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Pramanas in Astika Darshanas (Samskrit : आस्तिकदर्शन-प्रमाणानि) refers to discussion about the number and kind of pramanas accepted particularly by the Astika Darshanas which are six in number, viz., Samkhya, Yoga, Nyaya, Vaiseshika, Purva and Uttara Mimamsa texts.  

Pramanas in Astika Darshanas (Samskrit : आस्तिकदर्शन-प्रमाणानि) refers to discussion about the number and kind of pramanas accepted particularly by the Astika Darshanas which are six in number, viz., Samkhya, Yoga, Nyaya, Vaiseshika, Purva and Uttara Mimamsa texts.  

== Introduction ==

== Introduction ==

[[File:Pramanas.jpg|border|right|frameless|482x482px|Pramanas Accepted by Various Darshana Shastras. Courtesy Pramanas in Indian Philosophy by Prof. Korada Subrahmanyam]]

[[File:Pramanas.jpg|right|frameless|482x482px|Pramanas Accepted by Various Darshana Shastras. Courtesy Pramanas in Indian Philosophy by Prof. Korada Subrahmanyam |alt=]]

[[Pramana (प्रमाणम्)|Pramana]], the instrument of valid cognition is one of the most unique concepts that have originated on Bharatavarsha. As we see in the table<ref>Paper Presentation by Prof. K. Subrahmanayam titled ''[https://groups.google.com/d/msg/bvparishat/xY1Y-wdPeSo/CKzUaFPABwAJ Pramāṇas in Indian Philosophy]''</ref>, all Astika darshanas admit at least three of the [[ShadPramanas (षड्प्रमाणाः)|Shad Pramanas]] accepted namely, Pratyaksha, Anumana and Shabda.  

[[Pramana (प्रमाणम्)|Pramana]], the instrument of valid cognition is one of the most unique concepts that have originated on Bharatavarsha. As we see in the table<ref>Paper Presentation by Prof. K. Subrahmanayam titled ''[https://groups.google.com/d/msg/bvparishat/xY1Y-wdPeSo/CKzUaFPABwAJ Pramāṇas in Indian Philosophy]''</ref>, all Astika darshanas admit at least three of the [[ShadPramanas (षड्प्रमाणाः)|Shad Pramanas]] accepted namely, Pratyaksha, Anumana and Shabda.  

=== शब्दः ॥ Shabda ===

=== शब्दः ॥ Shabda ===

<blockquote>आप्तोपदेशः शब्दः । सांख्यसूत्र-१.१०१ । (शब्द लक्षणं)<ref name=":3" /></blockquote><blockquote>āptōpadēśaḥ śabdaḥ । sāṁkhyasūtra-1.101 । (śabda lakṣaṇaṁ)</blockquote>Aptopadesa (the specific words or testimony) is a declaration by one worthy (to be believed) and constitutes Shabda Pramana (Verbal Testimony).   

<blockquote>आप्तोपदेशः शब्दः । सांख्यसूत्र-१.१०१ । (शब्द लक्षणं)<ref name=":3" /></blockquote><blockquote>āptōpadēśaḥ śabdaḥ । sāṁkhyasūtra-1.101 । (śabda lakṣaṇaṁ)</blockquote>Aptopadesa (the specific words or testimony) is a declaration by one trustworthy (to be believed) and constitutes Shabda Pramana (Verbal Testimony).   

'''Samkhya Karika'''   

'''Samkhya Karika'''   

