Difference between revisions of "Kalpa Vedanga (कल्पवेदाङ्गम्)"
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== Four classes of Kalpasutras == | == Four classes of Kalpasutras == | ||
| − | Kalpa Vedanga deals with four types of Sutragranthas, all closely allied and complementary to each other. Some of these four types of texts belonging to the same school were | + | Kalpa Vedanga deals with four types of Sutragranthas, all closely allied and complementary to each other. They are |
| − | + | ||
| − | + | श्रौतसूत्राणि || Shrautasutras | |
| − | + | ||
| − | + | गृह्यसूत्राणि || Grhyasutras | |
| + | |||
| + | धर्मसूत्राणि || Dharmasutras | ||
| + | |||
| + | शुल्बसूत्राणि || Sulbasutras | ||
| + | |||
| + | Some of these four types of texts belonging to the same school were composed by one and the same author in some cases. All the Vedas possess their distinct Kalpasutras, their number being the largest for Yajurveda and the smallest being two for Atharvaveda. The kalpasutras belonging to the Yajurveda are complete (with all the four sutragranthas) whereas those belonging to other Vedas are deficient in one or the other type of Sutras.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Malladi, Sri. Suryanarayana Sastry (1982) ''Samskruta Vangmaya Charitra, Volume 1 Vaidika Vangmayam'' Hyderabad : Andhra Sarasvata Parishad</ref><ref name=":42222">Gopal Reddy, Mudiganti and Sujata Reddy, Mudiganti (1997) ''Sanskrita Saahitya Charitra (Vaidika Vangmayam - Loukika Vangamayam, A critical approach)'' Hyderabad : P. S. Telugu University. (Pages 59-71)</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | === श्रौतसूत्राणि || Shrautasutras === | ||
| + | They include procedures of great Shrauta yajnas as described in the Brahmanas of particular veda shakas. They also include Paribhasha sutras which imply general rules and their application in the interpretation of the Vedas. They detail the 14 yajnas (major) laid down in the Brahmana and thus Shrautasutras are highly related to Brahmanas. However, not all yajnas discussed in Shrautasutras are found in Brahmanas. | ||
| + | |||
| + | === गृह्यसूत्राणि || Grhyasutras === | ||
| + | They deal with the rules and regulations pertaining to the social and domestic activities and customs prescribed to a grhasta and his family. They detail the samskaras, 7 kinds of Grhyayajnas, and [[Panchamahayajnas (पञ्चमहायज्ञाः)|Panchamahayajnas]]. These texts have no relationship with the Brahmanas. The mantras that are recited in the performance of samskaras, such as Upanayana, are from the Veda samhitas of that particular shaka. Again just like the Shrautasutras, not all mantras given in the Grhyasutras are traceable to the extant Veda samhitas. | ||
| + | |||
| + | === धर्मसूत्राणि || Dharmasutras === | ||
| + | They are connected closely with the Grhyasutras in their contents but are elaborate with the laws of social, religious, political and economic life of the people. They deal with Varna, Ashrama and Rajadharmas. They take their concepts from the Vedas, and deal with social customs common to all the Veda shakas. Thus the concept is not confined to followers of one particular shaka whereas the ceremonies or yajnas described therein are undoubtedly inclined to follow the traditions of their own shakas. No Dharmasutra associated with Atharvaveda is available at present, though earlier works like Patanjali's Mahabhashya mentioned their existence. Examples include Baudhayana and Apastamba Dharmasutras. | ||
| + | |||
| + | === शुल्बसूत्राणि || Sulbasutras === | ||
| + | Associated mainly with Shrautasutras, these sutras deal with measurements and construction of the yajna vedi to conduct shrauta yajnas. They are the earliest available texts of geometry given to the world by the Vedic era. Example: Baudhayana and Apastamba Sulbasutras. | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|+Vedas and Associated Sutra Works<ref name=":42222" /><ref name=":4">Pt. Baldev Upadhyaya (1958) ''[https://archive.org/details/VaidikSahityaBaldevUpadhyaya1958 Vaidik Sahitya]''.</ref> | |+Vedas and Associated Sutra Works<ref name=":42222" /><ref name=":4">Pt. Baldev Upadhyaya (1958) ''[https://archive.org/details/VaidikSahityaBaldevUpadhyaya1958 Vaidik Sahitya]''.</ref> | ||
| Line 108: | Line 126: | ||
|} | |} | ||
