Karaka (कारकम्)
What is a Language ?
- What is the purpose of a language ?
- What is the fundamental unit of a language?
- What does a sentence in any language convey?
- Some sample sentences
- The boy is eating a banana.
- Ram went to school.
- Gowri is writing a letter with a pencil.
- Children are playing.
Sentence
- We observe that any sentence conveys some Action/’Activity.
- In Sanskrit it is called क्रिया
- Does the sentence convey only क्रिया ? What else ?
- We observe that entities associated with क्रिया are also conveyed.
- Does the sentence just list all the entities associated in the क्रिया ? What else ?
- The role of each entity in the क्रिया is also conveyed.
कारकम् ॥
- An entity that is participating in the क्रिया is called कारक
- For example in the sentence - The boy is eating a banana.
Can we list the entities that are associated in this क्रिया
Eg : Boy , Banana
- Similarly list down all the things/entities that are associated in the क्रिया , for each sentence we have written earlier.
- Each entity in the list is called a कारक
| Sr.no | Sentence | क्रिया | कारकऽ |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | A Student is reading a story | ||
| 2 | Joshi is singing a song | ||
| 3 | Vinay saw a movie in a theatre | ||
| 4 | Latha is talking to her
son on mobile |
कारकप्रभेदाः ॥
कर्तृकारक
- Depending on its role in क्रिया, कारक is classified into different types
- What is the most essential entity required for क्रिया to happen ?
- The Doer ? The one who performs/initiates the क्रिया.
- This type of कारक is called कर्तृकारक
Identify the कर्तृकारक in the sample sentences written
| Sr.no. | Sentence | क्रिया | कर्तृ-कारक |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Vishnu went to school | ||
| 2 | Shiva is eating an apple | ||
| 3 | Kumar is sleeping on a bed | ||
| 4 | Prasad is cooking dal in
a Vessel |
The main सूत्र that defines कर्तृकारक is
स्वतन्त्रः कर्ता (१-४-५४) - The entity that initiates/performs the क्रिया is called कर्तृकारक. Generally we can observe the क्रिया happening in this कर्तृ-कारक.
कर्मकारक
- What is the intention/objective of कर्तृ in performing the क्रिया ? How long does the क्रिया happen ?
The intention/objective of the कर्तृ is to create an entity or make a change in some entity. The क्रिया will happen till the objective is met.
- The entity (कारक) that is created or undergoes a change after doer/कर्तृ performs the क्रिया acting upon it is called कर्मकारक. These are few types we can consider -
निर्वत्र्य - ewly created
विकार्य - transformed
प्राप्य -reached /understood
The main सूत्र that defines कर्मकारक is -
कर्तुरीप्सिततमं कर्म (१-४-४९) - The entity in which the कर्तृ intends to obtain his objective by performing the क्रिया is called कर्मकारक
| Sr.no. | Sentence | क्रिया | कर्म-कारक |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Vishnu went to school | ||
| 2 | Shiva is eating an apple | ||
| 3 | Kumar is sleeping on a bed | ||
| 4 | Prasad is cooking dal in
a Vessel |
अधिकरणकारक
- We have seen that the क्रिया performer is कर्तृ-कारक and acted upon is कर्म-कारक, but what is the substratum for कर्तृ, कर्म ?
- The entity (कारक) that is the substratum for कर्तृ or कर्म is called अधिकरणकारक
Eg : In the kitchen, Bhima is cooking rice in a vessel.
- Here kitchen is substratum/ आश्रय for Bhima(कर्तृ) , and Vessel is substratum/ आश्रय for rice (कर्म) .
Hence both kitchen and vessel are अधिकरणकारकऽ
Time and space are अधिकरणकारकऽ for any क्रिया.
The locus of interest for our mental faculties or the subject matter of a text is also called अधिकरणकारक. This is technically called विषय.
Eg: He is interested in व्याकरण , here व्याकरण is अधिकरणकारक
He has devotion in God , here God is अधिकरणकारक
The main सूत्र that defines अधिकरणकारक is
आधारोऽधिकरणम् (१-४-४५) - The entity which is substratum (आधार) for कर्तृकारक or कर्मकारक is called अधिकरणकारक
करणकारक
- In some क्रिया, tools/instruments are used.
- The entity (कारक) that is a tool/instrument is called करणकारक
- Definition of instrument ?
There should be a transfer of action from कर्तृ to the tool, in turn that tool should generate/achieve the desired result for the कर्तृ .
