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Line 13: − + − * The Trishikhi Brahmana Upanishad describes Pratyahara as an inward-tuned state of mind.<ref name=":6">Ashish Pandey (2022), Lecture Presentation on Yoga and Positive Psychology for Managing Career and Life (Session 18 - Pratyahar as the Intervention for Managing Self and Career).</ref> + − चित्तस्यान्तर्मुखीभावः प्रत्याहारस्तु सत्तम ॥ २.३०॥<ref>[https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D Trishikhi Brahmanopanishad]</ref> cittasyāntarmukhībhāvaḥ pratyāhārastu sattama ॥ 2.30॥ + − * Mandala Brahmana Upanishad and Yoga Chudamani Upanishad describe Pratyahara as detachment of senses from their respective sense-objects. <ref name=":6" /> + − विषयेभ्य इन्द्रियार्थेभ्यो मनोनिरोधनं प्रत्याहारः ॥१.७॥<ref>[https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D Mandala Brahmanopanishad]</ref> viṣayebhya indriyārthebhyo manonirodhanaṁ pratyāhāraḥ ॥1.7॥ + − चरतां चक्षुरादीनां विषयेषु यथाक्रमम् । यत्प्रत्याहरणं तेषां प्रत्याहरः स उच्यते ॥ १२०॥<ref>[https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D Yoga Chudamanyupanishad]</ref> caratāṁ cakṣurādīnāṁ viṣayeṣu yathākramam । yatpratyāharaṇaṁ teṣāṁ pratyāharaḥ sa ucyate ॥ 120॥ + + + + + − * The Tejo Bindu Upanishad describes Pratyahara as that pleasant state of the mind that is achieved when one observes the atman in the sense-objects and states that it should be practised repeatedly.<ref name=":5" /> + − विषयेष्वात्मतां दृष्ट्वा मनसश्चित्तरञ्जकम् । प्रत्याहारः स विज्ञेयोऽभ्यसनीयो मुहुर्मुहुः ॥ ३४ ॥<ref>Tejo Bindupanishad, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D#%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8A%E0%A4%BD%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83 Adhyaya 1]</ref> viṣayeṣvātmatāṁ dr̥ṣṭvā manasaścittarañjakam । pratyāhāraḥ sa vijñeyo'bhyasanīyo muhurmuhuḥ ॥ 34 ॥ + − − * The Shandilya Upanishad and Darshana Upanishad describe Pratyahara as follows: − − अथ प्रत्याहारः । स पञ्चविधः विषयेषु विचरतामिन्द्रियाणां बलादाहरणं प्रत्याहरः । यद्यत्पश्यति तत्सर्वमामेति प्रत्याहारः । नित्यविहितकर्मफलत्यागः प्रत्याहारः । सर्वविषयपराङ्मुखत्वं प्रत्याहारः । अष्टादशसु मर्मस्थानेषु क्रमाद्धारणं प्रत्याहारः । पादाङ्गुष्ठगुल्फजङ्घाजानूरुपायुमेढ्रनाभिहृदयकण्ठकूपतालुनासाक्षिभ्रूमध्यललाटमूर्ध्नि स्थानानि । तेषु क्रमादारोहावरोहक्रमेण प्रत्याहरेत् ॥ १.८॥<ref>[https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D Shandilyopanishad]</ref> − − Henceforward the Pratyahara. That is of five kinds. The forcible withdrawal of the organs of perception, from the sensual pleasures wherein thej' respectively revel, is Pratyahara. Whatever one sees, looking upon all that as the Atman, is Pratyahara (of another kind). The giving up of the fruits of the observances prescribed for every day is Pratyahara (of a third kind). Turning one's face away from all sensual pleasures is Pratyahara (of yet another kind). The projecting (of the vital air) into • the eighteen Marman-s (vital parts of the body) in the prescribed order, is the Pratyahara (of the fifth variety) The (vital) parts are in the feet, the big-toes of the feet, ankles, shanks, knees, thighs, anus, genitals, navel, heart, throat, cavity of the throat, palate, nostrils, eyes, middle of the eyebrows, forehead, and crest. In them should the practitioner perform Pratyahara in order, by (projecting) upwards into and (withdrawing) back frorri them respectively (his mind, vital air, etc.) (1, 2)<ref name=":5" /> − − प्रत्याहारलक्षणम्, तद्भेदाश्च − − अथातः संप्रवक्ष्यामि प्रत्याहारं महामुने । इन्द्रियाणां विचरतां विषयेषु स्वभावतः ॥