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{{NeedCitation}}Purusha (Samskrit पुरुषः) is a complex concept whose meaning evolved in Vedic and Upanishadic times. Depending on source and historical timeline, it means the cosmic man or Self, Consciousness, and Universal principle.
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== परिचय || Introduction ==
 
== परिचय || Introduction ==
Purusha
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During the Vedic period, Purusha concept was one of several theories offered for the creation of universe. Purusha, in Rigveda, was described as a being, who becomes a sacrificial victim of gods, and whose yajna creates all life forms including human beings.
(Sanskrit पुरुषः) is a complex
 
concept whose meaning evolved in Vedic and
 
Upanishadic times. Depending on source and historical timeline, it means the
 
cosmic man or Self, Consciousness, and Universal principle.
 
 
 
During the
 
Vedic period, Purusha concept was one of several theories offered for the
 
creation of universe. Purusha, in '''Rigveda''', was described as a
 
being, who becomes a sacrificial victim of gods, and whose sacrifice creates
 
all life forms including human beings.  
 
  
In the
+
In the Upanishads, the Purusa concept no longer meant a being or cosmic man. The meaning evolved to an abstract essence of Self, Spirit and the Universal Principle that is eternal, indestructible, without form and all pervasive'''.'''The Purusa concept is explained with the concept of [[Prakrti (प्रकृति)|Prakrti]] in the Upanishads. The universe is envisioned, in these ancient Sanskrit texts, as a combination of perceivable material reality and non-perceivable, non-material laws and principles of nature. Material reality, or Prakrti, is everything that has changed, can change and is subject to cause and effect. Purusa is the Universal principle that is unchanging, uncaused but is present everywhere and the reason why Prakrti changes, evolves all the time and why there is cause and effect'''.''' Purusa is what connects everything and everyone, according to various schools of Hinduism.
Upanishads, the Purusa concept no longer meant a being or cosmic man. The
 
meaning evolved to an abstract essence of Self, Spirit and the Universal
 
Principle that is eternal, indestructible, without form and all pervasive'''.'''The Purusa concept is explained with the concept of Prakrti in the
 
Upanishads. The universe is envisioned, in these ancient Sanskrit texts, as a
 
combination of perceivable material reality and non-perceivable, non-material
 
laws and principles of nature. Material reality, or Prakrti, is
 
everything that has changed, can change and is subject to cause and effect.
 
Purusa is the Universal principle that is unchanging, uncaused but is present
 
everywhere and the reason why Prakrti changes, evolves all the time and why
 
there is cause and effect'''.''' Purusa is what connects everything and
 
everyone, according to various schools of Hinduism.
 
  
There is a
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There is a diversity of views within various schools of Hinduism about the definition, scope and nature of Purusa.
diversity of views within various schools of Hinduism about the definition,
 
scope and nature of Purusa
 
  
 
== Definition ==
 
== Definition ==
According to
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According to the expository Brahmana books or lexicons, ‘Purusha’ has several meanings such
the expository Brahmana books or lexicons, ‘Purusha’ has several meanings such
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as:<blockquote>1. पुरति अग्रे गच्छति || purati agre gachchati (He who goes ahead)</blockquote><blockquote>2. पिपर्ति पूरयति बलम् यः || piparti puurayati balam yah (That which fills all with his strength)</blockquote><blockquote>3. पूर्षु शेते यः || purshu shete yah (He who lies inside a township).</blockquote><blockquote>4. Pur-usha, the dawn in the city; He who is filled with light;</blockquote><blockquote>5. Puru-sha – filled with wisdom and eternal happiness; citizen of Heaven</blockquote>Purusha with its three kaleidoscopic syllables, pu-ru-sha, keeps unfolding in a never-ending play, the image of the creation like a musical theme developed by a skillful musician.
as:
 
 
 
1. He who goes
 
ahead (''purati agre gachchati'')
 
 
 
2. That which
 
fills all with his strength (''piparti'' puurayati balam yah'')''
 
 
 
3. He who lies
 
inside a township (''purshu shete yah'').
 
 
 
4. Pur-usha,
 
the dawn in the city; He who is filled with light;
 
 
 
5. Puru-sha –
 
filled with wisdom and eternal happiness; citizen of Heaven
 
  
Purusha with
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In the Upanishads and later texts of Hindu philosophy, the Purusa concept moved away from the Vedic definition of Purusa and was no longer a person, cosmic man or entity. Instead, the concept flowered into a more complex abstraction'''.'''
its three kaleidoscopic syllables, pu-ru-sha, keeps unfolding in a never-ending
 
play, the image of the creation like a musical theme developed by a skillful
 
musician.
 
  
In the
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Both Samkhya and Yoga schools of Hinduism state that there are two ultimate realities whose interaction accounts for all experiences and universe - प्रकृति || Prakrti (matter) and पुरुष || Purusa (spirit).  
Upanishads and later texts of Hindu philosophy, the Purusa concept moved away
 
from the Vedic definition of Purusa and was no longer a person, cosmic man or
 
entity. Instead, the concept flowered into a more complex abstraction'''.'''
 
  
Both Samkhya and Yoga schools of Hinduism state that there are two ultimate realities whose
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Hinduism refers to Purusa as the soul of the universe, the universal spirit present everywhere, in everything and everyone, all the times.  
interaction accounts for all experiences and universe - Prakrti (matter) and
 
Purusa (spirit).
 
 
 
Hinduism refers
 
to Purusa as the soul of the universe, the universal spirit present everywhere,
 
in everything and everyone, all the times.  
 
 
* Purusa is  a Universal Principle that is eternal, indestructible, without form and all pervasive.  
 
* Purusa is  a Universal Principle that is eternal, indestructible, without form and all pervasive.  
 
* Purusa is in the form of nature’s laws and principles that operate in the background to regulate, guide and direct change, evolution, cause and effect.  
 