| − | = | + | === Comparison of the Sutragranthas === |
| − | + | Here below are a few distinctions between Shrauta, Grhya and Dharmasutras. | |
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | Here below are a few distinctions between Shrauta and | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
| − | |+Shrautasutras and | + | |+Shrautasutras, Grhyasutras and Dharmasutras- Contrasting Points<ref name=":0" /> |
! | ! | ||
| − | ! | + | !Shrautasutras |
| − | ! | + | !Grhyasutras |
| + | !Dharmasutras | ||
|- | |- | ||
|1 | |1 | ||
|They describe major yajnas (Shrauta) extending to days involving extensive procedures. | |They describe major yajnas (Shrauta) extending to days involving extensive procedures. | ||
|They deal with simple domestic ceremonies of the daily life. | |They deal with simple domestic ceremonies of the daily life. | ||
| + | |They explain the social life of a person | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | | ||
| + | |They are related to the yajna karmas in the respective veda shakas | ||
| + | |They are confined to the customs and conventions of their respective veda shakas and to a certain extent communities | ||
| + | |They include broader views of the whole society across veda shakas and communities | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | | ||
| + | |These pertain to the activities in society, public life of a person | ||
| + | |These pertain to the private life and family structure | ||
| + | |These sutras codify rules and customs to prevail in the interactions between family and society. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|2 | |2 | ||
|Involve three or more fires - [[Tretagni (त्रेताग्निः)|tretagni]] | |Involve three or more fires - [[Tretagni (त्रेताग्निः)|tretagni]] | ||
|Involves single grhya fire. | |Involves single grhya fire. | ||
| + | |No fires are involved | ||
|- | |- | ||
|3 | |3 | ||
|Services of a number of rtviks - upto sixteen for Somayajna, are exclusively required. | |Services of a number of rtviks - upto sixteen for Somayajna, are exclusively required. | ||
|They are performed by the grhastha himself, or by his representatives namely his wife, son, student or in some instances a [[Rtvik (ऋत्विक्)|rtvik]]. | |They are performed by the grhastha himself, or by his representatives namely his wife, son, student or in some instances a [[Rtvik (ऋत्विक्)|rtvik]]. | ||
| + | |They are not ceremonies as such and involve the moral, social and political spheres of a person or community as a reference | ||
|- | |- | ||
|4 | |4 | ||
|Offering of Soma is exclusively restricted to Shrauta yajnas | |Offering of Soma is exclusively restricted to Shrauta yajnas | ||
|Grhyayajnas do not involve the usage of Soma rasa or plant. | |Grhyayajnas do not involve the usage of Soma rasa or plant. | ||
| + | |Soma is not involved in this segment | ||
|- | |- | ||
|5 | |5 | ||
|Shrauta yajnas are very rarely performed in the present day. | |Shrauta yajnas are very rarely performed in the present day. | ||
| − | |Grhyayajnas are common in the present days | + | |Grhyayajnas are common in the present days if not widely followed |
| + | |Dharmasutras are the backbone of the society and preserve the traditional lifestyle | ||
|- | |- | ||
|6 | |6 | ||
|Scope is limited to Shrauta karmas. | |Scope is limited to Shrauta karmas. | ||
|Scope is broader, including Shrauta and Grhaya karmas. | |Scope is broader, including Shrauta and Grhaya karmas. | ||
| + | |Scope is extensive inclusive of the global communities | ||
|} | |} | ||
Certain Shrauta and Grhyasutras clearly indicate their composition by a single author without any doubt. They are Shankhayana, Asvalayana, Baudhayana, Bhradvaja, Apastamba, Hiranyakeshi, Manava, Jaimini, Varaha and Varaha; where the authorship of both types of Sutras is ascribed by native tradition to a single teacher whose name is borne by both types of the Sutras. This can be ascertained by the facts such as cross-references to the Shrautasutra and a close agreement of the Sutras on both the vaidika yajnas and grhyayajnas, in language and style is observed in such cases. | Certain Shrauta and Grhyasutras clearly indicate their composition by a single author without any doubt. They are Shankhayana, Asvalayana, Baudhayana, Bhradvaja, Apastamba, Hiranyakeshi, Manava, Jaimini, Varaha and Varaha; where the authorship of both types of Sutras is ascribed by native tradition to a single teacher whose name is borne by both types of the Sutras. This can be ascertained by the facts such as cross-references to the Shrautasutra and a close agreement of the Sutras on both the vaidika yajnas and grhyayajnas, in language and style is observed in such cases. | ||
