_Subodh_Bhasya_Vol_IV/#book/501 Rigved ka subodh bhasya, Volume 4.]'' Paradi : Svadhyaya Mandal</ref>

Panis are basically tradesmen who were prominent class of people along with Dasyus and [[Asura|Asuras]], intelligent, powerful having a materialistic outlook. [[Nirukta]] describes them as tightfisted, shrewd business-minded people with no regard for [[Yagya (यज्ञ)|yajnas]] (यज्ञ-s) and charity. The conflict between Indra and Panis was mainly due to the refusal of Panis to contribute to Dana (दानम्) and Dakshina (दक्षिणा) for Yajna. Wealth in those days was mainly the strength of cattle and property.<ref>Prasad, Prakash Charan. (1977) ''[https://books.google.co.in/books?id=RSW8az3Q_dEC&lpg=PA7&pg=PA21#v=onepage&q&f=false Foreign Trade and Commerce in Ancient India.]'' New Delhi : Abhinav Publications</ref> Rigveda (10.108)<ref>Rig Veda ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A6.%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%AE Mandala 10, Sukta 108])</ref> describes the legendary theft of the divine cows and the quest of Devashuni Sarama to locate them. A conversation between [[Sarama Pani Samvada (सरमापणिसंवादः)|Sarama and Panis]] takes place after she crosses the Rasa (रसा) river, where the Panis hide the cows in the caves. <ref>Satavalekar, Pt. Sripada Damodara. (1985) ''[http://vedicheritage.gov.in/flipbook/Rigveda_Subodh_Bhasya_Vol_IV/#book/501 Rigved ka subodh bhasya, Volume 4.]'' Paradi : Svadhyaya Mandal</ref>

In the Rigveda mantra Sarama is glorified thus,<blockquote>विश्वे अस्या व्युषि माहिनायाः सं यद्गोभिरङ्गिरसो नवन्त | उत्स आसां परमे सधस्थ ऋतस्य पथा सरमा विदद्गाः || (Rig Veda 5.45.8)<ref name=":2">Rig Veda ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82_%E0%A5%AB.%E0%A5%AA%E0%A5%AB Mandala 5, Sukta 45])</ref></blockquote><blockquote>viśve asyā vyuṣi māhināyāḥ saṃ yadgobhiraṅgiraso navanta | utsa āsāṃ parame sadhastha ṛtasya pathā saramā vidadgāḥ || (Rig Veda 5.45.8)</blockquote>'''Meaning''' : During the dawn hours when the sacred Usha rises along with her rays, all Angirasas took the milk flowing from cow’s udders and placed it at a lofty position to offer in yajnas. Sarama by traveling on the path of the yajna with the knowledge of [[Rta (ऋतम्)|rta]] (ऋतम्) recognized and found the cows.  

In the Rigveda mantra Sarama is glorified thus,<blockquote>विश्वे अस्या व्युषि माहिनायाः सं यद्गोभिरङ्गिरसो नवन्त | उत्स आसां परमे सधस्थ ऋतस्य पथा सरमा विदद्गाः || (Rig Veda 5.45.8)<ref name=":2">Rig Veda ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82_%E0%A5%AB.%E0%A5%AA%E0%A5%AB Mandala 5, Sukta 45])</ref></blockquote><blockquote>viśve asyā vyuṣi māhināyāḥ saṃ yadgobhiraṅgiraso navanta | utsa āsāṃ parame sadhastha ṛtasya pathā saramā vidadgāḥ || (Rig Veda 5.45.8)</blockquote>'''Meaning''' : During the dawn hours when the sacred Usha rises along with her rays, all [[Angirasa (अङ्गिरसः)|Angirasas]] took the milk flowing from cow’s udders and placed it at a lofty position to offer in yajnas. Sarama by traveling on the path of the yajna with the knowledge of [[Rta (ऋतम्)|rta]] (ऋतम्) recognized and found the cows.  

