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== रोगहेतवः॥ Cause of Diseases ==

== रोगहेतवः॥ Cause of Diseases ==

Ayurveda considers 3 fundamental causes for any disease.  <blockquote>असात्म्येन्द्रियार्थसंयोगः, प्रज्ञापराधः, परिणामश्चेति त्रयस्त्रिविधविकल्पा हेतवो विकाराणां, समयोगयुक्तास्तु प्रक्रुतिहेतवो भवन्ति । (Char. Samh. 11.44) <ref name=":0">Charakasamhita (Sootrasthanam Adhyaya 11 Sutram 44)</ref></blockquote><blockquote>asātmyendriyārthasaṁyogaḥ, prajñāparādhaḥ, pariṇāmaśceti trayastrividhavikalpā hetavo vikārāṇāṁ, samayogayuktāstu prakrutihetavo bhavanti ।</blockquote>Meaning: According to Acharya Charaka the causes are as follows, <ref name=":0" />   

Ayurveda considers 3 fundamental causes for any disease.  <blockquote>असात्म्येन्द्रियार्थसंयोगः, प्रज्ञापराधः, परिणामश्चेति त्रयस्त्रिविधविकल्पा हेतवो विकाराणां, समयोगयुक्तास्तु प्रक्रुतिहेतवो भवन्ति । (Char. Samh. 11.44) <ref name=":0">Charakasamhita (Sootrasthanam Adhyaya 11 Sutram 44)</ref></blockquote><blockquote>asātmyendriyārthasaṁyogaḥ, prajñāparādhaḥ, pariṇāmaśceti trayastrividhavikalpā hetavo vikārāṇāṁ, samayogayuktāstu prakrutihetavo bhavanti ।</blockquote>Meaning: According to Acharya Charaka the causes are as follows, <ref name=":0" />   

# असात्म्येन्द्रियार्थसंयोगः । Asatmendriyartha Samyoga (Inappropriate contact of objects with sense organs)  

# असात्म्येन्द्रियार्थसंयोगः । Asatmendriyartha Samyoga (Inappropriate contact of objects with senses)  

# प्रज्ञापराधः। Pradjnaparadha (Intellectual error) and  

# प्रज्ञापराधः। Pradjnaparadha (Intellectual error) and  

# परिणामः। Parinama (Consequences)  

# परिणामः। Parinama (Consequences/ Time)  

हीन। Heena (Under/ deficient), मिथ्या । Mithya (Inappropriate/perverted) or अति । Ati (Excessive) yoga (union, exposure or contact) with any 3 of the above is said to result in development of diseases.   

हीन। Heena (Under/ deficient), मिथ्या । Mithya (Inappropriate/perverted) or अति । Ati (Excessive) yoga (union, exposure or contact) with any 3 of the above is said to result in development of diseases.   

== असात्म्येन्द्रियार्थसंयोगः ॥ Asatmendriyartha Samyoga (Artha) ==

== असात्म्येन्द्रियार्थसंयोगः ॥ Asatmendriyartha Samyoga (Artha) ==

संयोग । Samyoga means union. Here, the union is of the इन्द्रिय । Indriya (sense organ or motor organ) and इन्द्रियार्थ । Indriyartha (the subject of the knowledge or an object). When there is excessive exposure of a subject to any sense organ, disuse or perverted use of any sense organ, then it is called as असात्म्येन्द्रियार्थसंयोगः। Asatmendriyartha Samyoga. Excessive or अतियोगः। atiyoga forms of this factor comprises excessive reading, thinking, mental work or physical activity, listening to loud sound for prolonged period etc.  

संयोग । Samyoga means union. Here, the union is of the इन्द्रिय । Indriya (sense organ) and इन्द्रियार्थ । Indriyartha (the subjects of the knowledge by the senses or simply an object). When there is excessive exposure of a subject to any sense organ, disuse or perverted use of any sense organ, then it is called as असात्म्येन्द्रियार्थसंयोगः। Asatmendriyartha Samyoga. Excessive or अतियोगः। atiyoga forms of this factor comprises excessive reading, thinking, mental work or physical activity, listening to loud sound for prolonged period etc.  