* Purusa is in the form of nature’s laws and principles that operate in the background to regulate, guide and direct change, evolution, cause and effect.  
 
* It is Purusa or Chaitanya form, in Hindu concept of existence, that breathes life into matter, is the source of all consciousness, one that creates oneness in all life forms, in all of humanity, and the essence of Self.  
 
* It is Purusa or Chaitanya form, in Hindu concept of existence, that breathes life into matter, is the source of all consciousness, one that creates oneness in all life forms, in all of humanity, and the essence of Self.  
 
* It is Purusa, the cause in Hinduism, as to why the universe operates, is dynamic and evolves, as against being static.
 
* It is Purusa, the cause in Hinduism, as to why the universe operates, is dynamic and evolves, as against being static.
Both Samkhya
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Both Samkhya and Yoga school holds that the path to मोक्ष || moksha (release, Self-realization) includes the realization of Purusha.
and Yoga school holds that the path to moksha (release, Self-realization)
 
includes the realization of Purusha.
 
  
== Concept of Tad Ekam in Nasadiya Suktam (Rig Veda) ('''should this be in block quote''') ==
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== तद् एकम् || Tad Ekam As in नासदीय सूक्तं || Nasadiya Suktam (Rig Veda) ==
 
Rig veda
 
Rig veda
clearly talks about the Origin of Creation in the 10th mandala, which is
 
popularly known as the Nasadiya suktam. <blockquote>न मृ॒त्यु: आसीत्
 
अमृतं॒ न तर्हि॒</blockquote><blockquote>"Then not
 
death existed, nor the immortal" (10.129.2)</blockquote>आनी॑त् अवा॒तं
 
स्व॒धया॒ '''तत् एकम्'''तस्माद्धान्यन्न परः किञ्चनास
 
  
'''That One'''
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clearly talks about the Origin of Creation in the 10th mandala, which is popularly known as the [[Nasadiya Sukta (नासदीयसूक्तम्)|Nasadiya suktam]].<blockquote>"न मृ॒त्यु: आसीत् अमृतं॒ न तर्हि॒ || " (10.129.2)</blockquote>death existed, nor the immortal" "<blockquote>आनी॑त् अवा॒तं स्व॒धया॒ तत् एकम्तस्माद्धान्यन्न परः किञ्चनास || (10.129.2)</blockquote>'''That One'''
 
was breathing without breath, of its own nature (by its own inherent impulse,
 
was breathing without breath, of its own nature (by its own inherent impulse,
 
self-sustaining), There was '''That One''' then, and there was no
 
self-sustaining), There was '''That One''' then, and there was no
other" (10.129.2).
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other"   
  
 
The implication
 
The implication
here is '''“''That One''”''' was alive and waiting to happen, despite the
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here is '''That One''' was alive and waiting to happen, despite the
complete absence of the means to exist.
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complete absence of the means to exist.<blockquote>तपस॒: तत्महि॒नअजाय॒तएकम् || (10.129.3)</blockquote>Meaning : "That One, enclosed in nothing (void), was born from heat (tapas)".  
  
तपस॒:
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So, prior to creation, the Creation Sukta does not describe a state of "nothingness" but rather '''"तद् एकम् || tad ekam (That One)"''' which is, "Spaceless, timeless, yet in its own way dynamic and the Sole Force, this
तत्महि॒नअजाय॒तएकम्
 
 
 
"That One,
 
enclosed in nothing (void), was born from heat (tapas)" (10.129.3)
 
 
 
So, prior to
 
creation, the Creation Sukta does not describe a state of
 
"nothingness" but rather '''"That One (''tad ekam'')(तद् एकम्)"''' which is,
 
"Spaceless, timeless, yet in its own way dynamic and the Sole Force, this
 
 
Absolute.  
 
Absolute.  
  
“''This
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This Creation unfolded & evolved from '''Ekam, That One''', which is,The Ultimate Supreme Reality, the Source of Supreme
Creation''” unfolded & evolved from “'''''Ekam, That One'''''”, ''which
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Consciousness. '''This Ekam, That One is the very same PURUSHA'''  
is,The Ultimate Supreme Reality,'' the Source of ''Supreme
 
Consciousness''. '''This “Ekam, That One” is the very same “PURUSHA”'''  
 
 
 
== Purusha - As in Mundaka upanishad ==
 
Mundaka
 
Upanishad is the vedanga of the Atharvana Veda. Verses 2-5 describe the
 
attributes of the Purusha.
 
  
दिव्यो ह्यमूर्तः '''पुरुषः''' सबाह्याभ्यन्तरो ह्यजः |
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== Purusha - As in मुण्डक उपनिषद् || Mundaka upanishad ==
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Mundaka Upanishad is the vedanga of the Atharvana Veda. Verses 2-5 describe the attributes of the Purusha.<blockquote>"दिव्यो ह्यमूर्तः पुरुषः सबाह्याभ्यन्तरो ह्यजः | अप्रणो ह्यमनाः शुभ्रो ह्यक्षरात्परतः परः || " (Mund. Upan. 2.1.2)</blockquote>Meaning : Replete without a form, this Purusha, all pervading and internal, unborn, without life (breath) or intellect, from Him arises life, breath and mind. 
  
अप्रणो ह्यमनाः
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It was said that from that Imperishable Being, everything proceeds; the world is created by That. That Supreme Imperishable is the divine, formless Purusha. Here Purusha is to be understood in the sense of essential Consciousness. The origin
शुभ्रो ह्यक्षरात्परतः परः  ||२.१.२ ||
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of all things is Consciousness.
  