'''Esoteric Meaning''' :Here, the cows are considered as transcendental knowledge and their moving about for grazing during usha kala (उषः कालः | morning hours) is called the time for jnanodaya (ज्ञानोदयः | awakening of knowledge). For Angirasa, to receive this knowledge, Sarama was very important and Sarama moves on into the path of rtasatya (ऋतसत्यम्) with greater speed and ahead of everyone she (सत्यवृत्ता । satyavrtta) was able to locate the cows. This is Sarama’s rta path or the path of truth. She who moves very fast can understand the deepest place where jnana (ज्ञानम् | wisdom) is hidden through fragrance (shruti is compared to fragrance).<ref name=":3">Narayanacharya, K. S. (2011). ''Veda Sanskritiya Parichaya, Part I''. Hubli:​Sahitya Prakashana​.</ref>  

'''Esoteric Meaning''' :Here, the cows are considered as transcendental knowledge and their moving about for grazing during usha kala (उषः कालः | morning hours) is called the time for jnanodaya (ज्ञानोदयः | awakening of knowledge). For Angirasa, to receive this knowledge, Sarama was very important and Sarama moves on into the path of rtasatya (ऋतसत्यम्) with greater speed and ahead of everyone she (सत्यवृत्ता । satyavrtta) was able to locate the cows. This is Sarama’s rta path or the path of truth. She who moves very fast can understand the deepest place where jnana (ज्ञानम् | wisdom) is hidden through fragrance (shruti is compared to fragrance).<ref name=":3">Narayanacharya, K. S. (2011). ''Veda Sanskritiya Parichaya, Part I''. Hubli:​Sahitya Prakashana​.</ref>  

== Loyalty of Sarama ==

== Loyalty of Sarama ==

The '''10th mandala of Rig veda''' beautifully outlines the सरमा-पणि संवादः || Sarama and Panis Samvaadaha wherein Sarama tries to convince the Panis to return the stolen cows. The Panis in turn try to lure Sarama by offering her the herdship of the cows and state her loyalty to them.  According to Rig Veda Sarama remains loyal to Indra and threatens the Panis of inviting the wrath of Indra if the cows are not returned to him. She then goes back to Indra and he with the help of Angirasa rushi retrieves the cows after defeating Panis.   

The '''[[Mandala 10|10th mandala]] of Rigveda''' beautifully outlines the Sarama and Panis Samvada ( सरमापणिसंवादः) wherein Sarama tries to convince the Panis to return the stolen cows. The Panis in turn try to lure Sarama by offering her the herdship of the cows and state her loyalty to them.  According to Rigveda, Sarama remains loyal to Indra and threatens the Panis of inviting the wrath of Indra if the cows are not returned to him. She then goes back to Indra and he with the help of Angirasa rishi retrieves the cows after defeating Panis.   

However, in '''Brhaddevata 8.24-36,''' Sarama as in Rig Veda refuses bribes but is lured by the milk of the Cows transfers her loyalties to Panis. When When she returns to Indra and refuses to disclose the hideout of the cows, Indra kicks her in a rage.  She vomits out the milk received as a bribe, and then goes back to trace the Panis.

However, in '''Brhaddevata 8.24-36,''' Sarama as in Rigveda refuses bribes but is lured by the milk of the Cows and transfers her loyalties to Panis. When she returns to Indra and refuses to disclose the hideout of the cows, Indra kicks her in rage. She vomits out the milk received as a bribe, and then goes back to trace the Panis.

In the '''Jaimineeya Brahmana, 2.440-442''' devatas first send Suparna, the eagle.  However, the Panis bribe him into silence, and he accepts their gifts and returns without any information.  The enraged devatas strangle him and he vomits out the curds, etc. received from the Panis. Then they send Sarama.  She crosses the river Rasa and approaches the Panis.  She is also offered bribes, but (as in the Rigveda) she refuses their blandishments and returns to Indra with the information that the cows are hidden beyond the Rasa.  She and her descendants are then blessed by a grateful Indra.<ref>Sarama and the Panis : [http://voiceofdharma.org/books/rig/ch10.htm A Mythological Theme in the Rigveda]</ref>

In the '''Jaimineeya Brahmana, 2.440-442,''' devatas first send Suparna, the eagle.  However, the Panis bribe him into silence, and he accepts their gifts and returns without any information. The enraged devatas strangle him and he vomits out the curds, etc. received from the Panis. Then they send Sarama. She crosses the river Rasa and approaches the Panis. She is also offered bribes, but (as in the Rigveda) she refuses their blandishments and returns to Indra with the information that the cows are hidden beyond the Rasa. She and her descendants are then blessed by a grateful Indra.<ref>Sarama and the Panis : [http://voiceofdharma.org/books/rig/ch10.htm A Mythological Theme in the Rigveda]</ref>

== संवादः || Discussion ==

== संवादः || Discussion ==