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Kshatriya Dharma (क्षत्रियधर्मः) (view source)

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These qualities or Gunas are three in number viz., Sattva (purity), Rajas (passion) and Tamas (inertia) and are found in man in varying proportions. Those in whom Rajas is predominant, they are Kshatriyas. They are warriors or men of action. They fight with the enemies or invaders and defend the country. Broadly speaking, a Rajasic man with heroic quality is a Kshatriya. The underlying principle in Varna Dharma, is division of labour. The work of political administration and defence was given to the Kshatriyas.<ref>Swami Sivananda (1999), [http://www.dlshq.org/download/hinduismbk.pdf All About Hinduism], Uttar Pradesh: The Divine Life Society.</ref>
 
These qualities or Gunas are three in number viz., Sattva (purity), Rajas (passion) and Tamas (inertia) and are found in man in varying proportions. Those in whom Rajas is predominant, they are Kshatriyas. They are warriors or men of action. They fight with the enemies or invaders and defend the country. Broadly speaking, a Rajasic man with heroic quality is a Kshatriya. The underlying principle in Varna Dharma, is division of labour. The work of political administration and defence was given to the Kshatriyas.<ref>Swami Sivananda (1999), [http://www.dlshq.org/download/hinduismbk.pdf All About Hinduism], Uttar Pradesh: The Divine Life Society.</ref>
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Kshatriya-s
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Shauryam, tejah, dhrutihi, dākshyam yuddhe cha api apalāyanam
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Dānam, ishvaryabhāvah cha kshātram karma svabhāvjam
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Kshatriyas are brave, (have) powerful personality, (can) make firm decisions, (have) ability to fight in war, (do) not withdraw from battle field, generous, and of royal behavior - Bhagavad Gitā, XVIII.43
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Kshatriya-s were physically strong, well trained in the art of warfare, and use of weapons. One of them would become the king. In the days of king Bharat, the ruler was selected on the basis of his knowledge and capabilities. The king‟s primary responsibility was to protect the population, provide for necessities of life like food, water, schools, roads, etc. Other Kshatriya-s would be in the army.<ref>Arun J. Mehta (2011), [http://lakshminarayanlenasia.com/articles/VedicDharmaII2011.pdf Vedic Dharma], Edited by B.V.K.Sastry.</ref>
    
Amarakosha 2।8।1।1।4  
 
Amarakosha 2।8।1।1।4  
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# the power or rank of the sovereign  
 
# the power or rank of the sovereign  
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RV. iv , 12 , 3 ;
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The Rgveda in 4.12.3 states that Agni is the Svami of kshatrabala (Samrakshana-shakti).<ref name=":6">Sripad Damodar Satavlekar (1970), [https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.383411/page/n397/mode/2up Rigved ka Subodh Bhashya (Vol.2)], Pardi: Svadhyaya Mandal</ref>
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अग्निरीशे बृहतः क्षत्रियस्याग्निर्वाजस्य परमस्य रायः । दधाति रत्नं विधते यविष्ठो व्यानुषङ्मर्त्याय स्वधावान् ॥३॥<ref>Rigveda, Mandala 4, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82_%E0%A5%AA.%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A8 Sukta 12]</ref>
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अग्निरीशे बृहतः क्षत्रियस्य...॥३॥<ref>Rigveda, Mandala 4, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82_%E0%A5%AA.%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A8 Sukta 12]</ref>
    
Early use of Kṣatriya in the Rigveda iv. 42, 1;  
 
Early use of Kṣatriya in the Rigveda iv. 42, 1;  
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मम द्विता राष्ट्रं क्षत्रियस्य विश्वायोर्विश्वे अमृता यथा नः । क्रतुं सचन्ते वरुणस्य देवा राजामि कृष्टेरुपमस्य वव्रेः ॥१॥<ref>Rigveda, Mandala 4, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82_%E0%A5%AA.%E0%A5%AA%E0%A5%A8 Sukta 42]</ref>
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मम द्विता राष्ट्रं क्षत्रियस्य.. ॥१॥<ref>Rigveda, Mandala 4, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82_%E0%A5%AA.%E0%A5%AA%E0%A5%A8 Sukta 42]</ref> - there are two kinds of Rashtras of me - the protector (Kshatriyasya)<ref name=":6" />
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RV. v , 69 , 1 ;
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Rigveda 5.69.1 states that Mitra and Varuna increase the samarthya of a kshatriya. Explanation: They endow human beings with shakti (power) and inspire them to do great work.<ref name=":6" />
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त्री रोचना वरुण त्रीँरुत द्यून्त्रीणि मित्र धारयथो रजांसि । वावृधानावमतिं क्षत्रियस्यानु व्रतं रक्षमाणावजुर्यम् ॥१॥<ref>Rigveda, Mandala 5, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82_%E0%A5%AB.%E0%A5%AC%E0%A5%AF Sukta 69]</ref>
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वावृधानावमतिं क्षत्रियस्य... ॥१॥<ref>Rigveda, Mandala 5, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82_%E0%A5%AB.%E0%A5%AC%E0%A5%AF Sukta 69]</ref>
    
