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''suśīlo mitabhugdakṣaḥ śraddadhāno jitendriyaḥ । yāvadarthaṁ vyavaharetstrīṣu strīnirjiteṣu ca ॥ 6॥''</blockquote>Meaning: He should be of a good character, moderate in eating, alert and prompt (in work), of reverential faith in shastras and self-controlled. It is only when absolutely necessary and to that much extent only that he should deal with women (eg. for getting alms) or with those who are influenced by women.<ref name=":3">Ganesh Vasudeo Tagare, The Bhagavata Purana (Part III), Ancient Indian Tradition & Mythology (Volume 9), Edited by J.L.Shastri, New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.150116/page/n99 P.no.968-969].</ref>
''suśīlo mitabhugdakṣaḥ śraddadhāno jitendriyaḥ । yāvadarthaṁ vyavaharetstrīṣu strīnirjiteṣu ca ॥ 6॥''</blockquote>Meaning: He should be of a good character, moderate in eating, alert and prompt (in work), of reverential faith in shastras and self-controlled. It is only when absolutely necessary and to that much extent only that he should deal with women (eg. for getting alms) or with those who are influenced by women.<ref name=":3">Ganesh Vasudeo Tagare, The Bhagavata Purana (Part III), Ancient Indian Tradition & Mythology (Volume 9), Edited by J.L.Shastri, New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.150116/page/n99 P.no.968-969].</ref>
== परिभाषा ॥ Meaning ==
Sannyasa in itself is many-a-times thought of as negative since it means a curtailment, if not a total abandonment, of social activities. But there are Upanishads that enjoin the continuance of these activities throughout life. For example, in its first verse, Isha Upanishad inculcates complete renunciation but qualifies it in the very next one by adding that incessant activity is also necessary.<ref name=":9">T.M.P.Mahadevan, [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.264370/mode/2up?view=theater The Upanishads], Madras: G.A.Natesan & Co.</ref><blockquote>ईशा वास्यमिदँ सर्वं यत्किञ्च जगत्यां जगत् । तेन त्यक्तेन भुञ्जीथा मा गृधः कस्यस्विद्धनम् ॥ १ ॥
कुर्वन्नेवेह कर्माणि जिजीविषेच्छतँ समाः । एवं त्वयि नान्यथेतोऽस्ति न कर्म लिप्यते नरे ॥ २ ॥<ref>[https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D Isha Upanishad]</ref>
īśā vāsyamidam̐ sarvaṁ yatkiñca jagatyāṁ jagat । tena tyaktena bhuñjīthā mā gr̥dhaḥ kasyasviddhanam ॥ 1 ॥
kurvanneveha karmāṇi jijīviṣecchatam̐ samāḥ । evaṁ tvayi nānyatheto'sti na karma lipyate nare ॥ 2 ॥</blockquote>The natural inference to be drawn from it is that one should live amidst others all his life, discharging one's duties towards them but should never think of reaping any personal benefit by doing so. Another important aspect of sannyasa is devotion to the service of others.
Thus, Sannyasa signifies self-renunciation and not world-renunciation. And it is this teaching of Nishkama karma that was emphasized in the Bhagavad Gita thereby shifting the emphasis from the form of sannyasa to its spirit.<ref name=":9" />
== Sannyasin ==
== Sannyasin ==
This exact passage is also quoted in the Hiranyakeshi Shrauta Sutra (27.5.116-126)<ref>Hiranyakeshi Shrautasutra, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF-%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%AD Prashna 27]</ref>
This exact passage is also quoted in the Hiranyakeshi Shrauta Sutra (27.5.116-126)<ref>Hiranyakeshi Shrautasutra, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF-%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%AD Prashna 27]</ref>
'''Gautama Dharmasutra'''
१,३.१० अनिचयो भिक्षुः ॥ १,३.११ ऊर्ध्वरेताः ॥ १,३.१२ ध्रुवशीलो वर्षासु ॥ १,३.१३ भिक्षार्थी ग्रामम् इयात् ॥ १,३.१४ जघन्यम् अनिवृत्तं चरेत् ॥ १,३.१५ निवृत्ताशीः ॥ १,३.१६ वाक्चक्षुःकर्मसंयतः ॥ १,३.१७ कौपीनाच्छादनार्थे वासो बिभृयात् ॥ १,३.१८ प्रहीणम् एके निर्णिज्य ॥ १,३.१९ नाविप्रयुक्तम् ओषधिवनस्पतीनाम् अङ्गम् उपाददीत ॥ १,३.२० न द्वितीयाम् अपर्तु रात्रिं ग्रामे वसेत् ॥ १,३.२१ मुण्डः शिखी वा ॥ १,३.२२ वर्जेयेद् बीजवधम् ॥ १,३.२३ समो भूतेषु हिंसानुग्रहयोः ॥ १,३.२४ अनारम्भी ॥<ref>[https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D Gautama Dharmasutra]</ref>