१॥ − − बलादाहरणं तेषां प्रत्याहारः स उच्यते । यत्पश्यति तु तत्सर्वं ब्रह्म पश्यन्समाहितः ॥२॥ − − प्रत्याहारोभवेदेष ब्रह्मविद्भिः पुरोदितः । यद्यच्छुद्धमशुद्धं वा करोत्यामरणान्तिकम् ॥३॥ − − तत्सर्वं ब्रह्मणे कुर्यात् प्रत्याहारः स उच्यते । अथवा नित्यकर्माणि ब्रह्माराधनबुद्धितः ॥४॥ − − काम्यानि च तथा कुर्यात् प्रत्याहारः स उच्यते । अथवा वायुमाकृष्य स्थानात् स्थानं निरोधयेत् ॥५॥ − − दन्तमूलात्तथा कण्ठे कण्ठादुरसि मारुतम् । उरोदेशात् समाकृष्य नाभिदेशे निरोधयेत् ॥६॥ − − नाभिदेशात् समाकृष्य कुण्डल्यां तु निरोधयेत् । कुण्डलीदेशतो विद्वान् मूलाधारे निरोधयेत् ॥७॥ − − अथापानात् कटिद्वन्द्वे तथोरौ च सुमध्यमे । तस्माज्जानुद्वये जङ्घे पादाङ्गुष्ठे निरोधयेत् ॥८॥ − − प्रत्याहारोऽयमुक्तस्तु प्रत्याहारपरैः पुरा ।<ref name=":7">A. Mahadeva Sastri (1920), [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.345354/page/n1/mode/1up?view=theater The Yoga Upanishads], Madras: The Adyar Library.</ref> − − Thereafter I shall presently describe Pratyahara, O great sage ' The forcible bringing back of the senses, which, in virtue of their very nature, roam about among the objects of sensual pleasure, is what is known as Pratyahara. (1, 2) − − Whatever one sees, seeing in all that the Brahman, with perfect control of the mind, this is Pratyahara, sjxiken of by the knowers of the Brahman from days of yore. Whatever one does, whether pure or impure, till the moment of his death, all that, he should do unto the Brahman. That is Pratyahara. Or, one should perform his daily ceremonial observances and other rites intended for the accomplishment of his duties^ with the mental attitude that they are for the propitia^ tion of the Brahman. That is known as Pratyahara* Otherwise, after drawing m the air, he should confine It in place after place ; from the root of the teeth thence at the throat should he confine the air ; from the throat thence at the chest , drawing it in from the chest he should confine it at the navel region ; drawing it in from the navel region he should confine it at the Kundall ; the knowing man should, from the region of the Kundiali, confine it at the Muladhara ; then out of the Apana (vital air) he should confine at the two hips ; thence similarly at the middle of the thighs ; thence at the two knees, at the shanks and the big toes of the feet should he confine it , this has been said to be Pratyahara by knowers of Pratyahara of yore. (2-9)<ref name=":5" /> − − Darshanopanishad ref: https://cloudup.com/casG3wXfwfC − − Pratyahara: In the Sandilya Upanisad and the Darsanopanisad − − * Forcible withdrawal of the sense organs from the objects of sensual pleasures with which they interact. − − * Looking upon everything as one sees as atman, the true self. − − * Giving up the desires to attain the fruits of one’s actions. − * Turning one’s attentions away from all material things and thoughts. − * Projection of ''pranic'' (vital) energy and mind on the 18 vital regions of one’s body (''marmasthanas)'' by shifting attention from one point to another.<ref name=":6" /> − − प्रत्याहारफलम् - Fruit of Pratyahara − − एवमभ्यासयुक्तस्य पुरुषस्य महात्मनः ॥९॥ − − सर्वपापनि नश्यन्ति भवरोगश्च सुव्रत ।