''Splendid and without a bodily form is this Purusa, without and within,
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Verse 2.1.3 wonderfully describes that from this great Purusha (एतस्माज्जायते || etasmaajjayate), everything comes.
unborn, without life breath and without mind, higher than the supreme element.
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* The cosmic प्राणो || prana, [[Hiranyagarbha (हिरण्यगर्भ)|Hiranyagarbha]], emanates from this Supreme Brahman.   
From him are born life breath and mind. He is the soul of all beings.''
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* The Virat, which is called here the मनः || manas, also emanates from that Brahman.   
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* The सर्वेन्द्रियाणि || sarvendriyaani or indriyas , or all the sense organs, also emanate from That Purusha. They are actually the feeders, the tentacles of consciousness. 
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* The five elements खं वायुर्जोतिरापः पृथिवी || kham vayurjotitirapah pruthivi – (earth, water, fire, air and ether); पृथिवी विश्वस्य धारिणी || pruthivi vishvasya dharini (The very Earth that sustains us), the basis of all, emanate from That.  
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* The whole ब्रह्माण्ड || Brahmanda, the fourteen worlds, which are the permutations and combinations, modifications of gross forms or subtle forms, or the real forms of the five elements, all these come from one breath, as it were, of this one Supreme Being, the Purusha.  
  
— Munduka
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== Purusha - As in अत्मनोपनिषद् || Atmanopanishad ==
Upanishad, (Verse 2.1.2 Translated by Klaus Klostermair)['''9]'''
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The abstract idea Purusa is extensively discussed in various Upanishads, and referred interchangeably as महा-आत्मन || maha-atman and ब्रह्मन् || brahman (not to be confused with a person).
  
It was said
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Rishi [[Angirasa (अङ्गिरसः)|Angirasa]] of the Atmopanishad belonging to the Atharvaveda explains that Purusha, the dweller in the body, is three-fold:  
that from that Imperishable Being, everything proceeds; the world is created by
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* the बाह्यत्मन् || Bahyatman (the Outer-Atman) which is born and dies  
That. That Supreme Imperishable is the divine, formless '''Purusha'''. Here
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* the अन्तरात्मन् || Antaratman (the Inner-Atman) which comprehends the whole range of material phenomena, gross and subtle, with which the Jiva concerns himself  
Purusha is to be understood in the sense of essential Consciousness. The origin
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* the परमात्मन् || Paramatman which is all-pervading, unthinkable, indescribable, is without action and has no संस्कार || Samskaras
of all things is Consciousness. 
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== Purusha - As in साङ्ख्य || Saamkhya ==
 
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Samkhya school of darshanas states that there are two ultimate realities whose interaction accounts for all experiences and universe - Prakriti (प्रकृति | Matter) and पुरुष || Purusha (पुरुषः | Atman). Sankhya analyzes the cosmos into a dualistic, and atheistic
Verse 2.1.3
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scheme.  
wonderfully describes that from this great Purusha (एतस्माज्जायते), everything comes.
 
* The cosmic ''prana (''प्राणो), Hiranyagarbha, emanates from this Supreme Brahman.   
 
* The Virat, which is called here the ''manas (''मनः), also emanates from that Brahman.   
 
* The ''indriyas (''सर्वेन्द्रियाणि), or all the sense organs, also emanate from That Purusha. They are actually the feeders, the tentacles of consciousness. 
 
* The five elements (खं वायुर्जोतिरापः पृथिवी )– earth, water, fire, air and ether; The very Earth that sustains us (पृथिवी विश्वस्य धारिणी), the basis of all, emanate from    That.
 
* The whole Brahmanda, the fourteen worlds, which are the permutations and combinations, modifications of gross forms or subtle forms, or the real forms of the five elements, all these come from one breath, as it were, of this one Supreme Being, the Purusha.
 
 
 
== Purusha - As in Atmanopanishad ==
 
The abstract
 
idea Purusa is extensively discussed in various Upanishads, and referred
 
interchangeably as maha-atman and brahman (not to be confused with Brahmin).[2]
 
 
 
Rishi Angiras
 
of the Atmopanishad belonging to the Atharvaveda explains that Purusha, the
 
dweller in the body, is three-fold:  
 
* the Bahyatman (the Outer-Atman) which is born and dies  
 
* the Antaratman (the Inner-Atman) which comprehends the whole range of material phenomena, gross and subtle, with which the Jiva concerns himself  
 
* the Paramatman which is all-pervading, unthinkable, indescribable, is without action and has no Samskaras
 
== Purusha - As in Sankhya ==
 
Sankhya school
 
of Hinduism states that there are two ultimate realities whose interaction
 
accounts for all experiences and universe - '''Prakriti (matter) and Purusha
 
(spirit)'''. Sankhya analyzes the cosmos into '''a dualistic, and atheistic
 
scheme'''.  
 
  
 
In other words,
 
In other words,
Line 161: Line 69:
 
non-perceivable, non-material laws and principles of nature.  
 
non-perceivable, non-material laws and principles of nature.  
 
* Material  reality, or Prakrti, is everything that has changed, can change and is subject to cause and effect.  
 
* Material  reality, or Prakrti, is everything that has changed, can change and is subject to cause and effect.  
* Universal principle, or Purusa, is that which is unchanging (aksara)['''2'''] and is uncaused.  
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* Universal principle, or Purusa, is that which is अक्सर || aksara (unchanging) and is uncaused.  
The Purusha is
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The Purusha is pure consciousness, is itself inactive yet whose presence disrupts the
pure consciousness, is itself inactive yet whose presence disrupts the
 
 
equilibrium of the three Gunas in their unmanifest condition. The
 
equilibrium of the three Gunas in their unmanifest condition. The
 
disruption triggers the emergence of the manifested condition of empirical
 
disruption triggers the emergence of the manifested condition of empirical
 
reality we experience, states the text.  
 
reality we experience, states the text.  
  