Inappropriate unification of any इन्द्रिय । Indriya (Sense and motor organs) & इन्द्रियार्थ । Indriyartha (Subject of knowledge or object), leads to diseases related to that respective Indriya such as Atiyoga of रसनेन्द्रियम्। Rasanendriya includes overeating the food only to pacify the taste buds leads to रोगाः। Rogas (Diseases) such as अजीर्णम्। Ajeerna (Indigestion), अतिसारः । Atisara (Loose motions) etc.  

Inappropriate unification of any इन्द्रिय । Indriya (Sense and motor organs) & इन्द्रियार्थ । Indriyartha (Subject of knowledge or object), leads to diseases related to that respective Indriya such as Atiyoga of रसनेन्द्रियम्। Rasanendriya includes overeating the food only to pacify the taste buds leads to रोगाः। Rogas (Diseases) such as अजीर्णम्। Ajeerna (Indigestion), अतिसारः । Atisara (Loose motions) etc.  

== परिणामः॥ Parinama (Kala) ==

== परिणामः॥ Parinama (Kala) ==

कालः। Kala is the term referred to the various times of the year divided into 6 ऋतवः। Rutu (seasons) like हेमंतः। Hemant, ग्रीष्मः। Greeshma and वर्षा। Varsha characterized by Cold, Heat and Rains respectively. These external factors like cold, heat and rains affect the bodily constituents. Their excess, deficient or abnormal occurrences lead to imbalance in दोषाः। Doshas resulting in disease development. For example excessive rains, deficient rains or rains in the season of cold represent abnormal seasonal variations and  are considered as the causes for development of diseases.   

कालः। [[Kala (कालः)|Kala]] is the term referred to the various times of the year divided into 6 ऋतवः। Rutu (seasons) like हेमंतः। Hemant, ग्रीष्मः। Greeshma and वर्षा। Varsha characterized by Cold, Heat and Rains respectively. These external factors like cold, heat and rains affect the bodily constituents. Their excess, deficient or abnormal occurrences lead to imbalance in दोषाः। Doshas resulting in disease development. For example excessive rains, deficient rains or rains in the season of cold represent abnormal seasonal variations and  are considered as the causes for development of diseases.   

== प्रज्ञापराधः ॥ Prajnaparadha (Karma) ==

== प्रज्ञापराधः ॥ Prajnaparadha (Karma) ==

== व्युत्पत्तिः ॥ Etymology ==

== व्युत्पत्तिः ॥ Etymology ==

Literally, the word प्रज्ञा । Pradnya means wisdom or intelligence and अपराधः। Apradha means offence.  

Literally, the word प्रज्ञा । Pradnya means wisdom or intelligence and अपराधः। Aparadha means offence.  

Thus, the meaning of term ‘Pradnyaparadha’ becomes "an offence against wisdom".   

Thus, the meaning of term ‘Pradnyaparadha’ becomes "an offence against wisdom".   

It is called as an offense because such actions adversely affect the individual who is performing those actions and in spite of knowing possible consequences, one takes a step towards it. Thus, these are the thoughtless actions that are undertaken without apprehending their detrimental effects ignoring one’s wisdom or inner voice.  

It is called as an offense because, such actions adversely affect the individual who is performing those actions and, in spite of knowing possible consequences, one takes a step towards it. Thus, these are the thoughtless actions that are undertaken without apprehending their detrimental effects ignoring one’s wisdom or inner voice.  

=== परिभाषा ॥ Definition: ===

=== परिभाषा ॥ Definition ===

Acharya Charka has defined the term Prajnaparadha in details as follows,     

Acharya Charka has defined the term Prajnaparadha in details as follows,     

Meaning: The unwholesome actions performed due to deranged intellect, Restraint (Control) and Memory are known as Prajnaparadha. It vitiates all doshas.  

Meaning: The unwholesome actions performed due to deranged intellect, Restraint (Control) and Memory are known as Prajnaparadha. It vitiates all doshas.  

