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Brahmacharyashrama (ब्रह्मचर्याश्रमः) (view source)
Revision as of 23:46, 11 January 2022
, 23:46, 11 January 2022→गुरुभक्तिः ॥ Behaviour towards the Guru: Adding content - to be edited
The Bhagavata Purana says, <blockquote>मेखलाजिनवासांसि जटादण्डकमण्डलून् । बिभृयादुपवीतं च दर्भपाणिर्यथोदितम् ॥ ४॥<ref name=":4" />
The Bhagavata Purana says, <blockquote>मेखलाजिनवासांसि जटादण्डकमण्डलून् । बिभृयादुपवीतं च दर्भपाणिर्यथोदितम् ॥ ४॥<ref name=":4" />
''mekhalājinavāsāṁsi jaṭādaṇḍakamaṇḍalūn । bibhr̥yādupavītaṁ ca darbhapāṇiryathoditam ॥ 4॥''</blockquote>Meaning: With his hair braided, he should wear a mekhala (a girdle of munja grass), the deer-skin and (two pieces of) cloth, the yajnopavita (sacred thread) and carry with him a staff, a kamandalu (water-pot of gourd) and a handful of darbha grass as prescribed (in the Shastras).
''mekhalājinavāsāṁsi jaṭādaṇḍakamaṇḍalūn । bibhr̥yādupavītaṁ ca darbhapāṇiryathoditam ॥ 4॥''</blockquote>Meaning: With his hair braided, he should wear a mekhala (a girdle of munja grass), the deer-skin and (two pieces of) cloth, the yajnopavita (sacred thread) and carry with him a staff, a kamandalu (water-pot of gourd) and a handful of darbha grass as prescribed (in the Shastras).<ref name=":3" />
And according to the shastras, a brahmana student should carry a staff of Palasha tree, a kshatriya od Bilva tree and a Vaishya of the Audumbara (Indian fig) tree.<ref name=":3" />
दण्डाजिनोपवीतानि मेखलां चैव धारयेत् ।<ref name=":9" />
He should also keep the staff, the skin, he sacred thread and the girdle.<ref name=":8" />
And according to the shastras, a brahmana student should carry a staff of Palasha tree, a kshatriya of Bilva tree and a Vaishya of the Audumbara (Indian fig) tree.<ref name=":3" />
Balambatta's glossary on the Yajnavalkya smrti quotes the specifications of the staff enumerated in the Manusmrti.<ref name=":8" />
ब्राह्मणो बैल्वपालाशौ क्षत्रियो वाटखादिरौ । पैलवाउदुम्बरौ वैश्यो दण्डानर्हन्ति धर्मतः । । २.४५ । ।
केशान्तिको ब्राह्मणस्य दण्डः कार्यः प्रमाणतः । ललाटसम्मितो राज्ञः स्यात्तु नासान्तिको विशः । । २.४६ । ।<ref name=":1" />
A brahmana shall carry, according to the sacred law, a staff of Bilva or Palasha; a kshatriya of Vata or Khadira and a Vaishya of Pippala or Udumbara.
The staff of a brahmana shall be made of such length as to reach the end of his hair; that of a kshatriya to reach his forehead; and that of a Vaishya, to reach the tip of his nose.<ref name=":8" />
Garments:
As regards the skin, Manu says,
कार्ष्णरौरवबास्तानि चर्माणि ब्रह्मचारिणः । वसीरन्नानुपूर्व्येण शाणक्षौमाविकानि च । । २.४१ । ।<ref name=":1" />
Let students, according to the order of their castes, wear as upper dresses the skins of black antelopes, spotted deer, and he-goats, and lower garments made of hemp, flax or wool.
The Paraskara grhyasutras also mention that the upper garment of brahmana should be an antelope skin; that of a kshatriya the skin of a spotted deer; of a Vaishya a goat's or a cow's skin. Or if the prescribed sort of garment is not to be had, a cow's hide should be worn by all.<ref name=":8" />
ऐणेयमजिनमुत्तरीयं ब्राह्मणस्य १७ रौरवं राजन्यस्य १८ आजं गव्यं वा वैश्यस्य १९ सर्वेषां वा गव्यमसति प्रधानत्वात् २०<ref>[https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D Paraskara Grhyasutra]</ref>
Upavita: Balambatta's glossary quotes Manu as follows:
कार्पासं उपवीतं स्याद्विप्रस्योर्ध्ववृतं त्रिवृत् । शणसूत्रमयं राज्ञो वैश्यस्याविकसौत्रिकम् । । २.४४ । ।<ref name=":1" />
The sacrificial string of a brahmana shall be made of cotton, shall be twisted to the right, and consist of three threads, that of a kshatriya of hempen threads and that of a Vaishya of woollen threads.