<ref name=":7" /> − − O thou of austere vow ' All the sins as well as the disease of worldly existence, of that high-souled person who has practice of this kind, perish altogether. (9, 10)<ref name=":5" /> − − वायुधारणात्मकप्रत्याहारः - Pratyahara characterised by the retention of breath − − नासाभ्यां वायुमाकृष्य निश्चलः स्वस्तिकासनः ॥१०॥ − − पूरयेदनिलं विद्वानापादतलमस्तकम् । पश्चात् पादद्वये तद्वत् मूलाधारे तथैव च ॥११॥ − − नाभिकन्दे च हृन्मध्ये कण्ठमूले च तालुके । भ्रुवोर्मध्ये ललाटे च तथा मूर्धनि धारयेत् ॥१२॥<ref name=":7" /> − − Motionless and in the Svastika posture, drawing in the breath through the nostrils, the knowing Yogin should fill in the air from the sole of the feet to the crest. Then, in the pair of feet likewise, in -the Muladhara similarly, in the knot of the navel, in the middle of the heart, at the root of the throat, at the palate, between the eyebrows, in the forehead and in the head should he retain it. (10-12)<ref name=":5" /> − − वदान्तसम्मतप्रत्याहारः । Pratyahara with the Sanction of the Vedanta − − देहे त्वात्ममतिं विद्वान् समाकृष्य समाहितः । आत्मनाऽऽत्मनि निर्द्वन्द्वे निर्विकल्पे निरोधयेत् ॥१३॥ − − प्रत्याहारः समाख्यातः साक्षाद्वेदान्तवेदिभिः । एवमभ्यसतस्तस्य न किञ्चिदपि दुर्लभम् ॥१४॥<ref name=":7" /> − − Having mentally abstracted the idea of the Atman m the body, with his mind well under control, the knowmg Yogin should confine his Atman in the nondual, indeterminate Atman (the Brahman). This is known as the actual Pratyahara by those well-versed in the Vedanta. To one who practises thus, nothing IS unattainable. (13, 14)<ref name=":5" /> − +
changed link for panchakosha
yadā saṁharate cāyaṁ kūrmo'ṅgānīva sarvaśaḥ । indriyāṇīndriyārthebhyastasya prajñā pratiṣṭhitā ॥2.58॥ </blockquote>Meaning: When, like the tortoise which withdraws its limbs from all sides, one withdraws the senses from the sense-objects then one's wisdom becomes steady.<ref>[https://vedpuran.files.wordpress.com/2013/04/455_gita_roman.pdf The Bhagavad Gita], Gorakhpur: Gita Press.</ref>
yadā saṁharate cāyaṁ kūrmo'ṅgānīva sarvaśaḥ । indriyāṇīndriyārthebhyastasya prajñā pratiṣṭhitā ॥2.58॥ </blockquote>Meaning: When, like the tortoise which withdraws its limbs from all sides, one withdraws the senses from the sense-objects then one's wisdom becomes steady.<ref>[https://vedpuran.files.wordpress.com/2013/04/455_gita_roman.pdf The Bhagavad Gita], Gorakhpur: Gita Press.</ref>
The word Pratyahara is also widely used in Yoga and [[Tantra (तन्त्रम्)|Tantra literature]] to describe a special system of using the breath for withdrawal of the senses. These breathing practices do not come under Pranayama. The breath is used only as a pretext for connecting with the Vayu (the flow principle) in the Pranamaya [[Five Koshas (पञ्चकोशाः)|Kosha]]. When the flow principle is channelised then it begins to touch the Manomaya Kosha and all the sensations and experiences of the senses, that were being carried along with the flow principle are merged into the becalmed [[Manas (मनः)|mind]].<ref name=":2" />
The word Pratyahara is also widely used in Yoga and [[Tantra (तन्त्रम्)|Tantra literature]] to describe a special system of using the breath for withdrawal of the senses. These breathing practices do not come under Pranayama. The breath is used only as a pretext for connecting with the Vayu (the flow principle) in the Pranamaya [[Panchakosha (पञ्चकोषाः)|Kosha]]. When the flow principle is channelised then it begins to touch the Manomaya Kosha and all the sensations and experiences of the senses, that were being carried along with the flow principle are merged into the becalmed [[Manas (मनः)|mind]].<ref name=":2" />