'''Vyasa Bhasya'''<blockquote>इन्द्रियप्रणालिकया चित्तस्य बाह्यवस्तूपरागात्तद्विषया सामान्यविशेषात्मनोऽर्थस्य विशेषावधारणप्रधाना वृत्तिः प्रत्यक्षं प्रमाणम् । फलमविशिष्टः पौरुषेयश्चित्तवृत्तिबोधः ।</blockquote><blockquote>indriyapraṇālikayā cittasya bāhyavastūparāgāttadviṣayā sāmānyaviśēṣātmanō'rthasya viśēṣāvadhāraṇapradhānā vr̥ttiḥ pratyakṣaṁ pramāṇam । phalamaviśiṣṭaḥ pauruṣēyaścittavr̥ttibōdhaḥ ।</blockquote><blockquote>अनुमेयस्य तुल्यजातीयेष्वनुवृत्तो भिन्नजातीयेभ्यो व्यावृत्तः सम्बन्धो यस्तद्विषया सामान्यावधारणप्रधाना वृत्तिरनुमानम् । यथा देशान्तरप्राप्तेर्गतिमच्चन्द्रतारकं चैत्रवत्, विन्ध्यश्चाप्राप्तिरगतिः ।</blockquote><blockquote>anumēyasya tulyajātīyēṣvanuvr̥ttō bhinnajātīyēbhyō vyāvr̥ttaḥ sambandhō yastadviṣayā sāmānyāvadhāraṇapradhānā vr̥ttiranumānam । yathā dēśāntaraprāptērgatimaccandratārakaṁ caitravat, vindhyaścāprāptiragatiḥ ।</blockquote><blockquote>आप्तेन दृष्टोऽनुमितः वा अर्थः परत्र स्वबोधसङ्क्रान्तये शब्देनोपदिश्यते । शब्दात्तदर्थविषया वृत्तिः श्रोतुरागमः । यस्याश्रद्धेयार्थो वक्ता न दृष्टानुमितार्थः स आगमः प्लवते । (Vyay. Bhas. for Yoga. Sutr. 1.7)<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>āptēna dr̥ṣṭō'numitaḥ vā arthaḥ paratra svabōdhasaṅkrāntayē śabdēnōpadiśyatē । śabdāttadarthaviṣayā vr̥ttiḥ śrōturāgamaḥ । yasyāśraddhēyārthō vaktā na dr̥ṣṭānumitārthaḥ sa āgamaḥ plavatē । (Vyay. Bhas. for Yoga. Sutr. 1.7)</blockquote>Summarizing the Vyasa Bhashya given above, an object naturally has generic (सामान्या) and specific (विशेषः) attributes. The Pratyaksha pramama considers the specific aspect of the object. Chitta when affected by the external object through the path of sense-organs gives rise to a function with the specific attribute of that object. Such a function is called Pratyaksha pramana. The effect of Pratyaksha pramana ultimately is that the Purusha cognises the function of Chitta (चित्तवृत्तिबोधः).<ref name=":6">Mm. Ganganatha Jha. (1907) The Yoga Darsana. The Sutras of Patanjali with the Bhasya of Vyasa. Translated into English with Notes ([https://archive.org/details/YogaSutrasOfPatanjaliBhashyaOfVyasaGanganathaJha1907/page/n29 Pada 1])</ref>

'''Vyasa Bhasya'''<blockquote>इन्द्रियप्रणालिकया चित्तस्य बाह्यवस्तूपरागात्तद्विषया सामान्यविशेषात्मनोऽर्थस्य विशेषावधारणप्रधाना वृत्तिः प्रत्यक्षं प्रमाणम् । फलमविशिष्टः पौरुषेयश्चित्तवृत्तिबोधः ।</blockquote><blockquote>indriyapraṇālikayā cittasya bāhyavastūparāgāttadviṣayā sāmānyaviśēṣātmanō'rthasya viśēṣāvadhāraṇapradhānā vr̥ttiḥ pratyakṣaṁ pramāṇam । phalamaviśiṣṭaḥ pauruṣēyaścittavr̥ttibōdhaḥ ।</blockquote><blockquote>अनुमेयस्य तुल्यजातीयेष्वनुवृत्तो भिन्नजातीयेभ्यो व्यावृत्तः सम्बन्धो यस्तद्विषया सामान्यावधारणप्रधाना वृत्तिरनुमानम् । यथा देशान्तरप्राप्तेर्गतिमच्चन्द्रतारकं चैत्रवत्, विन्ध्यश्चाप्राप्तिरगतिः ।</blockquote><blockquote>anumēyasya tulyajātīyēṣvanuvr̥ttō bhinnajātīyēbhyō vyāvr̥ttaḥ sambandhō yastadviṣayā sāmānyāvadhāraṇapradhānā vr̥ttiranumānam । yathā dēśāntaraprāptērgatimaccandratārakaṁ caitravat, vindhyaścāprāptiragatiḥ ।</blockquote><blockquote>आप्तेन दृष्टोऽनुमितः वा अर्थः परत्र स्वबोधसङ्क्रान्तये शब्देनोपदिश्यते । शब्दात्तदर्थविषया वृत्तिः श्रोतुरागमः । यस्याश्रद्धेयार्थो वक्ता न दृष्टानुमितार्थः स आगमः प्लवते । (Vyay. Bhas. for Yoga. Sutr. 1.7)<ref name=":0" /></blockquote><blockquote>āptēna dr̥ṣṭō'numitaḥ vā arthaḥ paratra svabōdhasaṅkrāntayē śabdēnōpadiśyatē । śabdāttadarthaviṣayā vr̥ttiḥ śrōturāgamaḥ । yasyāśraddhēyārthō vaktā na dr̥ṣṭānumitārthaḥ sa āgamaḥ plavatē । (Vyay. Bhas. for Yoga. Sutr. 1.7)</blockquote>Summarizing the Vyasa Bhashya given above, an object naturally has generic (सामान्या) and specific (विशेषः) attributes. The Pratyaksha pramama considers the specific aspect of the object. Chitta when affected by the external object through the path of sense-organs gives rise to a function with the specific attribute of that object. Such a function is called Pratyaksha pramana. The effect of Pratyaksha pramana ultimately is that the Purusha cognises the function of Chitta (चित्तवृत्तिबोधः).<ref name=":6">Mm. Ganganatha Jha. (1907) The Yoga Darsana. The Sutras of Patanjali with the Bhasya of Vyasa. Translated into English with Notes ([https://archive.org/details/YogaSutrasOfPatanjaliBhashyaOfVyasaGanganathaJha1907/page/n29 Pada 1])</ref>