| + | |||
| + | == Shrauta and Grhyasutras == | ||
| + | The grhyasutras, in general, presuppose the knowledge of the Shrautasutras of their respective schools. A good number of Shrautasutras are found repeated in the Grhyasutras belonging to the same veda shaka. A number of important rites such as Agraayaneshti, Madhuparka, Darshapurnamaseshti and Antyesti find description in the Shrautasutras as well as in the Grhyasutras. If a ceremony that has been described by some Shrautasutras happens to be treated of by the Grhyasutras, it cannot be taken for granted that it belongs to the domain of Shrautasutras. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Consider the case of Antyeshti or funeral ceremony that has been treated by both Shrauta and Grhyasutras. It is important to note that the funeral of an Ahitagni (one who had set up tretagni and conducted Shrautayajnas) involves the employment of the three fires, which is not applicable as a common rite for the funeral of each and every person. But the funeral ceremony is common to one and all. Thus it is clear that funeral, a whole, does not belong to the exclusive sphere of Shrauta karmas. The purvapaksha that - since three fires are used in the funeral ceremonies hence it is a Shrautakarma, does not hold good. Further, unlike the Shrauta ceremonies, the funeral of an Ahitagni is performed by the relatives of the deceased and not by a number of rtviks, who play an important role in Shrauta rites. Thus the uttarapaksha holds ground that the inclusion of funeral rites in the subject matter of Grhyasutras is, therefore, entirely compatible with the essential nature of these treatises which deal with domestic rites in general. The Grhyasutras describe the funeral rites for those who had set up tretagni in their life-time and also for those who did not.<ref name=":0" /> | ||
| + | |||
| + | == Grhyasutras and Dharmasutras == | ||
| + | In the whole body of Kalpasutras, as a rule, Dharmasutras follow the Grhyasutras of their respective veda shakas. The Baudhyana, Apastamba, Hiranyakeshi, and Vaikhanasa Grhyasutras have their respective Dharmasutras that follow them. The other Grhyas have no Dharmasutras to follow them. It is debatable whether each Grhya possessed a Dharmasutra belonging to one particular shaka or if Dharmasutras were composed only in a few shakas of the Kalpas. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Undeniably the primary differentiating feature of the Dharmasutras from the Grhyasutras is that they cover a wider range of subjects which are by no means confined to the limits of any particular veda shaka to which the sutras belong to. | ||
== References == | == References == | ||
[[Category:Vedangas]] | [[Category:Vedangas]] | ||
<references /> | <references /> | ||
Revision as of 23:27, 8 January 2020
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Kalpa (Samskrit : कल्पः) not to be confused with Kalpas defined by Kala pramana (time) is a part of the Shad Vedangas. They are called as Sutragranthas consisting of a group of texts that relate specifically to aspects of conduct of Vedic yajnas or Shrauta yajnas, their procedural and result explanations, measurements involved and associated dharmas. Usually described as the "arms of Vedapurusha", they systematically codified the ceremonies given in the Brahmana texts of the Vedas referred to as manuals for karmakanda or yajna related activities. It may be noted that the article is titled Kalpa Vedanga to distinguish it from Kalpa, the time terminology.
Introduction
The origin of Kalpa was for the organization of all the extensive rituals described in Vedas (वैदिककर्मकाण्डः | Vaidika Karmakanda). Kalpas are texts classified under the Shad Vedangas. They include the contents directly mentioned in Brahmanas and Aranyakas, presented in a systematic manner, explaining those not mentioned explicitly in the Brahmanas and omitting others not directly related to a particular yajna or ceremony.