The first
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The first premise of Sankhya philosophy is the universal fact of suffering. Cutting the
premise of Sankhya philosophy is the universal fact of suffering. Cutting the
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root of rebirth is the only way to final emancipation from suffering, according to Sankhya. The only way to fight suffering is to leave the circle of संसार || samsara (transmigration between births and deaths) forever. This is the
root of rebirth is the only way to final emancipation from suffering, according
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liberation of Purusha, in Sankhya, normally called कैवल्य || kaivalya (isolation). It comes about through loosening of the bond between Purusha and Prakriti. Purusha enters into liberation, forever.  
to Sankhya. The only way to fight suffering is to leave the circle of
 
transmigration between births and deaths (''samsara'') forever. This is the
 
liberation of ''Purusha'', in Sankhya, normally called ''kaivalya''
 
(isolation). It comes about through loosening of the bond between ''Purusha''
 
and ''Prakriti''. ''Purusha'' enters into liberation, forever.  
 
  
 
Samkhya school
 
Samkhya school
holds that the path to moksha (release, Self-realization) includes the
+
holds that the path to मोक्ष || moksha (release, Self-realization) includes the
 
realization of Purusha.
 
realization of Purusha.
  
== Purusha - As in Purusha Suktam ==
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== Purusha - As in पुरुष सूक्तं || Purusha Suktam ==
The Purusha
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The Purusha Suktam is the most popular Sukta among all the Suktas in the four Veda Mantra Samhitas. It is found with some variations in all of them.
Suktam is the most popular Sukta among all the Suktas in the four Veda Mantra
 
Samhitas. It is found with some variations in all of them.
 
 
# In the Rig Veda Mantra Samhita it is the 90<sup>th</sup> Sukta in the 10<sup>th</sup> Mandala.  
 
# In the Rig Veda Mantra Samhita it is the 90<sup>th</sup> Sukta in the 10<sup>th</sup> Mandala.  
 
# In the Shukla Yajur Veda Vajasaneya Samhita it is Adhyaya 31.  
 
# In the Shukla Yajur Veda Vajasaneya Samhita it is Adhyaya 31.  
 
# In Taittiriya Aranyaka, it is the 12<sup>th</sup> anuvaka in the 3<sup>rd</sup> Kanda.  
 
# In Taittiriya Aranyaka, it is the 12<sup>th</sup> anuvaka in the 3<sup>rd</sup> Kanda.  
 
# It is also found in Sama Veda & Atharva Veda with some variations.  
 
# It is also found in Sama Veda & Atharva Veda with some variations.  
It gives a
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It gives a description of the adhyatmik unity of the universe. It presents the nature of Purusha or the cosmic being as both immanent in the manifested world and
description of the spiritual unity of the universe. It presents '''the nature
 
of Purusha''' or the cosmic being as both immanent in the manifested world and
 
 
yet transcendent to it. 
 
yet transcendent to it. 
  
The Supreme
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The Supreme infinite Reality when expressing through Its own creativeness identifies with
infinite Reality when expressing through Its own “creativeness” identifies with
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the Total-Causal-Body and becomes the ईश्वर || Eswara (God); and God, when He
the Total-Causal-Body and becomes the God (''Eswara''); and God, when He
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expresses with the Total-Subtle-Body, identifying with this Urge-to-create
expresses with the Total-Subtle-Body, identifying with this “Urge-to-create”
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becomes the Creator (later identified with Brahma, [[Hiranyagarbha (हिरण्यगर्भ)|हिरण्यगर्भ || Hiranya-garbha]] or प्रजापति || Prajapati) ; and when the Creator projects forth through the Total-Gross-Body, He comes to play as this universe in space and time (Virat). Cosmic Form of the Lord is विराट पुरुष || Virat Purusha. When the
becomes the Creator (later identified with ''Brahma, Hiranya''-''garbha''
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Creator comes to identify with what He had projected in His Creation, He becomes, the जीव || Jiva (individualized entity).
or ''Prajapati'') ; and when the Creator projects forth through the
 
Total-Gross-Body, He comes to play as this universe in space and time (''Virat'').
 
Cosmic Form of the Lord is ''Virat Purusha''.
 
  
When the
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What are the
Creator comes to identify with what He had projected in His Creation, He
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processes and stages through which the Universe had emerged out in this act of Divine यज्ञ || Yagna (the great sacrifice)?
becomes, the individualised entity (''Jiva'').
 
  
What are the
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These are most poetically visualized and sung in the Vedas. The PURUSHA SUKTAM is a Sukta of
processes and stages through which the Universe had emerged out in this act of
 
Divine '''''Yagna''''', the great sacrifice?  These are most
 
poetically visualized and sung in the Vedas. The PURUSHA SUKTAM is a Sukta of
 
 
Praise adoring the Mighty Spirit Divine.
 
Praise adoring the Mighty Spirit Divine.
  
 
The Purusha is
 
The Purusha is
 
defined and described as a being who pervades everything conscious and
 
defined and described as a being who pervades everything conscious and
unconscious universally. He is poetically depicted as a being with thousand
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unconscious universally. He is poetically depicted as<blockquote>सहस्रशीर्षा पुरुषः सहस्राक्षः सहस्रपात् || sahasrashirsha purushah sahasrapat </blockquote>(a being with thousand heads, eyes and legs),<blockquote>"स भूमिं विश्वतो वृत्वात्यतिष्ठद्दशाङुलम् || "</blockquote><blockquote>"sa bhumim vishvato vruttvatyatishthdvshnshdulam || "</blockquote>(enveloping the earth from all sides) and transcending it. He is the Life, the Consciousness, by which everything
heads, eyes and legs (सहस्रशीर्षा पुरुषः सहस्राक्षः सहस्रपात्), enveloping the earth from all sides (स भूमिं विश्वतो वृत्वात्यतिष्ठद्दशाङुलम्) and
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functions.<blockquote>पुरुष एवेदं सर्वं यद्भूतं यच्च भव्यम् || purusha evedam sarvam yadvabhatam yachcha bhavyam </blockquote>(All manifestation, in past present and future, is held to be the Purusha alone).  <blockquote>एतावानस्य महिमातो ज्यायाँश्च पूरुषः ||</blockquote><blockquote>etavansya mahimaato jyayaanscha purushah</blockquote>(The Total-Universe is the Single Body of the One Self, He alone expresses through all). 
transcending it. He is the Life, the Consciousness, by which everything
 
functions. 
 