RV. vii. 64, 2;  
 
RV. vii. 64, 2;  
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आ राजाना मह ऋतस्य गोपा सिन्धुपती क्षत्रिया यातमर्वाक् । इळां नो मित्रावरुणोत वृष्टिमव दिव इन्वतं जीरदानू ॥२॥<ref>Rigveda, Mandala 7, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82_%E0%A5%AD.%E0%A5%AC%E0%A5%AA Sukta 64]</ref>
 
आ राजाना मह ऋतस्य गोपा सिन्धुपती क्षत्रिया यातमर्वाक् । इळां नो मित्रावरुणोत वृष्टिमव दिव इन्वतं जीरदानू ॥२॥<ref>Rigveda, Mandala 7, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82_%E0%A5%AD.%E0%A5%AC%E0%A5%AA Sukta 64]</ref>
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RV. vii , 104 , 13
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Here, the term kshatriya is used to mean 'the one who protects his subjects from sorrow' and refers to a Raja.<ref name=":7">Sripad Damodar Satavlekar (1985), [https://vedicheritage.gov.in/flipbook/Rigveda_Subodh_Bhasya_Vol_III/#book/375 Rigved ka subodh bhashya (Vol.3)], Pardi: Svadhyaya Mandal</ref> 
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Here, RV. vii , 104 , 13 and RV. x. 109, 3. Kshatriya is used in the sense of 'balavan'<ref name=":7" />
    
न वा उ सोमो वृजिनं हिनोति न क्षत्रियं मिथुया धारयन्तम् । हन्ति रक्षो हन्त्यासद्वदन्तमुभाविन्द्रस्य प्रसितौ शयाते ॥१३॥<ref>Rigveda, Mandala 7, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82_%E0%A5%AD.%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%AA Sukta 104]</ref>
 
न वा उ सोमो वृजिनं हिनोति न क्षत्रियं मिथुया धारयन्तम् । हन्ति रक्षो हन्त्यासद्वदन्तमुभाविन्द्रस्य प्रसितौ शयाते ॥१३॥<ref>Rigveda, Mandala 7, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82_%E0%A5%AD.%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%AA Sukta 104]</ref>
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हस्तेनैव ग्राह्य आधिरस्या ब्रह्मजायेयमिति चेदवोचन् । न दूताय प्रह्ये तस्थ एषा तथा राष्ट्रं गुपितं क्षत्रियस्य ॥३॥<ref>Rigveda, Mandala 10, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A6.%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%AF Sukta 109]</ref>
    
RV. viii. 25, 8;  
 
RV. viii. 25, 8;  
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ऋतावाना नि षेदतुः साम्राज्याय सुक्रतू । धृतव्रता क्षत्रिया क्षत्रमाशतुः ॥८॥<ref>Rigveda, Mandala 8, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82_%E0%A5%AE.%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%AB Sukta 25]</ref>
 
ऋतावाना नि षेदतुः साम्राज्याय सुक्रतू । धृतव्रता क्षत्रिया क्षत्रमाशतुः ॥८॥<ref>Rigveda, Mandala 8, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82_%E0%A5%AE.%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%AB Sukta 25]</ref>
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RV. x. 109, 3.
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Here, deities Mitra and Varuna are referred to as kshatriya in the sense of those who protect people from calamities (Sankat)<ref name=":7" />
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हस्तेनैव ग्राह्य आधिरस्या ब्रह्मजायेयमिति चेदवोचन् । न दूताय प्रह्ये तस्थ एषा तथा राष्ट्रं गुपितं क्षत्रियस्य ॥३॥<ref>Rigveda, Mandala 10, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A6.%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%AF Sukta 109]</ref>
      
== Yajurveda ==
 
== Yajurveda ==
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दानमध्ययनं यज्ञो राज्ञां क्षेमो विधीयते। तस्माद्राज्ञा विशेषेण योद्धव्यं धर्ममीप्सता।। 20<ref>Mahabharata, Shanti Parva, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D-12-%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5-059 Adhyaya 59]</ref>
 
दानमध्ययनं यज्ञो राज्ञां क्षेमो विधीयते। तस्माद्राज्ञा विशेषेण योद्धव्यं धर्ममीप्सता।। 20<ref>Mahabharata, Shanti Parva, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D-12-%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5-059 Adhyaya 59]</ref>
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Kshatriyas were created from the arms of the creator. Hence, they pride on their physical strength.<ref name=":8">Shastri, Ramnarayanadatta Pandey, Mahabharata Volume 6 (With Hindi Translation), Gorakhpur:Gita Press.</ref>
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बाहुभ्यां क्षत्रियाः सृष्टास्तस्मात्ते बाहुगर्विताः।।13.208.4<ref name=":9">Mahabharata, Anushasana Parva, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D-13-%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5-208 Adhyaya 208]</ref>
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The Agni Purana also mentions Protection and suppression of the wicked as special (duties enjoined) on a ksatriya.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/AgniPuranaUnabridgedEnglishMotilal/page/n441/mode/2up?view=theater The Agni Purana (Part 2)], Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited.</ref>
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क्षत्रियस्य विशेषेण पालनं दुष्टनिग्रहः ॥१५१.८<ref>Agni Purana, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AB%E0%A5%A7 Adhyaya 151]</ref>
    