Further Anumana or Inference is explained. There is a certain relationship which is common (अनुवृत्तिः) to all homogenous objects (तुल्यजातीयेषु) and dissociated (व्यावृत्तः) from the heterogenous ones (भिन्नजातीयेषु). Anumana is that function having the above said relationship for its object concerned chiefly with the ascertainment (अवधारणप्रधाना) of its generic attribute. For e.g. a person, say Chaitra, changes his position only through movement. Similarly when we see planets changing their positions we infer that there is movement, just like in Chaitra, which cannot be perceived. On the other hand, Vidhya mountain does not change its position so we infer that there is no movement.<ref name=":6" />

Further Anumana or Inference is explained. There is a certain relationship which is common (अनुवृत्तिः) to all homogenous objects (तुल्यजातीयेषु) and dissociated (व्यावृत्तः) from the heterogenous ones (भिन्नजातीयेषु). Anumana is that function having the above said relationship for its object concerned chiefly with the ascertainment (अवधारणप्रधाना) of its generic attribute. For e.g. a person, say Chaitra, changes his position only through movement. Similarly when we see grahas (ग्रहाः | planets) changing their positions we infer that there is movement, just like in Chaitra, which cannot be perceived. On the other hand, Vidhya mountain does not change its position so we infer that there is no movement.<ref name=":6" />

A certain object, having been either perceived or inferred by an authoritative person, is verbally expressed for the sake of transferring that cognition to another person. Vrtti (function of the object) generated by verbal transfer of cognition is Agama for the listener. That Agama given by an untrustworthy person, who has neither seen nor inferred an object fails.<ref name=":6" />

A certain object, having been either perceived or inferred by an authoritative person, is verbally expressed for the sake of transferring that cognition to another person. Vrtti (function of the object) generated by verbal transfer of cognition is Agama for the listener. That Agama given by an untrustworthy person, who has neither seen nor inferred an object fails.<ref name=":6" />

==Nyaya (4 Pramanas)==

==Nyaya (4 Pramanas)==

According to Nyaya darshana, pramana is the unique operative cause (karana) of pramaa or right knowledge.  It is the complex of specific conditions or causes (karana), other than the subject and the object, which invariably produces valid knowledge.<blockquote>प्रत्यक्षानुमानोपमानशब्दाः प्रमाणानि ।। ३ ।। {प्रमाणौद्देशसूत्रम्}<ref name=":9">Nyaya Sutras ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%A7/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%83 Adhyaya 1, Ahnika 1])</ref> pratyakṣānumānopamānaśabdāḥ pramāṇāni ।। 3 ।। {pramāṇauddeśasūtram} </blockquote>Pramana is of four kinds as per Nyaya. Apart from the three pramanas accepted by Samkhya, Yoga and Vaiseshika, Nyaya accepts the fourth one Upamana. All the four pramanas are explicitly defined by Gautama in his Nyayasutras.<ref name=":9" /><blockquote>इन्द्रियार्थसन्निकर्षोत्पन्नं ज्ञानं अव्यपदेश्यं अव्यभिचारि व्यवसायात्मकं प्रत्यक्षम्।।४।। {प्रत्यक्षलक्षणम्} indriyārthasannikarṣotpannaṁ jñānaṁ avyapadeśyaṁ avyabhicāri vyavasāyātmakaṁ pratyakṣam।।4।। {pratyakṣalakṣaṇam}</blockquote><blockquote>अथ तत्पूर्वकं त्रिविधं अनुमानं पूर्ववत्शेषवत्सामान्यतोदृष्टं च।।५।। {अनुमानलक्षणम्} atha tatpūrvakaṁ trividhaṁ anumānaṁ pūrvavatśeṣavatsāmānyatodr̥ṣṭaṁ ca।।5।। {anumānalakṣaṇam}</blockquote><blockquote>प्रसिद्धसाधर्म्यात्साध्यसाधनं उपमानम् ।।६।। {उपमानलक्षणम्} prasiddhasādharmyātsādhyasādhanaṁ upamānam ।।6।। {upamānalakṣaṇam}</blockquote><blockquote>आप्तोपदेशः शब्दः ।।७।। {शब्दलक्षणम्} āptopadeśaḥ śabdaḥ ।।7।। {śabdalakṣaṇam}</blockquote>All these are dealt with in detail in [[ShadPramanas (षड्प्रमाणाः)|Shad Pramanas]].

According to Nyaya darshana, pramana is the unique operative cause (karana) of pramaa or right knowledge.  It is the complex of specific conditions or causes (karana), other than the subject and the object, which invariably produces valid knowledge.