Since Kalpas generally presuppose the knowledge of Veda samhitas and Brahmanas, they are often placed after the Vedic time. Unlike Brahmanas, the Kalpasutras are not included in Shrutis and bear the names of human authors. Thus they are Paurusheyas whereas Vedas are Apaurusheya. However, Kalpasutras are not mere summaries of Brahmanas and they both differ in their aim and scope.
Brahmanas explain the significance of various procedural acts in vedic yajnas and to lay down the doctrines. Kalpasutras are chiefly concerned with giving a succinct and systemic account of all the yajnas (not just Vedic) along with the customs and traditions prevalent at the time of their composition. While brahmanas are texts with explanatory rationale, Kalpasutras systematically record the account of yajnas as described the respective shakas of Vedas.[1]
The Kalpasutras are a veritable repository of ancient vedic traditions and amply augment and elucidate the cultural data derived from the Samhitas and Brahmanas. They are the "sutras" that interlink the Vedas and the modern day life.[1]
Etymology
- एष वै प्रथमः कल्पः प्रदाने हव्यकव्ययोः । eṣa vai prathamaḥ kalpaḥ pradāne havyakavyayoḥ । Manusmriti (3.147)[2] defines Kalpa as विधिः । Vidhi to follow in the offering of हव्यकव्याः | havyakavyas (yajna vidhis).
- कल्प्यते विधीयते | kalpyate vidhīyate | (Shabdakalpadruma) defines kalpa as vidhis (for yajnas)
- वैदिकविधानज्ञापकेशास्त्रभेदे स चाश्वलायनापस्तम्बबौधायनकात्यायनादि-सूत्रात्मकः। vaidikavidhānajñāpakeśāstrabhede sa cāśvalāyanāpastambabaudhāyanakātyāyanādi-sūtrātmakaḥ | (Vachaspatyam)[3] Kalpa is defined as the (set of) sutras defining the vaidika vidhanas (vedic rituals) as given by Ashvalayana, Apastamba, Baudhayana, Katyayana among others.
- As given by Vishnumitra, कल्पो वेदविहितानां कर्मणामानुपूर्व्येण कल्पनाशास्त्रम् | kalpo vedavihitānāṃ karmaṇāmānupūrvyeṇa kalpanāśāstram | ie. Kalpa shastra is a guideline for all the actions laid down in Veda (such as yajnas and yagas)
Sutra Style of Writing
As we see the Vedas and their extensive associated literature needed to be preserved for the coming generations. In order to accomplish the task of preserving the precious mass of cultural traditions in a manageable and recollectable form, the seers of ancient Bharata invented the style of composition of texts characterized by utmost brevity and rigid systematization. A short sentence composed in this peculiar style is called Sutra, i.e., a thread. A diffuse and scattered precepts are succinctly systematized in a compact sentence called sutra, just as the loose fibres are compressed into a terse thread.
Among the different types of Sutras composed during Sutra period the Kalpasutras are by far the most important reflecting the cultural history of that period.[1]
Four classes of Kalpasutras
Kalpa Vedanga deals with four types of Sutragranthas, all closely allied and complementary to each other. They are
श्रौतसूत्राणि || Shrautasutras
गृह्यसूत्राणि || Grhyasutras
धर्मसूत्राणि || Dharmasutras
शुल्बसूत्राणि || Sulbasutras
Some of these four types of texts belonging to the same school were composed by one and the same author in some cases. All the Vedas possess their distinct Kalpasutras, their number being the largest for Yajurveda and the smallest being two for Atharvaveda. The kalpasutras belonging to the Yajurveda are complete (with all the four sutragranthas) whereas those belonging to other Vedas are deficient in one or the other type of Sutras.[1][4][5]
श्रौतसूत्राणि || Shrautasutras
They include procedures of great Shrauta yajnas as described in the Brahmanas of particular veda shakas. They also include Paribhasha sutras which imply general rules and their application in the interpretation of the Vedas. They detail the 14 yajnas (major) laid down in the Brahmana and thus Shrautasutras are highly related to Brahmanas. However, not all yajnas discussed in Shrautasutras are found in Brahmanas.