 
 
All
 
manifestation, in past present and future, is held to be the Purusha alone(पुरुष एवेदं सर्वं यद्भूतं यच्च भव्यम्). The Total-Universe is the Single Body
 
of the One Self, He alone expresses through all (एतावानस्य महिमातो ज्यायाँश्च पूरुषः). 
 
  
 
Creation is
 
Creation is
 
described to have started with the origination Virat or the cosmic body from
 
described to have started with the origination Virat or the cosmic body from
 
the Purusha. In Virat, omnipresent intelligence manifests itself which causes
 
the Purusha. In Virat, omnipresent intelligence manifests itself which causes
the appearance of diversity.
+
the appearance of diversity.<blockquote>तस्माद्विराळजायत विराजो अधि पूरुषःस जातो अत्यरिच्यत पश्चाद्भूमिमथो पुरः ||</blockquote><blockquote>tasmadviraljaayat virajo adhi purushas jato atyarichyat paschadvbhamimatho purah ||</blockquote>
 +
 
 +
== Purusha - As in  आयुर्वेदः || Ayurveda ==
 +
 
 +
Purusha refers to a person or a human being in general. Ayurvedic classics specify that the term ‘Purusha’ denotes Chetana dhatu (‘consciousness, soul or life element’).  The knowledge of life offered by Ayurveda is for longevity, health and well-being of ‘Tridandatmaka Purusha’ which is called as Adhikaran (Object) of Ayurveda.
 +
 
 +
=== Etymology according to Ayurvedic classics ===
 +
The term purusha is composed of 2 words.
 +
 
 +
Pure shareere shayati iti
 +
 
 +
Where, ‘Pure’ means City and ‘Shayati’ means sleeps or resides
 +
 
 +
Thus, the term Purusha means the one which resides inside the body (indicated by the word city). It is believed that ‘Jivatma’ resides in the human body and therefore, the term ‘Purusha’ denotes the Jivatma (soul/consciousness or life element) inside the living body.
 +
 
 +
=== Importance of ‘Purusha’ according to Ayurvedic classics ===
 +
Acharya Charaka has pertinently highlighted the unparallel role of purusha in living world. Acharya says that no object or experience in world can be perceived without the presence of Purusha. Darkness and light, Truth and untruthful, knowledge in Vedas and good or unethical actions, body, pleasure and pain perception, movement, rest, speech, intelligence, birth and death, bondage and liberation; nothing could be perceived without the presence of Purusha in this world. This clearly indicates that the Purusha is the cause of perception and also the prime cause for the creation. (charaka Sharir 1/ 41)
 +
 
 +
=== Various components of Purusha described in Ayurvedic classics ===
 +
Purusha is one and single entity. However after reviewing other shastras, Ayurveda acharyas have mentioned various components of Purusha described elsewhere and specified the meaning of term 'Purusha' when used in context of Ayurveda shastra. Ayurveda acharyas have described Purusha from different perspectives as follows,
 +
 
 +
==== कर्मपुरुषः|| Karmapurusha ====
 +
This is also known as षड्धात्वात्मकः पुरुषः|| ‘Shad dhatwatmaka purusha’ or चिकित्साधिकृतः पुरुषः || ‘Chikitsadhikruta Purusha’. This purusha is the one which is commonly referred as human being and it is for him, the knowledge of life in Ayurveda has been described. This purusha is composed of ‘Panchamahabhootas’ (5 basic elements) and the 6<sup>th</sup> element ‘Jivatma’ (the life element or consciousness of human being). (sushruta sutra 1) (sushruta sharir 1) Since Chikitsa (Treatments and procedures) can be prescribed and conducted on the living physical body only, this type of purusha is called as ‘Chikitsadhikruta purusha’ (the purusha indicated for treatments offered in Ayurveda) or ‘Karmapurusha’.
 +
 
 +
==== एकधात्वात्मक: पुरुषः|| Ekdhatwatmaka Purusha ====
 +
When purusha refers only to the consciousness inside the human body then it is called as ‘Ek dhatwatmaka purusha’ i.e. Purusha composed of single element named ‘Chetana’ (life element/living force) Citation needed
 +
 
 +
==== त्रिदन्डात्मकपुरुषः|| Tridandatmaka Purusha ====
 +
Acharya Charaka has clearly mentioned that, knowledge about life offered in Ayurveda is related to the Ayu of त्रिदन्डात्मकपुरुषः । Tridandatmaka [[Purusha (पुरुषः)|Purusha]].  सत्वम्। [[Manas (मनः)|Satva]] (Mind), आत्मा। [[Atman (आत्मन्)|Atman]] (Life energy) and शरीरम् । [[Sharira (शरीरम्)|Shariram]] (Body) are the three basic components. The union of these three components form the tripod of life. The entire life depends and sustains on this union. It must be understood that any one of these is not sufficient to uphold the life individually. When each one of these factors supports other and form a union, they develop the ability to sustain the life. When any one of these factors is absent and their union breaks, the life discontinues. Hence each of these 3 factors and their union hold equal importance. This union is also called as  पुमान् । Puman or चेतनम् । Chetan and Tridandatmaka Purusha
 +
 
 +
==== चतुर्विंशतिकः पुरुषः || Chaturvinshatika purusha ====
 +
Also known as ‘Rashi purusha’. This form of Purusha refers to the union of 24 basic principles of evolution and existence of life in this world. These 24 Tatvas (principles) are 8 Prakruti (Primary substances) and 16 Vikaras (secondary substances). 8 Prakrutis are Avyakta, Mahat, Ahankara and 5 Tanmatras (subtle forms of 5 basic elements) while 16 Vikaras are 11 Indriyas (5 sense organs, 5 motor organs and 1 Manas commonly referred as mind), Pancha mahabhutas (5 basic elements of nature).  
  