 

<blockquote>प्रत्यक्षानुमानोपमानशब्दाः प्रमाणानि ।। ३ ।। {प्रमाणौद्देशसूत्रम्}<ref name=":9">Nyaya Sutras ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%A7/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%83 Adhyaya 1, Ahnika 1])</ref> pratyakṣānumānopamānaśabdāḥ pramāṇāni ।। 3 ।। {pramāṇauddeśasūtram} </blockquote>Pramana is of four kinds as per Nyaya. Apart from the three pramanas accepted by Samkhya, Yoga and Vaiseshika, Nyaya accepts the fourth one Upamana. All the four pramanas are explicitly defined by Gautama in his Nyayasutras.<ref name=":9" /><blockquote>इन्द्रियार्थसन्निकर्षोत्पन्नं ज्ञानं अव्यपदेश्यं अव्यभिचारि व्यवसायात्मकं प्रत्यक्षम्।।४।। {प्रत्यक्षलक्षणम्} indriyārthasannikarṣotpannaṁ jñānaṁ avyapadeśyaṁ avyabhicāri vyavasāyātmakaṁ pratyakṣam।।4।। {pratyakṣalakṣaṇam}</blockquote><blockquote>अथ तत्पूर्वकं त्रिविधं अनुमानं पूर्ववत्शेषवत्सामान्यतोदृष्टं च।।५।। {अनुमानलक्षणम्} atha tatpūrvakaṁ trividhaṁ anumānaṁ pūrvavatśeṣavatsāmānyatodr̥ṣṭaṁ ca।।5।। {anumānalakṣaṇam}</blockquote><blockquote>प्रसिद्धसाधर्म्यात्साध्यसाधनं उपमानम् ।।६।। {उपमानलक्षणम्} prasiddhasādharmyātsādhyasādhanaṁ upamānam ।।6।। {upamānalakṣaṇam}</blockquote><blockquote>आप्तोपदेशः शब्दः ।।७।। {शब्दलक्षणम्} āptopadeśaḥ śabdaḥ ।।7।। {śabdalakṣaṇam}</blockquote>All these are dealt with in detail in [[ShadPramanas (षड्प्रमाणाः)|Shad Pramanas]].

==Purva Mimamsa ==

==Purva Mimamsa ==

<blockquote>सत्संप्रयोगे पुरुषस्येन्द्रियाणां बुद्धिजन्म तत्प्रत्यक्षम्...१,१.४ (Mima. Sutr. 1.1.4)<ref name=":1">Mimamsa [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF Sutras]</ref></blockquote>A contact between an object and indriyas generates Knowledge for Purusha and it is called Pratyaksha. (See [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.274358/page/n21 Page 21] of Reference<ref name=":10" />).  

<blockquote>सत्संप्रयोगे पुरुषस्येन्द्रियाणां बुद्धिजन्म तत्प्रत्यक्षम्...१,१.४ (Mima. Sutr. 1.1.4)<ref name=":1">Mimamsa [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF Sutras]</ref></blockquote>A contact between an object and indriyas generates Knowledge for Purusha and it is called Pratyaksha. (See [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.274358/page/n21 Page 21] of Reference<ref name=":10" />).  

Prabhakara defines Pratyaksha as Sakshath pratitihi (साक्षात् प्रतीतिः । direct apprehension) pertaining to the apprehended object, to the apprehending person and to the act of apprehension itself, thus we see three factors in each act of Pratyaksha or Perception. This distinctive view of Prabhakara has been called Triputipratyakshavada.  

Prabhakara defines Pratyaksha as Sakshath pratitihi (साक्षात् प्रतीतिः । direct apprehension) pertaining to the apprehended object, to the apprehending person and to the act of apprehension itself, thus we see three factors in each act of Pratyaksha or Perception. This distinctive view of Prabhakara has been called [[Triputipratyakshavada (त्रिपुटिप्रत्यक्षवादः)|Triputipratyakshavada]].  

==== शब्दः ॥ Shabda - Vedas ====

==== शब्दः ॥ Shabda - Vedas ====

<blockquote>औत्पत्तिकस् तु शब्दस्यार्थेन संबन्धस् तस्य ज्ञानम् उपदेशोऽव्यतिरेकश् चार्थेऽनुपलब्धे तत्प्रमाणं बादरायणस्यानपेक्षत्वात् -१.१.५<ref name=":1" /></blockquote>On the other hand, the relation of the word with its meaning is eternal. Consequently Upadesha (injunctions or vedopadesa) is the means of knowing dharma and it is undeviated in regard to objects not perceived by other means of knowledge. It is authoritative specially as it is independent according to Badarayana. (See [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.274358/page/n22 Page 23] of Reference<ref name=":10">Mm. Ganganatha Jha. (1916) [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.274358 The Purva Mimamsa Sutras of Jaimini. Chapters 1 -3.] Allahabad : The Panini Office</ref>).