गृह्यसूत्राणि || Grhyasutras
They deal with the rules and regulations pertaining to the social and domestic activities and customs prescribed to a grhasta and his family. They detail the samskaras, 7 kinds of Grhyayajnas, and Panchamahayajnas. These texts have no relationship with the Brahmanas. The mantras that are recited in the performance of samskaras, such as Upanayana, are from the Veda samhitas of that particular shaka. Again just like the Shrautasutras, not all mantras given in the Grhyasutras are traceable to the extant Veda samhitas.
धर्मसूत्राणि || Dharmasutras
They are connected closely with the Grhyasutras in their contents but are elaborate with the laws of social, religious, political and economic life of the people. They deal with Varna, Ashrama and Rajadharmas. They take their concepts from the Vedas, and deal with social customs common to all the Veda shakas. Thus the concept is not confined to followers of one particular shaka whereas the ceremonies or yajnas described therein are undoubtedly inclined to follow the traditions of their own shakas. No Dharmasutra associated with Atharvaveda is available at present, though earlier works like Patanjali's Mahabhashya mentioned their existence. Examples include Baudhayana and Apastamba Dharmasutras.
शुल्बसूत्राणि || Sulbasutras
Associated mainly with Shrautasutras, these sutras deal with measurements and construction of the yajna vedi to conduct shrauta yajnas. They are the earliest available texts of geometry given to the world by the Vedic era. Example: Baudhayana and Apastamba Sulbasutras.
| Vedas | Shakas | Shrautasutra | Grhyasutra | Dharmasutra | Shulbasutra |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rigveda | Ashvalayana | Ashvalayana (आश्वलायनः) (Author Rshi Ashvalayana) | Ashvalayana | Vasishta | None available |
| Shankhayana | Shankhayana (शाङ्खायनः) | Shankhayana (By Suyajna) | |||
| Kaushitaki | Kaushitaki | Kaushitaki (By Shambhavya) | Vishnu dharmasutra | ||
| Shukla Yajurveda | Vajasaneya | Katyayana (कात्यायनः) (Author Rshi Katyayana) | Paraskara | Harita, Shankhalikhita | Katyayana |
| Krishna Yajurveda | Taittriya | Baudhayana (बौधायनः)(Author Rshi Baudhayana), Apastamba (आपस्तम्बः)(Author Rshi Apastamba), Hiranyakeshi (हिरण्यकेशी), Vaikhanasa, Bharadvaja, Varaha (वाराहः) | Baudhayana, Apastamba, Hiranyakeshi, Bharadvaja | Baudhayana, Apastamba, Hiranyakeshi | Baudhayana, Apastamba, Hiranyakeshi, Vadhula (वाधूलः) |
| Maitrayani | Manava (मानवः) | Manava | Manava, Maitreyi (मैत्रेयी) | ||
| Katha | Kathaka (काठक) | ||||
| Samaveda | Kauthuma | Arsheya (आर्षेयः) (Rshi Mashaka), Latyayana (लाट्यायनः) | Gobhila (गोभिल) | None available | |
| Ranayana | Drahyayana (द्राह्यायनः) | Khadira (खादिर) | |||
| Jaimini | Jaiminiya (जैमिनीयः) | Jaiminiya, Gautama and Chandogya | Gautama (गौतमः) | ||
| Atharvaveda | Vaitana (वैतानः) | Kaushika (कौशिक) | None available | None available |
Comparison of the Sutragranthas
Here below are a few distinctions between Shrauta, Grhya and Dharmasutras.