==== धीविभ्रंशः॥ Dhee vibhransha: ====

==== धीविभ्रंशः॥ Dhee vibhransha ====

धीः । Dhee is the term used to indicate बुद्धिः। Buddhi. By default, Buddhi works rightly and can discriminate between what is eternal and non-eternal, what is right and wrong, what is favorable and unfavorable, what is wholesome and unwholesome. Therefore, derangement of Dhee is when failure to adherence to right discrimination between these things is observed and thus, intellect fails to perform its role of selecting the right choice. <ref name=":2">Charaka Samhita ([http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/mediawiki-1.28.2/index.php?title=Katidhapurusha_Sharira#Prajnparadha_.28intellectual_defect.29_and_its_consequences Sharirsthanam Adhyaya 1 Sutram 99-101])</ref>

धीः । Dhee is the term used to indicate बुद्धिः। Buddhi. By default, Buddhi works rightly and can discriminate between what is eternal and non-eternal, what is right and wrong, what is favorable and unfavorable, what is wholesome and unwholesome. Therefore, derangement of Dhee is when failure to adherence to right discrimination between these things is observed and thus, intellect fails to perform its role of selecting the right choice. <ref name=":2">Charaka Samhita ([http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/mediawiki-1.28.2/index.php?title=Katidhapurusha_Sharira#Prajnparadha_.28intellectual_defect.29_and_its_consequences Sharirsthanam Adhyaya 1 Sutram 99-101])</ref>

==== धृतिविभ्रंशः ॥ Dhruti Vibhransha: ====

==== धृतिविभ्रंशः ॥ Dhruti Vibhransha ====

The function of धृतिः । Dhruti is to impart control over organs.  धृतिविभ्रंशः। Dhruti vibhransha is derangement in this function leading to inability to control the mind indulged in sensual pleasures.<ref name=":2" />  

The function of धृतिः । Dhruti is to impart control over organs.  धृतिविभ्रंशः। Dhruti vibhransha is derangement in this function leading to inability to control the mind indulged in sensual pleasures.<ref name=":2" />  

==== स्मृतिविभ्रंशः ॥ Smrti Vibhransha: ====

==== स्मृतिविभ्रंशः ॥ Smrti Vibhransha ====

स्मृतिः । Smrti perform the action of recollection for maintain the bodily balances. In स्मृतिविभ्रंशः। Smruti vibhransha, recollection of knowledge of reality is impaired due to covering of self by मानस दोषाः । manasa doshas like रजः । Rajas and तमः । Tamas. This incapacitates individual to recollect the right approach and leads to improper choices.<ref name=":2" />  

स्मृतिः । Smrti perform the action of recollection for maintain the bodily balances. In स्मृतिविभ्रंशः। Smruti vibhransha, recollection of knowledge of reality is impaired due to covering of self by मानस दोषाः । manasa doshas like रजः । Rajas and तमः । Tamas. This incapacitates individual to recollect the right approach and leads to improper choices.<ref name=":2" />  

=== प्रज्ञापराधस्य उदाहरणानि॥ Examples of Prajnaparadha :  ===

=== प्रज्ञापराधस्य उदाहरणानि॥ Examples of Prajnaparadha   ===

The unwholesome actions performed due to intellectual error includes following (Cha. Sha 1/103-108)  

The unwholesome actions performed due to intellectual error includes following (Cha. Sha 1/103-108)  

* वेगोदीरण । Vegodeeran Forcible propulsion of natural urges  

* वेगोदीरण । Vegodeeran (Forcible propulsion of natural urges)

* वेगवरोधः । Vegavarodha Suppression of strong, forceful natural urges  

* वेगावरोधः । Vegavarodha (Suppression of strong, forceful natural urges)

* साहस सेवन । Sahasa Sevana Over indulgence in exertion  

* साहस सेवन । Sahasa Sevana (Over indulgence in exertion)

* नारीणाम् अतिसेवनम् । Nareenam Atisevanam  Over indulgence in carnal pleasures   

* नारीणाम् अतिसेवनम् । Nareenam Atisevanam  (Over indulgence in carnal pleasures)  

* कर्मकालातिपातश्च। KArmakalatipaatascha – Excessive or delayed actions   

* कर्मकालातिपातश्च। KArmakalatipaatascha – (Excessive or delayed actions)  

* मिथ्यारंभश्च कर्मणाम् । Mithyarambhascha KArmanam – Procrastination or wrong initiation of a task  

* मिथ्यारंभश्च कर्मणाम् । Mithyarambhascha Karmanam – (Procrastination or wrong initiation of a task)

* विनयलोपः । Vinaya lopa – Disappearance of Modesty   

* विनयलोपः । Vinaya lopa – (Disappearance of Modesty)  