<blockquote>औत्पत्तिकस् तु शब्दस्यार्थेन संबन्धस् तस्य ज्ञानम् उपदेशोऽव्यतिरेकश् चार्थेऽनुपलब्धे तत्प्रमाणं बादरायणस्यानपेक्षत्वात् -१.१.५<ref name=":1" /></blockquote>On the other hand, the relation of the word with its meaning is eternal. Consequently Upadesha (injunctions or vedopadesa) is the means of knowing dharma and it is undeviated in regard to objects not perceived by other means of knowledge. It is authoritative specially as it is independent according to Badarayana. (See [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.274358/page/n22 Page 23] of Reference<ref name=":10">Mm. Ganganatha Jha. (1916) [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.274358 The Purva Mimamsa Sutras of Jaimini. Chapters 1 -3.] Allahabad : The Panini Office</ref>).

==== शब्दः ॥ Shabda - Smrtis ====

==== शब्दः ॥ Shabda (Smrtis) and अनुमानम् ॥ Anumana ====

<blockquote>अपि वा कर्तृसामान्यात् प्रमाणम् अनुमानं स्यात् -१,३.२<ref name=":1" /></blockquote>But on account of Karta (teacher and preacher of Veda and Smrtis) being the same, inference would be that Smrti is also pramana just like the Vedas. By this sutra it can be understood that Anumana is also a pramana accepted by Mimamsakaras. (See [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.274358/page/n71 Page 72] of Reference <ref name=":10" />).

<blockquote>अपि वा कर्तृसामान्यात् प्रमाणम् अनुमानं स्यात् -१,३.२<ref name=":1" /></blockquote>But on account of Karta (teacher and preacher of Veda and Smrtis) being the same, inference would be that Smrti is also pramana just like the Vedas. By this sutra it can be understood that Anumana is also a pramana accepted by Mimamsakaras. (See [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.274358/page/n71 Page 72] of Reference <ref name=":10" />).

<blockquote>अर्थापत्तिरपि - दृष्टः, श्रुतो वार्थोऽन्यथा नोपपद्यते इत्यर्थकल्पना। यथा, जीवति देवदत्ते गृहाभावदर्शनेन बहिर्भावस्यादृष्टस्य कल्पना ॥ <ref name=":11" /></blockquote><blockquote>arthāpattirapi - dr̥ṣṭaḥ, śruto vārtho'nyathā nopapadyate ityarthakalpanā। yathā, jīvati devadatte gr̥hābhāvadarśanena bahirbhāvasyādr̥ṣṭasya kalpanā॥</blockquote>According to Shabara Bhashya : Arthapatti "presumption" also consists of in the presuming of something not seen, on the ground that a fact already perceived or heard, would not be possible without that presumption; for instance, it is found that Devadatta who is alive is not in the house, and this 'non-existence in the house' leads to the presumption that he is somewhere outside the house (without which the fact of his being alive and not in the house could not be explained).<ref name=":12" /><ref>Bhattacharya, Asima (2014) Ph. D. Thesis Titled : ''[http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/20680 A Study on the contributions of Kumarila Bhatta and Prabhakara on Anumana and Arthapatti in Mimamsa School of Philosphy.]'' (Chapter 4) Assam University</ref>

<blockquote>अर्थापत्तिरपि - दृष्टः, श्रुतो वार्थोऽन्यथा नोपपद्यते इत्यर्थकल्पना। यथा, जीवति देवदत्ते गृहाभावदर्शनेन बहिर्भावस्यादृष्टस्य कल्पना ॥ <ref name=":11" /></blockquote><blockquote>arthāpattirapi - dr̥ṣṭaḥ, śruto vārtho'nyathā nopapadyate ityarthakalpanā। yathā, jīvati devadatte gr̥hābhāvadarśanena bahirbhāvasyādr̥ṣṭasya kalpanā॥</blockquote>According to Shabara Bhashya : Arthapatti "presumption" also consists of in the presuming of something not seen, on the ground that a fact already perceived or heard, would not be possible without that presumption; for instance, it is found that Devadatta who is alive is not in the house, and this 'non-existence in the house' leads to the presumption that he is somewhere outside the house (without which the fact of his being alive and not in the house could not be explained).<ref name=":12" /><ref>Bhattacharya, Asima (2014) Ph. D. Thesis Titled : ''[http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/20680 A Study on the contributions of Kumarila Bhatta and Prabhakara on Anumana and Arthapatti in Mimamsa School of Philosphy.]'' (Chapter 4) Assam University</ref>

Regarding the views on Arthapatti, Kumarila and Prabhakara differ from each other. According to Prabhakara in a case where the well ascertained perception of a thing cannot be explained without the assumption of another thing and it is that presumption which constitutes Arthapatti (also called as Implication and Postulation). According to Kumarila when something is otherwise unintelligible, the assumption of what will make it intelligible is Arthapatti. Prabhakara holds that there is an element of doubt in Arthapatti, while Kumarila denies it. Kumarila admits two types of Arthapatti

 

Regarding the views on Arthapatti, Kumarila and Prabhakara differ from each other. According to Prabhakara in a case where the well ascertained perception of a thing cannot be explained without the assumption of another thing and it is that presumption which constitutes Arthapatti (also called as Implication and Postulation).  