Eg : Wood-cutter performs an action of chopping, he transfers his action to the axe , the axe chops the wood. The कारक axe is called is करणकारक.
The main सूत्र that defines करणकारक is
साधकतमं करणम् (१-४-४२) - The most important tool/instrument(साधक) in performing the क्रिया is ca11ed करणकारक
सम्प्रदानकारक
- In the act of giving, the receiver is सम्प्रदानकारक
Eg : Krishna gives a cow to his teacher. Here सम्प्रदानकारक is the teacher
- In the act of desiring, the entity that is desired is सम्प्रदानकारक
Eg : Radha desires jasmine flower. Jasmine flower is सम्प्रदानकारक
- In the act of getting angry, the person/entity towards whom he is angry at is सम्प्रदानकारक
Eg: Rama is angry towards Ravana. सम्प्रदानकारक is Ravana
The सूत्रऽ that define सम्प्रदानकारक are
- कर्मणा यमभिप्रैति स सम्प्रदानम् (१-४-३२) - In the act of giving, कर्तृ gives the कर्मकारक to a receiver, the receiver is called सम्प्रदानकारक
- स्पृहेरीप्सितः (१-४-३६) - n the act of desiring, कर्तृ desires to have something, this desired entity is called सम्प्रदानकारक
- क्रुधद्रुहेर्ष्यऽसूयार्थानां यं प्रति कोपः । (१-४-३७) - the act of getting angry, deceiving, having grudge, envying, कर्तृ is angry towards someone, this person/entity towards whom कर्तृ is angry called सम्प्रदानकारक
अपादानकारक
- In the act of separation, the reference entity from which the separation happens is अपादानकारक. Eg : Fruit is falling from tree. Fruit is separated from tree. अपादानकारक is the Tree
- In the act of fearing/protecting, the one Who causes fear is अपादानकारक. Eg : 1. Boy is afraid of lion. अपादानकारक is Lion. 2. People are protected from terrorist. अपादानकारक is terrorist.
- In the act of being born, the source/raw material is अपादानकारक. Eg : Plant is born out of seed. अपादानकारक is the Seed.
The सूत्रऽ that define अपादानकारक are
- ध्रुवमपायेऽपादानम् (१-४-२४) - In the act of separation, कर्तृ get separated from a reference entity, that reference entity is called अपादानकारक
- भीत्रार्थानां भयहेतुः (१-४-२५) - । the act of getting afraid or protection, कर्तृ is having fear from someone, that person/entity that is the cause of fear is called अपादानकारक
- जनिकर्तुः प्रकृतिः । (१-४-३०) - In the act being born, the कर्तृ is born out of some raw material/source, this raw material/source is called अपादानकारक
क्रियाप्रभेदः ॥
अकर्मक/सकर्मक-क्रिया
- For any क्रिया, will there be always a necessity to have another entity to act upon (कर्मकारक)? If possible, find क्रियाऽ that does not need कर्मकारक
- क्रिया which DOES NOT require any other entity to act upon, that is the क्रिया that DOES NOT require a कर्मकारक is called अकर्मक-क्रिया
Eg : Sleeping, Running, Laughing, Sitting etc
- क्रिया which requires an entity to act upon or transform some entity, i.e., the क्रिया that needs कर्मकारक is called सकर्मक-क्रिया
Eg : Eating, Seeing, Cooking, Hearing, Chopping etc
कारकसूत्राणि ॥
सूत्रऽ (अध्यायः - १, पादः - ४ , सूत्रं -२३-५५)
- कर्तृ-कारक - स्वतन्त्रः कर्ता (१-४-५४)
- कर्म-कारक - कर्तुरीप्सिततं कर्म (१-४-४९)
- अधिकरण-कारक - आधारोऽधिकरणम् (१-४-४५)
- करण-कारक : साधकतमं करणं (१-४-४२)
- सम्प्रदान-कारक - कर्मणा यमभिप्रैति स सम्प्रदानम् (१-४-३२) स्पृहेरीप्सितः (१-४-३६) क्रुधद्रुहेर्ष्याऽसूयार्थानां यं प्रति कोपः(१-४-३७)
- अपादान-कारक - ध्रुवमपायेऽपादानम् (१-४-२४) भीत्रार्थानां भयहेतुः (१-४-२५) जनिकर्तुः प्रकृतिः (१-४-३०)