A mendicant shall live without any possessions, be chaste and remain in one place during the rainy season. Let him enter a vilage only to obtain almsfood and go on is begging round late in the evening, without visiting the same house twice and without pronouncing blessings. He shall control his speech, sight and action and wear a garment to cover his private parts using, according to some, a discarded piece of cloth after washing it. He should not pick any part of a plant or a tree unless it has fallen of itself. Outside the rainy season, he should not spend two nights in the same village. He shall be shaven-headed or wear a topknot, refrain from injuring seeds, treat all creatures alike whether they cause him harm or treat him with kindness and not undertake ritual activities.<ref name=":62" />
'''Baudhayana Dharmasutra'''
परिव्राजकः ।परित्यज्य बन्धून् अपरिग्रहः ।प्रव्रजेद् [K: परिव्रजेद् ] यथा-विधि ॥ अरण्यं ।गत्वा ॥ शिखा-मुण्डः ॥ कौपीनाच्छादनाः ॥ वर्षास्व् एकस्थः ॥ काषाय-वासाः ॥ सन्न-मुसले व्यङ्गारे निवृत्त-शराव-संपाते ।भिक्षेत ॥ वाङ्-मनः-कर्म-दण्डैर् भूतानाम् अद्रोही ॥ पवित्रं ।बिभ्रत्[K: बिभृयात् ]_शौच-अर्थम् ॥ उद्धृत-परिपूताभिर् अद्भिर् अप्-कार्यं कुर्वाणः [K: अद्भिः कार्यं कुर्यात् ] ॥ ।अपविध्य वैदिकानि कर्माण्य् उभयतः परिच्छिन्ना मध्यमं पदं ।संश्लिष्यामह इति वदन्तः ॥<ref>[https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF Baudhayana Dharmasutra]</ref>
A wandering ascetic should wander forth according to the rule, abandoning his relative and free of possessions. Going into the wilderness, he has his head shaven except for the topknot, wears a loin cloth resides in one place during the rainy season and wears ochre clothes. He should go out to beg when the pestle has been set aside, the coals have gone cold, and the plates have been put away (He therefore does not become a burden to the householders and eats their leftovers) without hostility to any creature by violent words, thought or deed carrying a cloth to strain water for use in purification and using water that has been drawn out and properly strained for ablutions and claiming "Rejecting Vedic rites and cutting ourselves off from both sides, we embrace the middle course."<ref name=":62" />
'''Arthashastra'''
The duties of a Parivrajaka (a wandering ascetic) are: complete control over his senses (ie. renouncing the temptation of all sensual pleasures); refraining from all active life; renouncing all possessions; giving up all attachment to worldly ties; living on the charity of the many, never staying in one place for long; living in forests; maintaining inner and outward purity (1.3.12).<ref name=":62" />
==स्त्रीषु व्यवहारः ॥ Behaviour with women==
==स्त्रीषु व्यवहारः ॥ Behaviour with women==
A sannyasi dvija being free from all attachments and bonds of love should always live under a tree or empty house or bank of a river and contemplate on the Paramatma in his mind.<ref name=":5" />
A sannyasi dvija being free from all attachments and bonds of love should always live under a tree or empty house or bank of a river and contemplate on the Paramatma in his mind.<ref name=":5" />
== Rights of a Sannyasin ==
Ascetics called by various names in the text viz. Sannyasin, tapasvin, parivrajita, parivrajaka, etc, though often equated with brahmanas, they could have originally belonged to any varna.
Arthashastra quotations
They are allotted forest areas for their meditation and contemplation (2.2.2) but they had to live in harmony, make room for newcomers and not annoy each other (3.16.33-36). Their property could not be claimed as war booty (3.16.28).
Respect was to be shown to them; reviling, hurting or killing one was equated to similar offences against father, mother or teacher (4.11.13,14). Torture of ascetics was prohibited (4.8.19).
They could stay in lodging houses in the city (2.36.5) and take salt free of charge (2.12.38). As in the case of brahmanas, judges could look suo moto into their affairs and not dismiss their suits for want of jurisdiction etc (3.20.22). A wandering monk, pravrajita, could travel free on the ferries with a pass from the appropriate authority (2.28.18).
Since an ascetic had no family, his property passed on to his teacher, pupil, spiritual brother or fellow student (3.16.37). Theft of their property is mentioned as a separate crime meriting a hefty fine (4.10.6).
The wife of a man who became a parivrajita had the same rights of remarriage as if the man had died or gone on long journey (3.4.37). No one could become an ascetic without first providing for his wife and children (2.1.28,29).<ref name=":62" />
== References ==
== References ==
[[Category:Dharmas]]
[[Category:Dharmas]]
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