 

According to Kumarila when something is otherwise unintelligible, the assumption of what will make it intelligible is Arthapatti. Prabhakara holds that there is an element of doubt in Arthapatti, while Kumarila denies it. Kumarila argues that the basis of presumption lies, not in a Doubt, but in the mutual irreconcilability or inconsistency between two well-ascertained things; which inconsistency is removed by the presumption of a third thing and this constitues Arthapatti. There is no such inconsistency between well-ascertained things in the case of Anumana and here lies the difference between Arthapatti and Anumana according to Kumarila.<ref name=":22">Mm. Ganganatha Jha. (Reprint 1978) [https://archive.org/details/jha-purvamimamsa_201412/page/n84 ''The Prabhakara  School of Purva Mimamsa''.] Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass Publishers</ref>

 

Kumarila admits two types of Arthapatti

# दृष्टः - Drsta Arthapatti : Presumption based on what is seen

# दृष्टः - Drsta Arthapatti : Presumption based on what is seen

# श्रुतिः - Shruti Arthapatti : Presumption based on what is heard

# श्रुतिः - Shruti Arthapatti : Presumption based on what is heard

<blockquote>अभावोऽपि प्रमाणाभावो, नास्ति- इत्यस्यार्थस्यासन्निकृष्टस्य।। <ref name=":11">Shabara Bhasya ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%BD%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%83_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83 Adhyaya 1 Pada 1])</ref></blockquote>Abhava, "negation", "non-apprehension" stands for the non-existence (non-operation) of the means of cognition and this is what brings about the cognition that "it does not exist", in regard to things not in contact with the senses.<ref name=":12" />

<blockquote>अभावोऽपि प्रमाणाभावो, नास्ति- इत्यस्यार्थस्यासन्निकृष्टस्य।। <ref name=":11">Shabara Bhasya ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%BD%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%83_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83 Adhyaya 1 Pada 1])</ref></blockquote>Abhava, "negation", "non-apprehension" stands for the non-existence (non-operation) of the means of cognition and this is what brings about the cognition that "it does not exist", in regard to things not in contact with the senses.<ref name=":12" />

Prabhakara Mimamsa while accepting the 4 Pramanas and Arthapatti does not accept the Abhava Pramana. Bhatta Mimamsa accepts the 6th Pramana namely Anupalabdhi and Slokavartika explains his view of the siddhanta. Both these aspects have been discussed under the heading [[Pramana (प्रमाणम्)|Pramana]].

Prabhakara Mimamsa while accepting the 4 Pramanas and Arthapatti does not accept the Abhava Pramana. <blockquote>प्रमाणमनुभूतिः, सा स्मृतेरन्या, न सा स्मृतिः । न प्रमाणं स्मृतिः पूर्वप्रतिपत्तिव्यपेक्षणात्।<ref name=":2">Mm. Ganganatha Jha. (Reprint 1978) [https://archive.org/details/jha-purvamimamsa_201412/page/n32 ''The Prabhakara  School of Purva Mimamsa''.] Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass Publishers</ref> (Prakaranapanchika)</blockquote>Prabhakara Mimamsikas, define prama or valid knowledge as immediate experience (Anubhuti). It is different from smrti or memory which is the impression of past experiences. That is to say 'valid cognition' is Apprehension. Hence according to them the truth of knowledge, praamaanya is guaranteed by its having the characteristic of immediacy.  

 

 

<blockquote>शब्दाद् एव प्रमितः । (Brah. Sutr. 1.3.24)<ref>Brahma Sutras ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%83_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83 Adhyaya 1 Pada 3])</ref></blockquote>From the very word itself it follows that the measured One is the Supreme Self. (Page 202 of Reference <ref name=":14" />).

 

<blockquote>ब्रूमः परमात्मैवायमङ्गुष्ठमात्रपरिमितः पुरुषो भवितुमर्हति। कस्मात् शब्दात् ईशानो भूतभव्यस्य इति।</blockquote>

Here in the context of proving that the Supreme Self alone can be the Purusha, of the size of a thumb, that which participates in punarjanma or transmigration - Shankara says that the proof is from the Shabda or Text itself, from the very term "Ishana" used in the Upanishad, it is gathered that Supreme Self is the absolute ruler of the past and the future.(Page 202 of Reference <ref name=":14" />).