* आचारलोपः । Achaara lopa- Bad conduct or misbehaviour  

* आचारलोपः । Achaara lopa- (Bad conduct or misbehaviour)

* पूज्याणाम् अभिधर्षणम् । Poojyanam Abhidharshana- Rebuking the respected and venerable men  

* पूज्याणाम् अभिधर्षणम् । Poojyanam Abhidharshana- (Rebuking the respected and venerable men)

* Willfully doing unrighteous actions and involving in activities that are known to affect body and mind adversely   

* Willfully doing unrighteous actions and involving in activities that are known to affect body and mind adversely   

* अकालदेशसंचारः । Akaladesha sanchara- Roaming about to an inappropriate place at a wrong time   

* अकालदेशसंचारः । Akaladesha sanchara- (Roaming about to an inappropriate place at a wrong time)  

* Friendship with wicked persons  

* Friendship with wicked persons  

* Violating the rules of noble conduct mentioned in सद्वृत्तम्। Sadvrutta   

* Violating the rules of noble conduct mentioned in सद्वृत्तम्। [[Sadvrutta (सद्वृत्तम्)|Sadvrutta]]  

* Generating the emotions of envy, conceit, anger, greed, ignorance, narcosis and delusions.   

* Generating the emotions of envy, conceit, anger, greed, ignorance, narcosis and delusions.   

All actions performed out of above said intellectual errors and other similar actions due to intellectual errors stemming from रजः । Raja (Manas dosha) and मोहः। Moha (Greed and infatuation) are included in Prajnaparadha.  

All actions performed out of above said intellectual errors and other similar actions due to intellectual errors stemming from रजः । Raja (Manas dosha) and मोहः। Moha (Greed and infatuation) are included in Prajnaparadha.  

=== प्रज्ञापराध विभागाः॥ Types of Prajnaparadha: ===

=== प्रज्ञापराध विभागाः॥ Types of Prajnaparadha ===

In another discourse Acharya Charaka has defined Prajnaparadha as threefold action (verbal, Physical and mental) having 3 subdivisions (Heena/mithya/atiyoga). These are also called as कायिक । Kayik, वाचिक । Vachik and मानसिक । Manasika Karmas commonly referred as कर्म । ‘Karma’. '''(Ashang hruday sootra 1/ 19) (Cha. Soo 11/ 37)''' Hence Prajnaparadha could be comprises of 3 types of karmas viz.

In another discourse, Acharya Charaka has defined Prajnaparadha as threefold action (verbal, Physical and mental) having 3 subdivisions (Heena/mithya/atiyoga). These are also called as कायिक । Kayik, वाचिक । Vachik and मानसिक । Manasika Karmas commonly referred as कर्म । ‘Karma’.<ref>Ashtanga hrudayam ([https://archive.org/details/Ashtanga.Hridaya.of.Vagbhata/page/n189 Sutrasthanam Adhyaya 1 Sutram 19])</ref> <ref name=":0" /> Hence Prajnaparadha comprises of 3 types of karmas viz.

# कायिक । Kayika (Physical)

# कायिक । Kayika (Physical)

# वाचिक । Vachika (Verbal) and  

# वाचिक । Vachika (Verbal) and  

=== प्रज्ञापराधस्य परिणामः॥ Effect of Prajnaparadha ===

=== प्रज्ञापराधस्य परिणामः॥ Effect of Prajnaparadha ===

The actions stimulated by pradnyaparadha disturb the balance if त्रिदोषाः। tridosa system in the body and vitiate मानस दोषाः। manasa doshas namely रजः। Rajas and तमः। Tamas creating a background and favorable conditions for development of disease.  

The actions stimulated by prajnaparadha disturb the balance of त्रिदोषाः। tridosa system in the body as well as vitiate मानस दोषाः। manasa doshas namely रजः। Rajas and तमः। Tamas creating favorable conditions for development of disease.  