(तस्माद्विराळजायत विराजो अधि पूरुषःस जातो अत्यरिच्यत पश्चाद्भूमिमथो पुरः)
+
==== पंचविंशतिकः पुरुषः || Panchavinshatika purusha ====
 +
Acharya Sushruta opine that the 24 tatvas when unite make an inert amalgamation which is lifeless until the Jivatma enters into it. Thus, Purusha is composed of 25 tatvas i.e 24 tatvas described above along with ‘Jivatma’ (life element or consciousness) as the 25<sup>th</sup> Tatva. Such Purusha is called as Panchavinshatika purusha.  
  
== सम्वाद || Discussion ==
 
 
== References ==
 
== References ==
 
# Rig veda
 
# Rig veda
 +
[[Category:Vedas]]
 +
[[Category:Upanishads]]
 +
[[Category:Vedanta]]

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Purusha (Samskrit पुरुषः) is a complex concept whose meaning evolved in Vedic and Upanishadic times. Depending on source and historical timeline, it means the cosmic man or Self, Consciousness, and Universal principle.

परिचय || Introduction

During the Vedic period, Purusha concept was one of several theories offered for the creation of universe. Purusha, in Rigveda, was described as a being, who becomes a sacrificial victim of gods, and whose yajna creates all life forms including human beings.

In the Upanishads, the Purusa concept no longer meant a being or cosmic man. The meaning evolved to an abstract essence of Self, Spirit and the Universal Principle that is eternal, indestructible, without form and all pervasive.The Purusa concept is explained with the concept of Prakrti in the Upanishads. The universe is envisioned, in these ancient Sanskrit texts, as a combination of perceivable material reality and non-perceivable, non-material laws and principles of nature. Material reality, or Prakrti, is everything that has changed, can change and is subject to cause and effect. Purusa is the Universal principle that is unchanging, uncaused but is present everywhere and the reason why Prakrti changes, evolves all the time and why there is cause and effect. Purusa is what connects everything and everyone, according to various schools of Hinduism.

There is a diversity of views within various schools of Hinduism about the definition, scope and nature of Purusa.

Definition

According to the expository Brahmana books or lexicons, ‘Purusha’ has several meanings such

as:

1. पुरति अग्रे गच्छति || purati agre gachchati (He who goes ahead)

2. पिपर्ति पूरयति बलम् यः || piparti puurayati balam yah (That which fills all with his strength)

3. पूर्षु शेते यः || purshu shete yah (He who lies inside a township).

4. Pur-usha, the dawn in the city; He who is filled with light;

5. Puru-sha – filled with wisdom and eternal happiness; citizen of Heaven

Purusha with its three kaleidoscopic syllables, pu-ru-sha, keeps unfolding in a never-ending play, the image of the creation like a musical theme developed by a skillful musician.

In the Upanishads and later texts of Hindu philosophy, the Purusa concept moved away from the Vedic definition of Purusa and was no longer a person, cosmic man or entity. Instead, the concept flowered into a more complex abstraction.

Both Samkhya and Yoga schools of Hinduism state that there are two ultimate realities whose interaction accounts for all experiences and universe - प्रकृति || Prakrti (matter) and पुरुष || Purusa (spirit).

Hinduism refers to Purusa as the soul of the universe, the universal spirit present everywhere, in everything and everyone, all the times.

  • Purusa is a Universal Principle that is eternal, indestructible, without form and all pervasive.
  • Purusa is in the form of nature’s laws and principles that operate in the background to regulate, guide and direct change, evolution, cause and effect.
  • It is Purusa or Chaitanya form, in Hindu concept of existence, that breathes life into matter, is the source of all consciousness, one that creates oneness in all life forms, in all of humanity, and the essence of Self.
  • It is Purusa, the cause in Hinduism, as to why the universe operates, is dynamic and evolves, as against being static.

Both Samkhya and Yoga school holds that the path to मोक्ष || moksha (release, Self-realization) includes the realization of Purusha.

तद् एकम् || Tad Ekam As in नासदीय सूक्तं || Nasadiya Suktam (Rig Veda)

Rig veda

clearly talks about the Origin of Creation in the 10th mandala, which is popularly known as the Nasadiya suktam.

"न मृ॒त्यु: आसीत् अमृतं॒ न तर्हि॒ || " (10.129.2)

death existed, nor the immortal" "

आनी॑त् अवा॒तं स्व॒धया॒ तत् एकम्तस्माद्धान्यन्न परः किञ्चनास || (10.129.2)

That One

was breathing without breath, of its own nature (by its own inherent impulse, self-sustaining), There was That One then, and there was no other" 

The implication here is That One was alive and waiting to happen, despite the

complete absence of the means to exist.

तपस॒: तत्महि॒नअजाय॒तएकम् || (10.129.3)

Meaning : "That One, enclosed in nothing (void), was born from heat (tapas)".

So, prior to creation, the Creation Sukta does not describe a state of "nothingness" but rather "तद् एकम् || tad ekam (That One)" which is, "Spaceless, timeless, yet in its own way dynamic and the Sole Force, this Absolute.

This Creation unfolded & evolved from Ekam, That One, which is,The Ultimate Supreme Reality, the Source of Supreme Consciousness. This Ekam, That One is the very same PURUSHA

Purusha - As in मुण्डक उपनिषद् || Mundaka upanishad

Mundaka Upanishad is the vedanga of the Atharvana Veda. Verses 2-5 describe the attributes of the Purusha.