 

==== Sribhashyam<ref>Sribhashyam Adhyaya 1 Part 3 ([https://ia800106.us.archive.org/10/items/SriBhashyaOfRamanujaRangacharyaM.VaradaRajaAiyangarM.B.Vol2/Sri%20Bhashya%20of%20Ramanuja%20Rangacharya%20M.%20Varada%20Raja%20Aiyangar%20M.%20B.%20Vol%202.pdf Sutra 23])</ref> ====

=== Bhatta Mimamsa (6 Pramanas) ===

==== प्रत्यक्षानुमानौ ॥ Pratyaksha and Anumana ====

Bhatta Mimamsa accepts the 6th Pramana namely Anupalabdhi and Slokavartika explains his view of the siddhanta.

A Vedantin uses Pratyaksha and Anumana pramanas to give evidence that Yogins realize Brahman as in this sutra. <blockquote>अपि संराधनेप्रत्यक्षानुमानाभ्याम् । ( Brah. Sutr. 3.2.24)<ref name=":2" /></blockquote>Moreover, Brahman is realized in samadhi, as is known from direct revelation and inference. (Page 629 of Reference <ref name=":14">Swami Gambhirananda. (1956) ''Brahma Sutra Bhashya of Sri Sankaracharya.'' Almora : Advaita Ashrama</ref>).

<blockquote>शब्दाद् एव प्रमितः । ( ब्रसू-१,३.२३ । )</blockquote>From the very word the being is measured. (Page 111 of the Book<ref>Swami Vireswarananda (1936) ''Brahma - Sutras'' Almora : Advaita Ashrama</ref>)<blockquote>आनुमानिकम् अप्य् एकेषाम् इति चेन् न शरीर-रूपक-विन्यस्त-गृहीतेर् दर्शयति च । ( ब्रसू-१,४.१ । )</blockquote>That which is inferred (i.e. Pradhana) is also mentioned in some recensions of the texts (katha Upanishad), if it be said no. <blockquote>दर्शयतश् चैवं प्रत्यक्षानुमाने । ( [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%83_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%83_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83#%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D ब्रसू-४,४.२०] । )</blockquote>

<blockquote>कथं पुनरवगम्यते संराधनकाले पश्यन्तीति प्रत्यक्षानुमानाभ्याम् श्रुतिस्मृतिभ्यामित्यर्थः। </blockquote>

====Advaitha Vedanta====

When questioned : How, again, it is known that they experience this during such adoration? For that the Vedantin replies "From direct revelation and inference", that is to say from Vedic texts and Smrtis. (Page 629 of Reference<ref name=":14" />).

A more recent text Vedanta Paribhasha discusses Arthapatti as follows <blockquote>इदानीमर्थापत्तिर्निरूप्यते। तत्रोपपद्यज्ञानेनोपपादककल्पनमर्थापत्तिः। तत्रोपपद्यज्ञानं करणम्, उपपादकज्ञानं फलम्।</blockquote>Now Arthapatti (Presumption) is being described. It is the assumption of an explanatory fact (upapadaka) from a knowledge of the thing to be explained (upapadya). Here the knowledge of the thing to be explained is the instrument and the knowledge of explanatory fact is the result. (Page 141 of Reference<ref>Swami Madhavananda. (1942) [http://estudantedavedanta.net/Vedanta%20Paribhasa%20of%20Dharmaraja%20Adhvarindra%20-%20Swami%20Madhavananda%20&#x5B;Sanskrit-English&#x5D;.pdf ''<nowiki>Vedanta Paribhasa of Dharmaraja Adhvarindra]</nowiki>'' Calcutta] : Ramkrishna Mission, Sarada Pitha, Belur Math</ref>)

 

==== Sribhashyam<ref>Sri Bhashya (Adhyaya 3 Adhikarana 5) [https://ia800109.us.archive.org/35/items/SriBhashyaOfRamanujaRangacharyaM.VaradaRajaAiyangarM.B.Vol3/Sri%20Bhashya%20of%20Ramanuja%20Rangacharya%20M.%20Varada%20Raja%20Aiyangar%20M.%20B.%20Vol%203.pdf Sutra 23]</ref> ====

Another reference of Pratyaksha and Anumana attributed to Shruti and Smrti is as follows. <blockquote>दर्शयतश् चैवं प्रत्यक्षानुमाने । ( ब्रसू-४,४.२० । ) ( Brah. Sutr. 4.4.20)<ref name=":13">Brahma Sutras ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%83_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%83_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83#%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D Adhyaya 4 Pada 4])</ref></blockquote>Meaning : And direct knowledge and Inference show thus. (Page 910 of Reference <ref name=":14" />).

 

The Upanishadic and Smrti texts also show that the supreme Light is transcendental to all changes, in such passages as, " There the sun does not shine, neither do the moon and the stars, nor do these flashes of lightning shine. How can this fire (blaze)?. He shining, all these shine; through His lustre all these are variously illumined.(Page 910 of Reference <ref name=":14" />).