=== योगोपनिषत्सु प्रत्याहारः ॥ Pratyahara in Yogopanishads ===
=== योगोपनिषत्सु प्रत्याहारः ॥ Pratyahara in Yogopanishads ===
A group of 20 Upanishads amongst the 108 Upanishads enlisted in the Muktikopnishad are designated as Yogopanishads<ref name=":5">T. R. Srinivasa Ayyangar (1938), [https://universaltheosophy.com/pdf-library/The%20Yoga%20Upanisads.pdf The Yoga Upanishads], Madras: The Adyar Library.</ref> as they delineate Yoga darshana as part of their subject-matter. Consequently, expositions on Pratyahara, a vital limb of the Ashtanga Yoga Darshana, feature in these Upanishads. Some such explanations of the term Pratyahara from select Yogopanishads are enlisted below.
A group of 20 Upanishads amongst the 108 Upanishads enlisted in the Muktikopnishad are designated as Yogopanishads<ref name=":5">T. R. Srinivasa Ayyangar (1938), [https://universaltheosophy.com/pdf-library/The%20Yoga%20Upanisads.pdf The Yoga Upanishads], Madras: The Adyar Library.</ref> as they delineate Yoga darshana as part of their subject-matter. Consequently, expositions on Pratyahara, a vital limb of the Ashtanga Yoga Darshana, feature in these Upanishads. Some such explanations of the term Pratyahara from select Yogopanishads are enlisted below.
The Trishikhi Brahmana Upanishad describes Pratyahara as an inward-tuned state of mind.<ref name=":6">Ashish Pandey (2022), Lecture Presentation on Yoga and Positive Psychology for Managing Career and Life (Session 18 - Pratyahar as the Intervention for Managing Self and Career).</ref> <blockquote>चित्तस्यान्तर्मुखीभावः प्रत्याहारस्तु सत्तम ॥ २.३०॥<ref>[https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D Trishikhi Brahmanopanishad]</ref> cittasyāntarmukhībhāvaḥ pratyāhārastu sattama ॥ 2.30॥ </blockquote>Mandala Brahmana Upanishad and Yoga Chudamani Upanishad describe Pratyahara as detachment of senses from their respective sense-objects.<ref name=":6" /> <blockquote>विषयेभ्य इन्द्रियार्थेभ्यो मनोनिरोधनं प्रत्याहारः ॥१.७॥<ref>[https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D Mandala Brahmanopanishad]</ref> viṣayebhya indriyārthebhyo manonirodhanaṁ pratyāhāraḥ ॥1.7॥
चरतां चक्षुरादीनां विषयेषु यथाक्रमम् । यत्प्रत्याहरणं तेषां प्रत्याहरः स उच्यते ॥ १२०॥<ref>[https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D Yoga Chudamanyupanishad]</ref>
caratāṁ cakṣurādīnāṁ viṣayeṣu yathākramam । yatpratyāharaṇaṁ teṣāṁ pratyāharaḥ sa ucyate ॥ 120॥ </blockquote>The Tejo Bindu Upanishad describes Pratyahara as that pleasant state of the mind that is achieved when one observes the atman in the sense-objects and states that it should be practised repeatedly.<ref name=":5" /> <blockquote>विषयेष्वात्मतां दृष्ट्वा मनसश्चित्तरञ्जकम् । प्रत्याहारः स विज्ञेयोऽभ्यसनीयो मुहुर्मुहुः ॥ ३४ ॥<ref>Tejo Bindupanishad, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D#%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8A%E0%A4%BD%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83 Adhyaya 1]</ref>
viṣayeṣvātmatāṁ dr̥ṣṭvā manasaścittarañjakam । pratyāhāraḥ sa vijñeyo'bhyasanīyo muhurmuhuḥ ॥ 34 ॥ </blockquote>The Shandilya Upanishad describes Pratyahara in a fivefold manner as follows:
* Forcible withdrawal of the sense organs from the objects of sensual pleasures with which they interact.
