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→चतुर्युगाः ॥ Chaturyugas in terms of Divya Varshas
=== चतुर्युगाः ॥ Chaturyugas in terms of Divya Varshas ===
=== चतुर्युगाः ॥ Chaturyugas in terms of Divya Varshas ===
This is the second of the Yuga Pramana version with calculations in terms of Divya varshas. According to Surya Siddhanta,
This is the second of the Yuga Pramana version with calculations in terms of Divya varshas. According to Surya Siddhanta,
one human year = one day of devatas
360 human years = one year of devatas (Divya varsha)
360 human years = one year of devatas (Divya varsha)
So when the time lengths of Krtayuga, Tretayuga, Dvapara and Kali yugas in human years are divided by 360 we get the lengths of those yugas in Divya Varshas.
So when the time lengths of Krtayuga, Tretayuga, Dvapara and Kali yugas in human years are divided by 360 we get the lengths of those yugas in Divya Varshas.
Kaliyuga = 4,32,000 years or 4,32,000/360 = 1,200 Divya varshas
Kaliyuga = 4,32,000 years or 4,32,000/360 = 1,200 Divya varshas
1 Mahayuga = 43,20,000 Human years = 12,000 Divya varshas
=== कल्पम् ॥ Kalpa ===
=== कल्पम् ॥ Kalpa ===
Kalpa is the period of one thousand Chaturyugas or Mahayugas, forming a day of Brahma. A Kalpa is divided into 14 Manvantaras, and there is a Manu, the patriarch, of each of the 14 Manvantaras.
Kalpa is the period of one thousand Chaturyugas or Mahayugas, forming a day of Brahma. A Kalpa is divided into 14 Manvantaras, and there is a Manu, the patriarch, of each of the 14 Manvantaras.
1 Kalpa = 1 Day of Brahma
360 Days and 360 Nights of Brahma = 1 Brahma Year
Indian astronomical siddhantas assumed that at the commencement of the Kalpa all the planets including Ketu were in conjunction (at the same celestial longitude) at the first point of Mesha and the ascending node (Rahu) of the Moon was 180 degrees away (i.e., at the first point of Tula).<ref name=":1">Balachandra Rao, S. (2014) Indian Astronomy. Concepts and Procedures. Benguluru : M.P. Birla Institute of Management</ref>
Indian astronomical siddhantas assumed that at the commencement of the Kalpa all the planets including Ketu were in conjunction (at the same celestial longitude) at the first point of Mesha and the ascending node (Rahu) of the Moon was 180 degrees away (i.e., at the first point of Tula).<ref name=":1">Balachandra Rao, S. (2014) Indian Astronomy. Concepts and Procedures. Benguluru : M.P. Birla Institute of Management</ref>
== Kala in Puranas ==
== Kala in Puranas ==
Shivapurana mentions that Kala is controlled by Sadashiva with time based on the divisions involving Kshana, Truti, Lava, Nimesha, Kashtha, Muhurta, Day, NIght, Paksha, Masa, season, Samvatsara, Yuga, Kalpa and Mahakalpa<ref>Shastri, J. L. (1960) Shiva Purana, Volume 3, Ancient Indian Tradition and Mythology Series. Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass Pvt. Ltd. ([https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.459585/page/n492 Adhyaya 25 of Uma Samhita on Page 1558])</ref> as given in the following slokas<blockquote>क्षणं त्रुटिर्लवं चैव निमेषं काष्ठकालिकम् ।। ३८ ।। </blockquote><blockquote>मुहूर्तकं त्वहोरात्रं पक्षमासर्तुवत्सरम् ।। अब्दं युगं तथा कल्पं महाकल्पं तथैव च ।। ३९ ।। </blockquote><blockquote>एवं स हरते कालः परिपाट्या सदाशिवः ।। (Shiv. Pura. 5.25.38 - 40)<ref>Shiva Purana (Samhita 5 (Uma Samhita) [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A5%AB_(%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE)/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%AB Adhyaya 25])</ref></blockquote>
Shivapurana mentions that Kala is controlled by Sadashiva with time based on the divisions involving Kshana, Truti, Lava, Nimesha, Kashtha, Muhurta, Day, NIght, Paksha, Masa, season, Samvatsara, Yuga, Kalpa and Mahakalpa<ref>Shastri, J. L. (1960) Shiva Purana, Volume 3, Ancient Indian Tradition and Mythology Series. Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass Pvt. Ltd. ([https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.459585/page/n492 Adhyaya 25 of Uma Samhita on Page 1558])</ref> as given in the following slokas<blockquote>क्षणं त्रुटिर्लवं चैव निमेषं काष्ठकालिकम् ।। ३८ ।। </blockquote><blockquote>मुहूर्तकं त्वहोरात्रं पक्षमासर्तुवत्सरम् ।। अब्दं युगं तथा कल्पं महाकल्पं तथैव च ।। ३९ ।। </blockquote><blockquote>एवं स हरते कालः परिपाट्या सदाशिवः ।। (Shiv. Pura. 5.25.38 - 40)<ref>Shiva Purana (Samhita 5 (Uma Samhita) [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A5%AB_(%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE)/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%AB Adhyaya 25])</ref></blockquote>
== Kala in Surya Siddhanta ==
प्राणादिः कथितो मूर्तः त्रुट्याद्योऽमूर्तसंज्ञकः
10 gurvakshara uccharana kala = 1 prana
1 prana = 1 vinadi
60 vinadi = 1 nadi, nadika or ghatika
60 nadi = 1 day
== Microcosmic Time Scale ==
== Microcosmic Time Scale ==