 

==== Sribhashyam<ref>Sri Bhashyam (Adhyaya 4 Adhikarana 4) [https://ia800109.us.archive.org/35/items/SriBhashyaOfRamanujaRangacharyaM.VaradaRajaAiyangarM.B.Vol3/Sri%20Bhashya%20of%20Ramanuja%20Rangacharya%20M.%20Varada%20Raja%20Aiyangar%20M.%20B.%20Vol%203.pdf Sutra 20]</ref> ====

 

==== उपमानम् ॥ Upamana ====

====अर्थापत्तिः ॥ Arthapatti====

 

 

 

 

A more recent text Vedanta Paribhasha discusses Arthapatti as follows<blockquote>इदानीमर्थापत्तिर्निरूप्यते। तत्रोपपद्यज्ञानेनोपपादककल्पनमर्थापत्तिः। तत्रोपपद्यज्ञानं करणम्, उपपादकज्ञानं फलम्।</blockquote>Now Arthapatti (Presumption) is being described. It is the assumption of an explanatory fact (upapadaka) from a knowledge of the thing to be explained (upapadya). Here the knowledge of the thing to be explained is the instrument and the knowledge of explanatory fact is the result. (Page 141 of Reference<ref>Swami Madhavananda. (1942) [<nowiki>http://estudantedavedanta.net/Vedanta%20Paribhasa%20of%20Dharmaraja%20Adhvarindra%20-%20Swami%20Madhavananda%20</nowiki>&#x5B;Sanskrit-English&#x5D;.pdf ''Vedanta Paribhasa of Dharmaraja Adhvarindra'']'' Calcutta] : Ramkrishna Mission, Sarada Pitha, Belur Math''</ref>)

Shankara Bhashya for Brahma sutra : 3.2.37<ref>Brahma Sutras ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83#%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D Adhyaya 3 Pada 2])</ref> talks about Anupalabdhi as an accepted Pramana by Vedantins.<blockquote>'''फलमत उपपत्तेः । ( ब्रसू-३,२.३७ । )'''</blockquote>Vedantaparibhasha of Dharmaraja Adhvarindra   

Vedantaparibhasha of Dharmaraja Adhvarindra   

Advaita vedanta also defines pramana as the operative cause (kaarana) of prama or ture knowledge. It defines prama in two ways. First, prama means knowledge that has both the characteristics of novelty and uncontradictoriness. This means that true knowledge is uncontradicted and original, i.e. it gives us new information. Secondly, prama simply means uncontradicted knowledge of objects, excluding or including memory.  <ref>Brahma [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D Sutra]</ref><ref>Brahma [https://archive.org/stream/BrahmaSutraBhashyaByAdiShankaracharyasanskrit.pdf/Brahma.Sutra.Bhashya.By.Adi.Shankaracharya.Sanskrit#mode/1up Sutras With Sankara Bhasyam]</ref>

Advaita vedanta also defines pramana as the operative cause (kaarana) of prama or ture knowledge. It defines prama in two ways. First, prama means knowledge that has both the characteristics of novelty and uncontradictoriness. This means that true knowledge is uncontradicted and original, i.e. it gives us new information. Secondly, prama simply means uncontradicted knowledge of objects, excluding or including memory.  <ref>Brahma [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D Sutra]</ref><ref>Brahma [https://archive.org/stream/BrahmaSutraBhashyaByAdiShankaracharyasanskrit.pdf/Brahma.Sutra.Bhashya.By.Adi.Shankaracharya.Sanskrit#mode/1up Sutras With Sankara Bhasyam]</ref>

== Verses and Meanings ==

== Verses and Meanings ==

Kumarila's Arthapatti is defined as <blockquote>प्रमाणषट्कविज्ञातो यत्राऽर्थो नाऽन्यथा भवेत् । अदृष्टं कल्पयेदन्यं सा ऽर्थापत्तिरुदाहृता ॥ (Slok. Vart. Arthapatti Paricheda 1)<ref>Pt. Rama Sastri Tailanga (1808) ''[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.273885/page/n460 The Mimamsa Sloka Vartika of Kumarila Bhatta with the Commentary of Parthasarathi Mishra.]'' Benares : Chowkhamba Sanskrit Book Depot</ref></blockquote>

Kumarila's Arthapatti is defined as <blockquote>प्रमाणषट्कविज्ञातो यत्राऽर्थो नाऽन्यथा भवेत् । अदृष्टं कल्पयेदन्यं सा ऽर्थापत्तिरुदाहृता ॥ (Slok. Vart. Arthapatti Paricheda 1)<ref>Pt. Rama Sastri Tailanga (1808) ''[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.273885/page/n460 The Mimamsa Sloka Vartika of Kumarila Bhatta with the Commentary of Parthasarathi Mishra.]'' Benares : Chowkhamba Sanskrit Book Depot</ref></blockquote>

== Reference ==

== Reference ==

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[[Category:Darshanas]]

[[Category:Darshanas]]