There are ample improper actions stimulated by Prajnaparadha which are root causes of various diseases, e.g., habit of suppression of any natural urge is a result of Prajnaparadha and enlisted as a cause of nearly all the diseases by Acharya Vagbhata. '''(Ashtang Hruday sootra 4/ )'''

There are ample improper actions stimulated by Prajnaparadha which are root causes of various diseases, e.g., habit of suppression of any natural urge is a result of Prajnaparadha and multiple other diseases where inappropriate actions taken by individual lead to disease development. Acharya charaha has clearly stated that, all agantu rogas [diseases caused due to factors like  Visha (toxins), vayu (poisonous gas or polluted, abnormal wind), agni (burns or excess heat) or samprahar (injury) etc] and psychiatric diseases like depression, phobias, hysteria or anger etc are rooted in Prajnaparadha. <ref>Charaka Samhita ([http://niimh.nic.in/ebooks/ecaraka/?mod=read Sutrasthanam Adhyaya 7 Sutram 51-52])</ref> Thus avoiding Prajnaparadha is considered one of the key component in preventive healthcare in Ayurveda. <ref>Ashtanga Hrudayam ([https://archive.org/details/Ashtanga.Hridaya.of.Vagbhata/page/n235 Sutrasthanam Adhyaya 4 Sutram 32])</ref>

== प्रज्ञापराधः अधर्मः च॥ Prajnaparadha and Adharma ==

== प्रज्ञापराधः अधर्मः च॥ Prajnaparadha and Adharma ==

According to Acharya Charaka, all illnesses can be attributed either to निज हेतवः। Nija Hetus (endogenous factors) like an imbalance of the three dosha or आगन्तु हेतवः । Aagantu hetu (exogenous factors). On the basis of this criteria, Acharya Charaka has classified diseases in 2 categories viz.   

According to Acharya Charaka, all illnesses can be attributed either to निज हेतवः। Nija Hetus (endogenous factors) like an imbalance of the three dosha or आगन्तु हेतवः । Aagantu hetu (exogenous factors). On the basis of this criteria, Acharya Charaka has classified diseases in 2 categories viz.   

# निजाः। Nija  

# Nija (निजाः। internal causes)  

# आगन्तवः। Agantu.  

# Agantu (आगन्तवः। external causes)  

The later group includes epidemics and catastrophes known as जनपदोध्वंसः ।  ‘Janapadodhvansa’.  

The later group includes epidemics and catastrophes known as जनपदोध्वंसः ।  ‘Janapadodhvansa’.  

Acharya Charaka has attributed epidemics and catastrophe to the immorality and अधर्मः । adharma (unrighteous acts) of corrupt leaders (Kings in ancient time), the effects of which spiral down the social order and spread to every level of society. He also refers to असत्कर्मः। bad karma (asat-karman) of past life as another cause of जनपदोध्वंसः ।  Janapadodhvansa. '''(Cha. Viman 4/20)'''

Acharya Charaka has attributed occurrence of epidemics and catastrophe to the immorality and adharma (अधर्मः । unrighteous acts) of corrupt leaders (Kings in ancient time), the effects of which spiral down to the social order and spread to every level of society. He also refers to asat-karma (असत्कर्मः। bad karma) of past life as another cause of जनपदोध्वंसः ।  Janapadodhvansa. <ref name=":3">Charaka Samhita ([http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/mediawiki-1.28.2/index.php?title=Janapadodhvansaniya_Vimana#Causes_for_the_vitiation_of_janapadodhwansa_factors Vimanasthanam Adhyaya 4 Sutram 20])</ref> 

The root cause of both, अधर्मः। Adharama and असत्कर्मः। Asat-karma, lies in prajnaparadha '''(Car 3.3.19).'''  

'''The root cause of both, अधर्मः। Adharma and असत्कर्मः। Asatkarma, lies in prajnaparadha.<ref name=":3" />'''  

Both Adharma (Unrighteous acts) and Asat Karma (Evil or wicked actions) involve various activities of an individual or a group of individuals that are annoying and hurting to others. As this chain of Adharma and Asat karma continues, unrighteousness takes hand over the righteousness. Nature and environment get affected and this results in derangement of natural elements, occurrence of calamities and catastrophes, Wars etc which takes a toll on lives of many at a time. Ayurveda infers that the life span of individuals depends on दैवः । Daiva as well as पुरुषकारः ।  Purushakara. Here Daiva is the term used to denote the effects of deeds of past life and Puruushakara indicates the effects of Karmas of present life. '''(Cha. Viman 4/ 30)'''. Therefore, the death of innocent people in involved in pious righteous acts in present life prematurely in such catastrophes or calamities is attributed to their strong Daiva (Effect of karma of past life).  