Apte Sanskrit Dictionary<ref>Vaman Shivram Apte (1890), The Practical Sanskrit English Dictionary, Poona: Shiralkar & Co., See: [https://archive.org/details/ldpd_7285627_000/page/434/mode/2up Kshatriya]</ref>
 
Apte Sanskrit Dictionary<ref>Vaman Shivram Apte (1890), The Practical Sanskrit English Dictionary, Poona: Shiralkar & Co., See: [https://archive.org/details/ldpd_7285627_000/page/434/mode/2up Kshatriya]</ref>
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There is a specific code of conduct for kshatriyas; non-combatants should never be attacked or harmed, and property that is not directly connected to the fighting should not be destroyed; for example, the encampments where the warriors retire for the night are not to be touched. Even on the battlefield a warring enemy should not be attacked if he is unprepared, unarmed, distracted, distraught, or if he admits defeat.<ref>http://www.hinduhistory.info/who-is-a-kshatriya/ Posted by admin | August 9, 2015 | Dharmic Warriors Code.</ref>
 
There is a specific code of conduct for kshatriyas; non-combatants should never be attacked or harmed, and property that is not directly connected to the fighting should not be destroyed; for example, the encampments where the warriors retire for the night are not to be touched. Even on the battlefield a warring enemy should not be attacked if he is unprepared, unarmed, distracted, distraught, or if he admits defeat.<ref>http://www.hinduhistory.info/who-is-a-kshatriya/ Posted by admin | August 9, 2015 | Dharmic Warriors Code.</ref>
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Enumerating the importance of kshatriyas in the society, the Mahabharata says,
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यदि निःक्षत्रियो लोको जगत्स्यादधरोत्तरम्।।13.208.21
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रक्षणात्क्षत्रियैरेव जगद्भवति शाश्वतम्।13.208.22<ref name=":9" />
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If there were no kshatriyas in this world, then there would have been great chaos in the world. The world is sustained by the protection of the kshatriyas.<ref name=":8" />
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==क्षत्रियः ॥ Kshatriya==
 
==क्षत्रियः ॥ Kshatriya==
 
<blockquote>प्रजानां रक्षणं दानं इज्याध्ययनं एव च । विषयेष्वप्रसक्तिश्च क्षत्रियस्य समासतः । । १.८९ । ।<ref name=":0">Manusmrti, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83 Adhyaya 1]</ref>
 
<blockquote>प्रजानां रक्षणं दानं इज्याध्ययनं एव च । विषयेष्वप्रसक्तिश्च क्षत्रियस्य समासतः । । १.८९ । ।<ref name=":0">Manusmrti, [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83 Adhyaya 1]</ref>
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(refer Bhagavata Purana)
 
(refer Bhagavata Purana)
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Mahabharata (Not in Gita Press edition)
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दीनानां रक्षणं चैव पापनामनुशासनम्। सतां सम्पोषणं चैव कर्मषण्मार्गजीवनम् ।।13.208.23
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उत्साहः शस्त्रजीवित्वं तस्य धर्मः सनातनः। भृत्यानां भरणं धर्मः कृते कर्मण्यमोघता।।13.208.24<ref name=":9" />
    
== Relationship with Brahmanas ==
 
== Relationship with Brahmanas ==
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अथ गार्ग्यो ह वै बालाकिरनूचानः संस्पृष्ट आस सोऽयमुशिनरेषु संवसन्मत्स्येषु कुरुपञ्चालेषु काशीविदेहेष्विति सहाजातशत्रुं काश्यमेत्योवाच । ब्रह्म ते ब्रवाणीति तं होवाच अजातशत्रुः । सहस्रं दद्मस्त इत्येतस्यां वाचि जनको जनक इति वा उ जना धावन्तीति ॥ १ ॥
 
अथ गार्ग्यो ह वै बालाकिरनूचानः संस्पृष्ट आस सोऽयमुशिनरेषु संवसन्मत्स्येषु कुरुपञ्चालेषु काशीविदेहेष्विति सहाजातशत्रुं काश्यमेत्योवाच । ब्रह्म ते ब्रवाणीति तं होवाच अजातशत्रुः । सहस्रं दद्मस्त इत्येतस्यां वाचि जनको जनक इति वा उ जना धावन्तीति ॥ १ ॥
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The work of Chakraborty (1995) and Chakraborty and Chakraborty (2004) on wisdom leadership is based on the notion of Rajarshi, (Raja meaning king and Rishi being sage) the sage king who embodies satya (truth) and Rita (the universal order).<ref>Pandey A. (2022), [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362889666_Chapter_2_Human_Self_Work_and_of_Human_Being_Indian_Worldview_and_Implications_for_Management_Practices_and_Scholarship Human Self, Work and of Human Being: Indian Worldview and Implications for Management Practices and Scholarship], Indigenous Indian Management, Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.</ref>
    
==References==
 
==References==
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