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→Roman Calendar and Leap Year
Panchanga (Samskrit: पञ्चाङ्गम्) refers to the Bharatiya calendar system of timekeeping to maintain a record of day to day activities. While [[Kalamana (कालमानम्)|Kalamana]] discusses the different time measurement systems and their role and importance, a Panchanga refers to different times of the day and night and their importance. It is used to identify a particular day with respect to the weekday, month and year of a particular calendar system.
Panchanga (Samskrit: पञ्चाङ्गम्) refers to the Bharatiya calendar system of timekeeping to maintain a record of day to day activities. While [[Kalamana (कालमानम्)|Kalamana]] discusses the different time measurement systems and their role and importance, a Panchanga refers to different times of the day and night and their importance. It is used to identify a particular day with respect to the weekday, month and year of a particular calendar system. {{#evu:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5aIlLAYJfHg
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|description=Introduction to Panchanga. Courtesy: Prof. K. Ramasubramaniam and Shaale.com
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In different societies, depending on their requirements and practices - rituals, social and civil events - various calendar systems have evolved. These systems are essentially based on the solar year either tropical (savana) or sidereal (nakshatra) or lunar years (tithis or luni-solar).<ref name=":2">Rao, S. Balachandra. (2000) ''Indian Astronomy, An Introduction.'' Hyderabad: Universities Press (India) Limited. (Page 39-70)</ref> In the present times a Gregorian calendar is in use, almost globally, for all administrative and government records and events.
In different societies, depending on their requirements and practices - rituals, social and civil events - various calendar systems have evolved. These systems are essentially based on the solar year either tropical (savana) or sidereal (nakshatra) or lunar years (tithis or luni-solar).<ref name=":2">Rao, S. Balachandra. (2000) ''Indian Astronomy, An Introduction.'' Hyderabad: Universities Press (India) Limited. (Page 39-70)</ref> In the present times a Gregorian calendar is in use, almost globally, for all administrative and government records and events.
=== Roman Calendar and Leap Year ===
=== Roman Calendar and Leap Year ===
The basis of the Roman calendar, also referred to as the Christian calendar, is the tropical solar year. For an observer on the Earth, the time taken by the Sun to complete a revolution along the ecliptic with reference to the vernal equinox (the first point of the zodiac sign Aries) is one tropical solar year called as sayana saura varsha according to Indian terminology.<ref name=":2" />
The basis of the Roman calendar, also referred to as the Christian calendar, is the tropical solar year. For an observer on the Earth, the time taken by the Sun to complete a revolution along the ecliptic with reference to the vernal equinox (the first point of the zodiac sign Aries) is one tropical solar year called as sayana saura varsha according to Indian terminology.<ref name=":2" /> {{#evu:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RMj0jb2ktpY&list=PLZ83joYJYmWR8dUgfxbcKFgxbCOaKw91J
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|dimensions=500x248
|container=frame
|description=Gregorian vs Indian Calendrical Systems. Courtesy: Prof. K. Ramasubramanian and Shaale.com
}}
- '''Savana Sauravarsha''' - Its average duration is 365.24219 days. For convenience in civil use, the whole number of this duration - 365 days - is considered normally in year. To account for the residual part - 0.24219th day, Julius Caesar added one extra day once in four years. That year having the extra day is called the Leap year consisting of 366 days.<ref name=":2" />
- '''Savana Sauravarsha''' - Its average duration is 365.24219 days. For convenience in civil use, the whole number of this duration - 365 days - is considered normally in year. To account for the residual part - 0.24219th day, Julius Caesar added one extra day once in four years. That year having the extra day is called the Leap year consisting of 366 days.<ref name=":2" />
=== Julian Calendar and days in a month ===
=== Julian Calendar and days in a month ===
[[File:Names of Samvatsaras.PNG|thumb|403x403px|Names of Samvatsaras (Chandra Mana)]]
[[File:Names of Samvatsaras.PNG|thumb|403x403px|Names of Samvatsaras (Chandra Mana)]]
Each Lunar year is called a Samvatsara. A cycle of 60 samvatsaras is followed by the people. This cycle is five times the Barhaspatya Mana of 12 years. They have specific names and the good or bad effects in a particular year are indicated to a certain extent in the names of these sixty years.
Each Lunar year is called a Samvatsara. A cycle of 60 samvatsaras is followed by the people. This cycle is five times the Barhaspatya Mana of 12 years. They have specific names and the good or bad effects in a particular year are indicated to a certain extent in the names of these sixty years.
=== Adhikamasa and Kshayamasa ===
The lunar (or luni-solar) year is linked to the solar year in a systematic and natural way, unlike the leap year of the Roman calander. The lunar year falls short of a solar year by about 10.8893 days. When this difference adds up to a full lunar month, an extra month, called adhikamasa or intercalary or extra-month is added to that particular lunar year. This intercalary lunar month falls completely within the period of the corresponding solar month, when there is no sankramana or entry of the Sun into the next rashi. During an adhikamasa, ceremonies such as marriages are not performed. The lunar year will have 13 months and 383 or 384 days when an adhikamasa is present. Generally, an adhikamasa occurs between the months of Phalguna and Ashvina.<ref name=":2" />
If in the course of a lunar month, there are two sankrantis, then that lunar month is considered as a Kshayamasa or deletory month which occurs rather very rarely. A kshayamasa occurs on one of the three lunar months - Kartika, Margasira, or Pushya. This is so, because of the faster motion of the sun during that period and hence the solar months could be slightly less than the corresponding lunar month. A kshayamasa is not counted by its name. A lunar year in which there is a kshayamasa will have two adhikamasas, one preceding it and another succeeding it.<ref name=":2" />
== वारः ॥ Vara - Day of the Week ==
== वारः ॥ Vara - Day of the Week ==