Doshas (दोषाः)

Doshas (दोषाः)

The term Dosha in Samskrit means ‘a fault, defect or weak point’ in general. It is also used to indicate someone’s noxious quality, crime, guilt or offense. However, in the context of Ayurveda, this term ‘Dosha’ by default, refers to the 3 biological units or bio energies in the body that control entire functioning of the body. According to Ayurveda, Sharira doshas and Manas doshas are separate entities that control the function of body and mind respectively. Vata, Pitta and Kapha are 3 sharira doshas while Raja and Tama are 2 Manas doshas. All of them have a some specific role and function that is vital for life.

Introduction

The entire physiology and pathology in Ayurveda depends upon the status of 3 fundamental functional units in sharira viz. Doshas, Dhatus and Malas. Among these 3 units, Doshas are always the first to get disturbed by various avtivities, dietary factors, seasonal fluctuations, time of the day and several other factors. Once vitiated they further cause damage to Dhatus, Malas and other components of Sharira and initiate the process of disease development. Thus, Doshas have been given prime importance. In the normal state of equilibrium, they support the body and when vitiated produce the disease. Doshas thus play important role in the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of the diseases. Similarly Manas doshas Rajas and Tamas are responsible for disturbances in the normal functioning of the mind.

Sharira Dosha or Tridosha

वायुः पित्तं कफश्चोक्तः शारीरो दोषसङ्ग्रहः| (Char Samh 1.57)

vāyuḥ pittaṁ kaphaścōktaḥ śārīrō dōṣasaṅgrahaḥ|

Meaning: Vata (also called as Vayu), Pitta and Kapha are the 3 Sharira doshas.

Vayu or Vata dosha is the leader of these 3 doshas. It is believed to be the chief controller of all the functions and activities of living body. Moreover, without Vata doshas the other 2 doshas can not manifest them fully. Thus it comes first in the order of 3 doshas.

Vata

Etymology

The word ‘Vāta’ is derived from the verb ‘Vā’ which means Gati (motion). This Doṣa is responsible for all the movements in the body.

Attributes

This biological unit is said to be dry, cold, light, subtle, mobile, non-slimy and rough in its characteristics and can be pacified by drugs that have opposite properties (i.e., creamy or oily, heavy and thick in their property).

Types

Vata dosha is one and the single energy present all over the body. It is believed to be present in each and every minute part of the body. However, in order to increase the ease of understanding of its function, associate site and modality of treatment; Ayurveda acharyas have described its 5 types.

The 5 types of Vata doshas have specific site in the body and perform specific function. These 5 types of vata doshas are as follows

1. Prana Vayu
2. Udana Vayu
3. Samana Vayu
4. Vyana Vayu
5. Apana Vayu

In depth description on their role in body can be found in detail in classical Ayurveda treatises.

Function of vata dosha

Vata dosha controlls all the activities and movements in the body. Various types of vata are responsible for following functions- Salivation, coughing, eructation, sneezing, respiration, deglutition, phonation, secretion of the gastric juice, retaining the food in the stomach or intestine for the required time, helping in absorption of processed and digested food material. Further it also controls elimination of the semen, urine, faeces etc. The movements related with the delivery of fetus are also governed by it. Pulsation of heart and blood circulation, movement of eyes, limbs etc. are caused by vata dosha. Apart from these activities, unvitiated vata dosha in balanced state is also responsible for generation of enthusiasm, vitality, complexion etc.

Pitta

The word Pitta is derived from the root ‘Tapa’ which means heat (Santāpa). This Doṣa is responsible for digestion and metabolism of the body.

Pitta is mildly unctuous, hot, sharp, viscous, sour, mobile and pungent, and can readily be pacified by drugs and food articles having opposite properties.

It is of 5 types viz. Pācaka Pitta, Rañjaka Pitta, Bhrājaka Pitta, Ālocaka Pitta and Sādhaka Pitta.

Pācaka Pitta is located in the Grahaṇī (stomach and intestine). Its main function is digestion and it also augments the other Pitta situated in the body. Seats of function of Rañjaka Pitta are liver and spleen. Its main function is to convert Rasa into Rakta (blood), Bhrājaka Pitta is found in the skin and it provides pigment to the skin, hair etc.

Ālocaka Pitta is situated in the eye, and vision and discrimination of colours are its functions. Sādhaka Pitta is located in the Hṛdaya and it is responsible for intelligence and ego. It is due to this Pitta that all the functions of the mind and body are co-ordinated.

Kapha

Kapha is also called Śleṣma. One of its main functions is to provide nutrition to the bodily tissues.

Kapha is heavy and dense, cold, soft, unctuous, sweet, immobile and slimy, and can be subsided by drugs and food articles possessing opposite properties.

Kapha is also of five types viz. Kledaka Kapha, Avalambaka Kapha, Tarpaka Kapha, Bodhaka Kapha and Śleṣaka Kapha.

Kledaka Kapha is situated in the stomach. It is slimy (Picchila) in quality, sweet in taste and has the action of moistening the food ingested. It also protects the digestive organs from being hurt by the digestive juices.

Avalambaka Kapha is located in the chest where it provides the nutrition to the heart. Bodhaka Kapha is found in the tongue and it is responsible for perceiving the taste. Seat of function of Śleṣaka Kapha is joints where it lubricates the joints so that they may function properly. Tarpaka Kapha is situated in the head and gives nutrition to the mental faculties.

Manasa Doshas

Manas commonly correlated with mind is one of the integral components of one’s life. Vedas and Bhagvadgita hava clearly mentioned that Satva, Raja and Tama are the 3 properties of manas which carry individual significance. Among these 3 properties Ayurveda makes differentiation and considers Satva as Guna (Good quality) of mind while Raja and Tama are regarded as Doshas of mind.

मानसः पुनरुद्दिष्टो रजश्च तम एव च|| (Char Samh 1.57)

mānasaḥ punaruddiṣṭō rajaśca tama ēva ca||

1. Raja
2. 7Tama

In addition to Vāta, Pitta and Kapha which are the bodily Doṣa, there are two Mānasa Doṣa viz. Rajas (passion) and Tamas (darkness). Mānasa Doṣa may be held responsible for mental diseases.