"दिव्यो ह्यमूर्तः पुरुषः सबाह्याभ्यन्तरो ह्यजः | अप्रणो ह्यमनाः शुभ्रो ह्यक्षरात्परतः परः || " (Mund. Upan. 2.1.2)

Meaning : Replete without a form, this Purusha, all pervading and internal, unborn, without life (breath) or intellect, from Him arises life, breath and mind.

It was said that from that Imperishable Being, everything proceeds; the world is created by That. That Supreme Imperishable is the divine, formless Purusha. Here Purusha is to be understood in the sense of essential Consciousness. The origin of all things is Consciousness.

Verse 2.1.3 wonderfully describes that from this great Purusha (एतस्माज्जायते || etasmaajjayate), everything comes.

  • The cosmic प्राणो || prana, Hiranyagarbha, emanates from this Supreme Brahman.
  • The Virat, which is called here the मनः || manas, also emanates from that Brahman.
  • The सर्वेन्द्रियाणि || sarvendriyaani or indriyas , or all the sense organs, also emanate from That Purusha. They are actually the feeders, the tentacles of consciousness. 
  • The five elements खं वायुर्जोतिरापः पृथिवी || kham vayurjotitirapah pruthivi – (earth, water, fire, air and ether); पृथिवी विश्वस्य धारिणी || pruthivi vishvasya dharini (The very Earth that sustains us), the basis of all, emanate from That.
  • The whole ब्रह्माण्ड || Brahmanda, the fourteen worlds, which are the permutations and combinations, modifications of gross forms or subtle forms, or the real forms of the five elements, all these come from one breath, as it were, of this one Supreme Being, the Purusha.

Purusha - As in अत्मनोपनिषद् || Atmanopanishad

The abstract idea Purusa is extensively discussed in various Upanishads, and referred interchangeably as महा-आत्मन || maha-atman and ब्रह्मन् || brahman (not to be confused with a person).

Rishi Angirasa of the Atmopanishad belonging to the Atharvaveda explains that Purusha, the dweller in the body, is three-fold:

  • the बाह्यत्मन् || Bahyatman (the Outer-Atman) which is born and dies
  • the अन्तरात्मन् || Antaratman (the Inner-Atman) which comprehends the whole range of material phenomena, gross and subtle, with which the Jiva concerns himself
  • the परमात्मन् || Paramatman which is all-pervading, unthinkable, indescribable, is without action and has no संस्कार || Samskaras

Purusha - As in साङ्ख्य || Saamkhya

Samkhya school of darshanas states that there are two ultimate realities whose interaction accounts for all experiences and universe - Prakriti (प्रकृति | Matter) and पुरुष || Purusha (पुरुषः | Atman). Sankhya analyzes the cosmos into a dualistic, and atheistic scheme.

In other words, the universe is envisioned as a combination of perceivable material reality and non-perceivable, non-material laws and principles of nature.

  • Material reality, or Prakrti, is everything that has changed, can change and is subject to cause and effect.
  • Universal principle, or Purusa, is that which is अक्सर || aksara (unchanging) and is uncaused.

The Purusha is pure consciousness, is itself inactive yet whose presence disrupts the equilibrium of the three Gunas in their unmanifest condition. The disruption triggers the emergence of the manifested condition of empirical reality we experience, states the text.

The first premise of Sankhya philosophy is the universal fact of suffering. Cutting the root of rebirth is the only way to final emancipation from suffering, according to Sankhya. The only way to fight suffering is to leave the circle of संसार || samsara (transmigration between births and deaths) forever. This is the liberation of Purusha, in Sankhya, normally called कैवल्य || kaivalya (isolation). It comes about through loosening of the bond between Purusha and Prakriti. Purusha enters into liberation, forever.

Samkhya school holds that the path to मोक्ष || moksha (release, Self-realization) includes the realization of Purusha.

Purusha - As in पुरुष सूक्तं || Purusha Suktam

The Purusha Suktam is the most popular Sukta among all the Suktas in the four Veda Mantra Samhitas. It is found with some variations in all of them.

  1. In the Rig Veda Mantra Samhita it is the 90th Sukta in the 10th Mandala.
  2. In the Shukla Yajur Veda Vajasaneya Samhita it is Adhyaya 31.
  3. In Taittiriya Aranyaka, it is the 12th anuvaka in the 3rd Kanda.
  4. It is also found in Sama Veda & Atharva Veda with some variations.

It gives a description of the adhyatmik unity of the universe. It presents the nature of Purusha or the cosmic being as both immanent in the manifested world and yet transcendent to it. 

The Supreme infinite Reality when expressing through Its own creativeness identifies with the Total-Causal-Body and becomes the ईश्वर || Eswara (God); and God, when He expresses with the Total-Subtle-Body, identifying with this Urge-to-create becomes the Creator (later identified with Brahma, हिरण्यगर्भ || Hiranya-garbha or प्रजापति || Prajapati) ; and when the Creator projects forth through the Total-Gross-Body, He comes to play as this universe in space and time (Virat). Cosmic Form of the Lord is विराट पुरुष || Virat Purusha. When the Creator comes to identify with what He had projected in His Creation, He becomes, the जीव || Jiva (individualized entity).

What are the processes and stages through which the Universe had emerged out in this act of Divine यज्ञ || Yagna (the great sacrifice)?

These are most poetically visualized and sung in the Vedas. The PURUSHA SUKTAM is a Sukta of Praise adoring the Mighty Spirit Divine.

