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Jīva (Samskrit: जीवः), literally means a living being, in Indian thought is a technical term closest to what is called “person” in contemporary psychology and is commonly conceived as a knower (jñātā), enjoyer/sufferer (bhoktā), and agent (kartā). Jiva is studied in various dimensions such as biological, physiological, intellectual, psychological and metaphysical levels. A Jiva has a distinct psychological identity different from the concepts of [[Purusha (पुरुषः)|purusha]] and [[Brahman (ब्रह्मन्)|brahman]] simply because of the vrittis of the manas and the buddhi, both of which are unique to him, a human being. Human motives, attitudes and aptitudes, desires, wishes and longings, which are also sources of behavior, have roots beyond physiological factors. In addition to the psycho-physical side, humans have a psycho-spiritual side. Human functioning is a product of the two and not an exclusive outcome of one or the other. <ref name=":14" />  

Jīva (Samskrit: जीवः), literally means a living being, in Indian thought is a technical term closest to what is called “person” in contemporary psychology and is commonly conceived as a knower (jñātā), enjoyer/sufferer (bhoktā), and agent (kartā). Jiva is studied in various dimensions such as biological, physiological, intellectual, psychological and metaphysical levels. A Jiva has a distinct psychological identity different from the concepts of [[Purusha (पुरुषः)|purusha]] and [[Brahman (ब्रह्मन्)|brahman]] simply because of the vrittis of the manas and the buddhi, both of which are unique to him, a human being. Human motives, attitudes and aptitudes, desires, wishes and longings, which are also sources of behavior, have roots beyond physiological factors. In addition to the psycho-physical side, humans have a psycho-spiritual side. Human functioning is a product of the two and not an exclusive outcome of one or the other. <ref name=":14" />