| Shrautasutras | Grhyasutras | Dharmasutras | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | They describe major yajnas (Shrauta) extending to days involving extensive procedures. | They deal with simple domestic ceremonies of the daily life. | They explain the social life of a person |
| They are related to the yajna karmas in the respective veda shakas | They are confined to the customs and conventions of their respective veda shakas and to a certain extent communities | They include broader views of the whole society across veda shakas and communities | |
| These pertain to the activities in society, public life of a person | These pertain to the private life and family structure | These sutras codify rules and customs to prevail in the interactions between family and society. | |
| 2 | Involve three or more fires - tretagni | Involves single grhya fire. | No fires are involved |
| 3 | Services of a number of rtviks - upto sixteen for Somayajna, are exclusively required. | They are performed by the grhastha himself, or by his representatives namely his wife, son, student or in some instances a rtvik. | They are not ceremonies as such and involve the moral, social and political spheres of a person or community as a reference |
| 4 | Offering of Soma is exclusively restricted to Shrauta yajnas | Grhyayajnas do not involve the usage of Soma rasa or plant. | Soma is not involved in this segment |
| 5 | Shrauta yajnas are very rarely performed in the present day. | Grhyayajnas are common in the present days if not widely followed | Dharmasutras are the backbone of the society and preserve the traditional lifestyle |
| 6 | Scope is limited to Shrauta karmas. | Scope is broader, including Shrauta and Grhaya karmas. | Scope is extensive inclusive of the global communities |
Certain Shrauta and Grhyasutras clearly indicate their composition by a single author without any doubt. They are Shankhayana, Asvalayana, Baudhayana, Bhradvaja, Apastamba, Hiranyakeshi, Manava, Jaimini, Varaha and Varaha; where the authorship of both types of Sutras is ascribed by native tradition to a single teacher whose name is borne by both types of the Sutras. This can be ascertained by the facts such as cross-references to the Shrautasutra and a close agreement of the Sutras on both the vaidika yajnas and grhyayajnas, in language and style is observed in such cases.
Shrauta and Grhyasutras
The grhyasutras, in general, presuppose the knowledge of the Shrautasutras of their respective schools. A good number of Shrautasutras are found repeated in the Grhyasutras belonging to the same veda shaka. A number of important rites such as Agraayaneshti, Madhuparka, Darshapurnamaseshti and Antyesti find description in the Shrautasutras as well as in the Grhyasutras. If a ceremony that has been described by some Shrautasutras happens to be treated of by the Grhyasutras, it cannot be taken for granted that it belongs to the domain of Shrautasutras.
Consider the case of Antyeshti or funeral ceremony that has been treated by both Shrauta and Grhyasutras. It is important to note that the funeral of an Ahitagni (one who had set up tretagni and conducted Shrautayajnas) involves the employment of the three fires, which is not applicable as a common rite for the funeral of each and every person. But the funeral ceremony is common to one and all. Thus it is clear that funeral, a whole, does not belong to the exclusive sphere of Shrauta karmas. The purvapaksha that - since three fires are used in the funeral ceremonies hence it is a Shrautakarma, does not hold good. Further, unlike the Shrauta ceremonies, the funeral of an Ahitagni is performed by the relatives of the deceased and not by a number of rtviks, who play an important role in Shrauta rites. Thus the uttarapaksha holds ground that the inclusion of funeral rites in the subject matter of Grhyasutras is, therefore, entirely compatible with the essential nature of these treatises which deal with domestic rites in general. The Grhyasutras describe the funeral rites for those who had set up tretagni in their life-time and also for those who did not.[1]
Grhyasutras and Dharmasutras
In the whole body of Kalpasutras, as a rule, Dharmasutras follow the Grhyasutras of their respective veda shakas. The Baudhyana, Apastamba, Hiranyakeshi, and Vaikhanasa Grhyasutras have their respective Dharmasutras that follow them. The other Grhyas have no Dharmasutras to follow them. It is debatable whether each Grhya possessed a Dharmasutra belonging to one particular shaka or if Dharmasutras were composed only in a few shakas of the Kalpas.
Undeniably the primary differentiating feature of the Dharmasutras from the Grhyasutras is that they cover a wider range of subjects which are by no means confined to the limits of any particular veda shaka to which the sutras belong to.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Gopal, Ram. (1959) India of Vedic Kalpasutras. Delhi : National Publishing House
- ↑ Manusmriti (3.147)
- ↑ Vachaspatyam Link for Kalpa Definition
- ↑ Malladi, Sri. Suryanarayana Sastry (1982) Samskruta Vangmaya Charitra, Volume 1 Vaidika Vangmayam Hyderabad : Andhra Sarasvata Parishad
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Gopal Reddy, Mudiganti and Sujata Reddy, Mudiganti (1997) Sanskrita Saahitya Charitra (Vaidika Vangmayam - Loukika Vangamayam, A critical approach) Hyderabad : P. S. Telugu University. (Pages 59-71)
- ↑ Pt. Baldev Upadhyaya (1958) Vaidik Sahitya.