* Looking upon everything one sees as atman, the true self.
* Giving up the desires to attain the fruits of one’s actions.
* Turning one’s attentions away from all material things and thoughts.
* Projection of Pranic (vital) energy and mind on the 18 vital regions of one’s body (marmasthanas) by shifting attention from one point to another.<ref name=":6" />
<blockquote>... विषयेषु विचरतामिन्द्रियाणां बलादाहरणं प्रत्याहरः । यद्यत्पश्यति तत्सर्वमामेति प्रत्याहारः । नित्यविहितकर्मफलत्यागः प्रत्याहारः । सर्वविषयपराङ्मुखत्वं प्रत्याहारः । अष्टादशसु मर्मस्थानेषु क्रमाद्धारणं प्रत्याहारः ... ॥ १.८॥<ref>[https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D Shandilyopanishad]</ref>
... viṣayeṣu vicaratāmindriyāṇāṁ balādāharaṇaṁ pratyāharaḥ । yadyatpaśyati tatsarvamāmeti pratyāhāraḥ । nityavihitakarmaphalatyāgaḥ pratyāhāraḥ । sarvaviṣayaparāṅmukhatvaṁ pratyāhāraḥ । aṣṭādaśasu marmasthāneṣu kramāddhāraṇaṁ pratyāhāraḥ ... ॥ 1.8॥ </blockquote>
== प्रत्याहारस्य महत्त्वम् ॥ Importance of Pratyahara ==
== प्रत्याहारस्य महत्त्वम् ॥ Importance of Pratyahara ==
Pratyahara is primarily a condition of the senses (Indriya dharma). In Asana and Pranayama, the exterior layers of the mind-[[Sharira (शरीरम्)|body]] relationship are brought under control. In Pratyahara, the senses are mastered.<ref name=":2">Swami Veda Bharati (2001), Yoga Sutras of Patanjali (Volume II Sadhana Pada), Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited.</ref>
Pratyahara is primarily a condition of the senses (Indriya dharma). In Asana and Pranayama, the exterior layers of the mind-[[Sharira (शरीरम्)|body]] relationship are brought under control. In Pratyahara, the senses are mastered.<ref name=":2">Swami Veda Bharati (2001), Yoga Sutras of Patanjali (Volume II Sadhana Pada), Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited.</ref>
It is a powerful way to master the mind, cultivate inner peace and boost one's focus and concentration. However, before learning to control one's senses, it is important to understand why it is required to do. Pratyahara is considered important in Yoga as it helps the practitioner progress to Dharana (concentration), Dhyana (meditation) and eventually, to the goal of Samadhi (union with the Divine). Because, by withdrawing the focus from the senses and the external environment, the mind can turn inward, deepening Yogic practice. So, the main objective of Pratyahara is about training the mind to withdraw from the senses. Therefore, the prime benefits of Pratyahara include
It is a powerful way to master the mind, cultivate inner peace and boost one's focus and concentration. However, before learning to control one's senses, it is important to understand why it is required to do. Pratyahara is considered important in Yoga as it helps the practitioner progress to Dharana (concentration), [[Dhyana (ध्यानम्)|Dhyana]] (meditation) and eventually, to the goal of Samadhi (union with the Divine). Because, by withdrawing the focus from the senses and the external environment, the mind can turn inward, deepening Yogic practice. So, the main objective of Pratyahara is about training the mind to withdraw from the senses. Therefore, the prime benefits of Pratyahara include
* Allowing the mind to be peaceful so that good concentration can be developed.
* Allowing the mind to be peaceful so that good concentration can be developed.
* Helping to stay away from distraction or disturbance<ref name=":0" />
* Helping to stay away from distraction or disturbance<ref name=":0" />