Both Adharma (Unrighteous acts) and Asat Karma (Evil or wicked actions) involve various activities of an individual or a group of individuals that are annoying and hurting to others. As this chain of Adharma and Asat karma continues, unrighteousness takes hand over the righteousness. Nature and environment get affected and this results in derangement of natural elements, occurrence of calamities, catastrophes, wars etc which take a toll on lives of many at a time. Ayurveda infers that the life span of individuals depends on Daiva (दैवः। Effect of karma of past life) as well as Purushakara (पुरुषकारः। manly deeds performed in this life) . Here Daiva is the term used to denote the effects of deeds of past life and Purushakara indicates the effects of Karmas of present life. Acharya Charaka says, <blockquote>दैवमात्मकृतं विद्यात् कर्म यत् पौर्वदैहिकम्| स्मृतः पुरुषकारस्तु क्रियते यदिहापरम्|| (Char. Samh. 4.30)<ref>Charaka Samhita ([http://www.carakasamhitaonline.com/mediawiki-1.28.2/index.php?title=Janapadodhvansaniya_Vimana#Factors_determining_the_life_span Vimanasthanam Adhyaya 4 Sutram 30])</ref></blockquote><blockquote>daivamātmakr̥taṁ vidyāt karma yat paurvadaihikam| smr̥taḥ puruṣakārastu kriyate yadihāparam||</blockquote>Therefore, the death of innocent people in involved in pious righteous acts in present life prematurely in such catastrophes or calamities is attributed to their strong Daiva ((दैवः। Effect of karma of past life).

== स्वस्थवृत्ते प्रज्ञापराधः॥ Prajnaparadha in Preventive medicine ==

== स्वस्थवृत्ते प्रज्ञापराधः॥ Prajnaparadha in Preventive medicine ==

परिणामः । Parinama (Kaala) is a निष्प्रत्यनीक हेतुः । Nishpratikriya Hetu (Beyond the capability of our control) i.e it is not in our hands but remaining 2 Hetu (Asatmendriyartha Samyoga & Pradnyaparadha), can be avoided by सद्वृत्ताचरणम्।  [[Sadvrutta (सद्वृत्तम्)|Sadvrutt]]<nowiki/>acharana (Following the code of good conduct expounded by Ayurveda), so diseases could be avoided.

Parinama (परिणामः।) Or [[Kala (कालः)|Kala]] is a Nishpratikriya Hetu (निष्प्रत्यनीक हेतुः। Factor beyond the capacity of our control) i.e it is not in our hands but remaining 2 Hetu (असात्म्येन्द्रियार्थसंयोगः। Asatmendriyartha Samyoga & प्रज्ञापराधः। Pradnyaparadha), can be avoided by [[Sadvrutta (सद्वृत्तम्)|Sadvrutt]]<nowiki/>acharana (सद्वृत्ताचरणम्। Following the code of good conduct expounded by Ayurveda), so diseases could be avoided.

Prajnaparadha holds greater relevance in contemporary times. Committing errors willfully, neglecting the potential dangers and indulging in sensual pleasures excessively is nothing but an intellectual blasphemy. Various addictions like smoking, alcoholism, misconducts like abusing elders and noble people and physical inactivity with faulty food habits are rooted in Prajnaparadha. Thus, considering this factor as a cause of lifestyle diseases holds tremendous significance as a basis for preventive medicine and signifies the importance of mindful approach while making the choices that not only affect an individual but also those around the individual.

 

 

Prajnaparadha (प्रज्ञापराधः।) holds greater relevance in contemporary times. Committing errors willfully, neglecting the potential dangers and indulging in sensual pleasures excessively is nothing but an intellectual blasphemy. Various addictions like smoking, alcoholism, misconducts like abusing elders and noble people and physical inactivity with faulty food habits are rooted in Prajnaparadha. Thus, considering this factor as a cause of lifestyle diseases holds tremendous significance as a basis for preventive medicine. Moreover it also signifies the importance of having mindful approach while making the choices which are going to affect not just an individual but also those around the individual in community.

== References ==

== References ==

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[[Category:Ayurveda]]

[[Category:Ayurveda]]