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== परिचयः ॥ Introduction ==

== परिचयः ॥ Introduction ==

While Upanayana marks the beginning of the vedic study, Samavartana marks the end of the Brahmacharya period in a student's life. <blockquote>तत्र समावर्तनं नाम वेदाध्ययनानन्तरं गुरुकुलात् स्वगृहागमनम् । </blockquote>After finishing Vedic study and taking the permission of the teacher the student takes the ceremonial bath. Snana is another term used for Samavartanam by some Sutrakaras (Manusmṛti, 3.4) because bathing formed the most prominent item this samskara. In modern times it is called Snatakavrata or Convocation (held in Universities).

While Upanayana marks the beginning of the vedic study, Samavartana marks the end of the Brahmacharya period in a student's life. <blockquote>तत्र समावर्तनं नाम वेदाध्ययनानन्तरं गुरुकुलात् स्वगृहागमनम् । </blockquote>After finishing Vedic study and taking the permission of the teacher the student takes the ceremonial bath. Snana is another term used for Samavartanam by some Sutrakaras (Manusmṛti, 3.4) because ceremonial bathing formed the most prominent item this samskara. In modern times it is called Snatakavrata or Convocation (held in Universities).

 

== Samavartana in Ancient Days ==

== Samavartana in Ancient Days ==

In early times it was performed when the education of the youth was over; marriage usually followed, but it was not necessarily immediate. Various grhyasutras elaborate about this occasion and the necessary rituals to be followed which included primarily a ceremonial bath given to the student, following which he is called [[Snataka (स्नातकः)|Snataka]].<blockquote>वेदमधीत्य स्नास्यन् . . .। आपस्तम्बगृह्यसूत्रम्, १२.१॥ </blockquote><blockquote>vedamadhītya snāsyan . . ॥ Āpastambagṛhyasūtram, 12.1॥</blockquote>Having completed the study of Veda, Vedāṅgas, Mīmāṃsā etc., while going to have the ceremonial bath . . .

In early times it was performed when the education of the youth was over; marriage usually followed, but it was not necessarily immediate. Various grhyasutras elaborate about this occasion and the necessary rituals to be followed which included primarily a ceremonial bath given to the student, following which he is called [[Snataka (स्नातकः)|Snataka]].<blockquote>वेदमधीत्य स्नास्यन् . . .। आपस्तम्बगृह्यसूत्रम्, १२.१॥ </blockquote><blockquote>vedamadhītya snāsyan . . ॥ Āpastambagṛhyasūtram, 12.1॥</blockquote>Having completed the study of Veda, Vedāṅgas, Mīmāṃsā etc., while going to have the ceremonial bath . . .

== Procedure ==

== Procedure ==

At noon the student came out of his room, cleansed his mouth and shaved his head and beard. He then relinquishes his mekhala (girdle) and ajina (deer skin) which were the insignia of the student's order. It marks the end of the period of strict discipline and the teacher himself, who previously sternly refused him the use of luxurious things, now offers them to the student. He gives him a bath in fragrant water followed by an offer of new clothes.

At noon the student came out of his room, cleansed his mouth and shaved his head and beard. He then relinquishes his mekhala (girdle) and ajina (deer skin) which were the insignia of the student's order. It marks the end of the period of strict discipline and the teacher himself, who previously sternly refused him the use of luxurious things, now offers them to the student. He gives him a bath in fragrant water followed by an offer of new clothes.

Ornaments, garlands, collyrium, tuban, umbrella, and shoes, the use of which was forbidden to him in the Brahmacharya ashrama were now to be formally and officially offered to him by his teacher with the recitation of proper mantras.<ref name=":0">Altekar, A. S. (1944) ''Education in Ancient India.'' Benares : Nand Kishore and Bros.,</ref>   

Ornaments, garlands, collyrium, tuban, umbrella, and shoes, and other necessities and conforts of a householder, the use of which was forbidden to him in the Brahmacharya ashrama were now to be formally and officially offered to him by his teacher with the recitation of proper mantras.<ref name=":0">Altekar, A. S. (1944) ''Education in Ancient India.'' Benares : Nand Kishore and Bros.,</ref>   

=== ॥ Snana ===

=== ॥ Snana ===

This samskara is also called Snana because bathing is an important aspect here. According to some anthropologists, bathing was meant for washing away divinity from the student. During his Brahmacharya period, he was living in contact with the deities and he also develops a divine influence around him. So before returning to the ordinary world, he had to remove the divine influence which would be otherwise polluted and thereby incurring divine displeasure. Also the Brahmacharya period is regarded as a long yajna, so just as for any yajna where an Avabhrta bath is taken, so also a ceremonial bath marks the end of Brahmacharya period.<ref>Pandey, Rajbali. (2002 Reprint) ''Hindu Samskaras : Socio-Religious Study of the Hindu Sacraments.'' Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Pvt. Ltd.</ref>

This samskara is also called Snana because bathing is an important aspect here. According to some anthropologists, bathing was meant for washing away divinity from the student. During his Brahmacharya period, he was living in contact with the deities and he also develops a divine influence around him. So before returning to the ordinary world, he had to remove the divine influence which would be otherwise polluted and thereby incurring divine displeasure. Also the Brahmacharya period is regarded as a long yajna, so just as for any yajna where an Avabhrta bath is taken, so also a ceremonial bath marks the end of Brahmacharya period.<ref name=":1">Pandey, Rajbali. (2002 Reprint) ''Hindu Samskaras : Socio-Religious Study of the Hindu Sacraments.'' Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Pvt. Ltd.</ref>

 

It is a ritual bath because it symbolises the crossing of the ocean of literature learning by the student - hence Vidyasnataka and Vratasnataka - meaning one who has bathed in the ocean of learning and one who has bathed in vows respectively. In Sanskrit literature, learning is compared to an ocean. Before the bath, the student has to obtain permission from the acharya to end his studentship and give him guru-dakshina - tuition fees as explained below.<blockquote>गुरवे तु वरं दत्त्वा स्नायीत तदनुज्ञया । वेदव्रतनि वा पारं नीत्वा ह्युभयमेव वा ॥  '''पराशरस्मृतिः - आचारकाण्डः'''</blockquote>

It is a ritual bath because it symbolises the crossing of the ocean of literature learning by the student - hence Vidyasnataka and Vratasnataka - meaning one who has bathed in the ocean of learning and one who has bathed in vows respectively. In Sanskrit literature, learning is compared to an ocean. Before the bath, the student has to obtain permission from the acharya to end his studentship and give him guru-dakshina - tuition fees.<blockquote>गुरवे तु वरं दत्त्वा स्नायीत तदनुज्ञया । वेदव्रतनि वा पारं नीत्वा ह्युभयमेव वा ॥  '''पराशरस्मृतिः - आचारकाण्डः'''</blockquote>

=== समावर्तनम् (स्नातकम्) and  विवाहः - व्यवहित or अव्यवहित ॥ Snataka and Marriage - Paused or Contiguous Events ===

== दीक्षाप्रवचनम् ॥ Addressing the Students ==

== दीक्षाप्रवचनम् ॥ Addressing the Students ==