The Purusha is defined and described as a being who pervades everything conscious and

unconscious universally. He is poetically depicted as

सहस्रशीर्षा पुरुषः सहस्राक्षः सहस्रपात् || sahasrashirsha purushah sahasrapat

(a being with thousand heads, eyes and legs),

"स भूमिं विश्वतो वृत्वात्यतिष्ठद्दशाङुलम् || "

"sa bhumim vishvato vruttvatyatishthdvshnshdulam || "

(enveloping the earth from all sides) and transcending it. He is the Life, the Consciousness, by which everything functions.

पुरुष एवेदं सर्वं यद्भूतं यच्च भव्यम् || purusha evedam sarvam yadvabhatam yachcha bhavyam

(All manifestation, in past present and future, is held to be the Purusha alone).  

एतावानस्य महिमातो ज्यायाँश्च पूरुषः ||

etavansya mahimaato jyayaanscha purushah

(The Total-Universe is the Single Body of the One Self, He alone expresses through all). 

Creation is described to have started with the origination Virat or the cosmic body from the Purusha. In Virat, omnipresent intelligence manifests itself which causes

the appearance of diversity.

तस्माद्विराळजायत विराजो अधि पूरुषःस जातो अत्यरिच्यत पश्चाद्भूमिमथो पुरः ||

tasmadviraljaayat virajo adhi purushas jato atyarichyat paschadvbhamimatho purah ||

Purusha - As in आयुर्वेदः || Ayurveda

Purusha refers to a person or a human being in general. Ayurvedic classics specify that the term ‘Purusha’ denotes Chetana dhatu (‘consciousness, soul or life element’).  The knowledge of life offered by Ayurveda is for longevity, health and well-being of ‘Tridandatmaka Purusha’ which is called as Adhikaran (Object) of Ayurveda.

Etymology according to Ayurvedic classics

The term purusha is composed of 2 words.

Pure shareere shayati iti

Where, ‘Pure’ means City and ‘Shayati’ means sleeps or resides

Thus, the term Purusha means the one which resides inside the body (indicated by the word city). It is believed that ‘Jivatma’ resides in the human body and therefore, the term ‘Purusha’ denotes the Jivatma (soul/consciousness or life element) inside the living body.

Importance of ‘Purusha’ according to Ayurvedic classics

Acharya Charaka has pertinently highlighted the unparallel role of purusha in living world. Acharya says that no object or experience in world can be perceived without the presence of Purusha. Darkness and light, Truth and untruthful, knowledge in Vedas and good or unethical actions, body, pleasure and pain perception, movement, rest, speech, intelligence, birth and death, bondage and liberation; nothing could be perceived without the presence of Purusha in this world. This clearly indicates that the Purusha is the cause of perception and also the prime cause for the creation. (charaka Sharir 1/ 41)

Various components of Purusha described in Ayurvedic classics

Purusha is one and single entity. However after reviewing other shastras, Ayurveda acharyas have mentioned various components of Purusha described elsewhere and specified the meaning of term 'Purusha' when used in context of Ayurveda shastra. Ayurveda acharyas have described Purusha from different perspectives as follows,

कर्मपुरुषः|| Karmapurusha

This is also known as षड्धात्वात्मकः पुरुषः|| ‘Shad dhatwatmaka purusha’ or चिकित्साधिकृतः पुरुषः || ‘Chikitsadhikruta Purusha’. This purusha is the one which is commonly referred as human being and it is for him, the knowledge of life in Ayurveda has been described. This purusha is composed of ‘Panchamahabhootas’ (5 basic elements) and the 6th element ‘Jivatma’ (the life element or consciousness of human being). (sushruta sutra 1) (sushruta sharir 1) Since Chikitsa (Treatments and procedures) can be prescribed and conducted on the living physical body only, this type of purusha is called as ‘Chikitsadhikruta purusha’ (the purusha indicated for treatments offered in Ayurveda) or ‘Karmapurusha’.

एकधात्वात्मक: पुरुषः|| Ekdhatwatmaka Purusha

When purusha refers only to the consciousness inside the human body then it is called as ‘Ek dhatwatmaka purusha’ i.e. Purusha composed of single element named ‘Chetana’ (life element/living force) Citation needed

त्रिदन्डात्मकपुरुषः|| Tridandatmaka Purusha

Acharya Charaka has clearly mentioned that, knowledge about life offered in Ayurveda is related to the Ayu of त्रिदन्डात्मकपुरुषः । Tridandatmaka Purusha.  सत्वम्। Satva (Mind), आत्मा। Atman (Life energy) and शरीरम् । Shariram (Body) are the three basic components. The union of these three components form the tripod of life. The entire life depends and sustains on this union. It must be understood that any one of these is not sufficient to uphold the life individually. When each one of these factors supports other and form a union, they develop the ability to sustain the life. When any one of these factors is absent and their union breaks, the life discontinues. Hence each of these 3 factors and their union hold equal importance. This union is also called as पुमान् । Puman or चेतनम् । Chetan and Tridandatmaka Purusha

चतुर्विंशतिकः पुरुषः || Chaturvinshatika purusha

Also known as ‘Rashi purusha’. This form of Purusha refers to the union of 24 basic principles of evolution and existence of life in this world. These 24 Tatvas (principles) are 8 Prakruti (Primary substances) and 16 Vikaras (secondary substances). 8 Prakrutis are Avyakta, Mahat, Ahankara and 5 Tanmatras (subtle forms of 5 basic elements) while 16 Vikaras are 11 Indriyas (5 sense organs, 5 motor organs and 1 Manas commonly referred as mind), Pancha mahabhutas (5 basic elements of nature).

पंचविंशतिकः पुरुषः || Panchavinshatika purusha

Acharya Sushruta opine that the 24 tatvas when unite make an inert amalgamation which is lifeless until the Jivatma enters into it. Thus, Purusha is composed of 25 tatvas i.e 24 tatvas described above along with ‘Jivatma’ (life element or consciousness) as the 25th Tatva. Such Purusha is called as Panchavinshatika purusha.  

References

  1. Rig veda