8,090
edits
Changes
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
Line 4:
Line 4: − + + + + + + + + + − + Line 16:
Line 24: + − + − + − + − − == Sensation and Sensory Organs == − Sense organs are the primary sources for gathering information and providing it to the mind for further processing. Sense organs receive the reflection emanating from the objects which are then reflected in the inner mind. − − Sensory receptors are specialized neurons that respond to specific types of stimuli. When sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor, sensation has occurred. For example, light that enters the eye causes chemical changes in cells that line the back of the eye. These cells relay messages, in the form of action potentials to the central nervous system. The conversion from sensory stimulus energy to action potential is known as transduction.<ref name=":0" />
Adding content
== Introduction ==
== Introduction ==
Perception is a set of psychological processes, which help us in understanding the world around us. We encounter numerous stimuli every second through our sensory organs. It brings about awareness and interpretation of our environment. It involves selection, organization and interpretation of the sensory information based on one's previous experiences, needs, aspirations and even considering other's experiences.<ref name=":1">http://egyankosh.ac.in//handle/123456789/61382</ref>
Perception is a set of psychological processes that help us understand the world around us. We encounter numerous stimuli every second through our sensory organs. It brings about awareness and interpretation of our environment. It involves selection, organization, and interpretation of the sensory information based on one's previous experiences, needs, aspirations and even considering other's experiences.<ref name=":1">http://egyankosh.ac.in//handle/123456789/61382</ref>
== Sensation ==
Sense organs are the primary sources for gathering information from the world around us and providing it to the mind for further processing. Sense organs receive the reflection emanating from the objects which are then reflected in the inner mind.
Sensory receptors are specialized neurons that respond to specific types of stimuli. When sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor, sensation has occurred. For example, light that enters the eye causes chemical changes in cells that line the back of the eye. These cells relay messages, in the form of action potentials to the central nervous system. The conversion from sensory stimulus energy to action potential is known as transduction.<ref name=":0" />
== Definition of Perception ==
An awareness about the external stimuli gathered by the sense-organs is the result of a higher mental process called 'perception'. It helps us interpret the world around us and in making an appropriate decision in simple and complex situations and stimuli. Perception is a process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting the sensory information based on previous experiences, other's experiences, needs or expectations.
== Stages of Perception ==
== Stages of Perception ==
Broadly, the process of perception involves three steps, when a stimulus is encountered.
Broadly, the process of perception involves three steps, when a stimulus is encountered.
=== Selection ===
=== 1. Selection ===
Selection is the first stage of perception. At a given time, due to various factors, the human brain consciously or unconsciously, processes only some stimuli ignoring the others. For example, when engaged in deep conversation we tune out of many sounds in the background and do not register them. The selected stimulus becomes the "attended stimulus."<ref name=":1" /> It is well known that the five major senses are vision, hearing (audition), smell (olfaction), taste (gustation), and touch (somatosensation). We also have sensory systems that provide information about
Selection is the first stage of perception. At a given time, due to various factors, the human brain consciously or unconsciously, processes only some stimuli ignoring the others. For example, when engaged in deep conversation we tune out of many sounds in the background and do not register them. The selected stimulus becomes the "attended stimulus."<ref name=":1" /> It is well known that the five major senses are vision, hearing (audition), smell (olfaction), taste (gustation), and touch (somatosensation). We also have sensory systems that provide information about
* pain (nociception)
* pain (nociception)
* temperature (thermoception)
* temperature (thermoception)
Subsequent to selecting the stimulus the interpretation depends on how the information is organized for processing. Selection is influenced by some factors like attention.
=== Organization ===
=== 2. Organization ===
It is the second stage of perception. It refers to the way sensory information is organized, interpreted, and consciously experienced. In this stage, stimuli are arranged mentally in a meaningful pattern, thus, organizing the stimulus received. Perception involves both bottom-up and top-down processing. Bottom-up processing refers to the fact that perceptions are built from sensory input. On the other hand, how we interpret those sensations is influenced by our available knowledge, our experiences, and our thoughts. This is called top-down processing.<ref name=":0" />
It is the second stage of perception. It refers to the way sensory information is organized, interpreted, and consciously experienced. In this stage, stimuli are arranged mentally in a meaningful pattern, thus, organizing the information received. This process occurs unconsciously explained by certain principles such as those of Gestalt. Perception involves both bottom-up and top-down processing. Bottom-up processing refers to the fact that perceptions are built from sensory input. On the other hand, how we interpret those sensations is influenced by our available knowledge, our experiences, and our thoughts. This is called top-down processing.<ref name=":0" />
=== Interpretation ===
=== 3. Interpretation ===
In this last stage of perceptive process, meaning is assigned to the organized stimulus. Interpretation and assigning meaning to the stimuli is based on one's own experiences, expectations, needs, beliefs, other's experiences and other factors. This stage is subjective in nature and the same stimuli can be interpreted differently by different individuals.
In this last stage of perceptive process, meaning is assigned to the organized stimulus. Interpretation and assigning meaning to the stimuli is based on one's own experiences, expectations, needs, beliefs, other's experiences and other factors. This stage is subjective in nature and the same stimuli can be interpreted differently by different individuals.
== Factors affecting sensation and perception ==
== Factors affecting sensation and perception ==