The Baudhayana specifies that the sacrificial thread shall be made of Kusha grass or cotton and consist of thrice three strings. It shall hang down to the navel.<ref name=":8" />
कौशं सौत्रं वा त्रिस्-त्रिवृद् यज्ञोपवीतम् ॥ आ नाभेः ॥<ref>[https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF Baudhayana Dharmasutras]</ref>
=== आचारधर्मः || Code of Conduct ===
=== आचारधर्मः || Code of Conduct ===
नाचरत्यधिकारेण सेवेत द्विषतो न च। एषोऽऽश्रमपदस्तात ब्रह्मचारिण इष्यते।। 21<ref name=":7" />
नाचरत्यधिकारेण सेवेत द्विषतो न च। एषोऽऽश्रमपदस्तात ब्रह्मचारिण इष्यते।। 21<ref name=":7" />
He should serve or worship the preceptor for the sake of learning and should be attentive.<ref name=":8" />
He should serve or worship the preceptor for the sake of learning and should be attentive. (26)
गुरुं चैवाप्युपासीत स्वाध्यायार्थं समाहितः । । १.२६ । ।<ref name=":9" />
And also he should study when invited. Whatever he obtains, he should present it to him. He should always promote his interest by all acts of mind, speech and body. (27)<ref name=":8" />
गुरुं चैवाप्युपासीत स्वाध्यायार्थं समाहितः । । १.२६ । ।
आहूतश्चाप्यधीयीत लब्धं चास्मै निवेदयेत् । हितं तस्याचरेन्नित्यं मनोवाक्कायकर्मभिः । । १.२७ । ।<ref name=":9" />
==== स्त्रीषु व्यवहारः ॥ Behaviour with women ====
==== स्त्रीषु व्यवहारः ॥ Behaviour with women ====
<blockquote>भैक्षेण वर्तयेन्नित्यं नैकान्नादी भवेद्व्रती । भैक्षेण व्रतिनो वृत्तिरुपवाससमा स्मृता । । २.१८८ । ।<ref name=":1" />
<blockquote>भैक्षेण वर्तयेन्नित्यं नैकान्नादी भवेद्व्रती । भैक्षेण व्रतिनो वृत्तिरुपवाससमा स्मृता । । २.१८८ । ।<ref name=":1" />
bhaikṣeṇa vartayennityaṁ naikānnādī bhavedvratī । bhaikṣeṇa vratino vr̥ttirupavāsasamā smr̥tā । । 2.188 । ।</blockquote>It is said that, He who performs the vow (of studentship) shall constantly subsist on alms, (but) not eat the food of one (person only); the subsistence of a student on begged food is declared to be equal (in merit) to fasting.(2.188)<ref name=":0" />
bhaikṣeṇa vartayennityaṁ naikānnādī bhavedvratī । bhaikṣeṇa vratino vr̥ttirupavāsasamā smr̥tā । । 2.188 । ।</blockquote>It is said that, He who performs the vow (of studentship) shall constantly subsist on alms, (but) not eat the food of one (person only); the subsistence of a student on begged food is declared to be equal (in merit) to fasting.(2.188)<ref name=":0" />
The Bhagavata Purana enumerates that a brahmachari should beg for alms both in the morning and in the evening, and offer it to his teacher. If permitted, he should partake of the food, if not (as a test or a punishment or as occasionally required on days of observing fast), he should fast.<ref name=":3" /> <blockquote>सायं प्रातश्चरेद्भैक्षं गुरवे तन्निवेदयेत् । भुञ्जीत यद्यनुज्ञातो नो चेदुपवसेत्क्वचित् ॥ ५॥<ref name=":4" />
The Bhagavata Purana enumerates that a brahmachari should beg for alms both in the morning and in the evening, and offer it to his teacher. If permitted, he should partake of the food, if not (as a test or a punishment or as occasionally required on days of observing fast), he should fast.<ref name=":3" /> <blockquote>सायं प्रातश्चरेद्भैक्षं गुरवे तन्निवेदयेत् । भुञ्जीत यद्यनुज्ञातो नो चेदुपवसेत्क्वचित् ॥ ५॥<ref name=":4" />
<blockquote>अकृत्वा भैक्षचरणं असमिध्य च पावकम् । अनातुरः सप्तरात्रं अवकीर्णिव्रतं चरेत् । । २.१८७ । ।<ref name=":1" />
<blockquote>अकृत्वा भैक्षचरणं असमिध्य च पावकम् । अनातुरः सप्तरात्रं अवकीर्णिव्रतं चरेत् । । २.१८७ । ।<ref name=":1" />
akr̥tvā bhaikṣacaraṇaṁ asamidhya ca pāvakam । anāturaḥ saptarātraṁ avakīrṇivrataṁ caret । । 2.187 । ।</blockquote>
akr̥tvā bhaikṣacaraṇaṁ asamidhya ca pāvakam । anāturaḥ saptarātraṁ avakīrṇivrataṁ caret । । 2.187 । ।</blockquote>ब्राह्मणेषु चरेद्भैक्षं अनिन्द्येष्वात्मवृत्तये । । १.२९ । ।<ref name=":9" />
He should beg from blameless brahmanas for supporting the body.
The mitakshara commentary on the Yajnavalkya smrti clarifies that the rule of begging for self-support incorporates the exception of one's guru, guru's wife and son.<ref name=":8" />
== निषिद्धाचरणम् ॥ Forbidden activities ==
== निषिद्धाचरणम् ॥ Forbidden activities ==
According to the Bhagavata Purana, those who have taken the vow of brahmacharya (celibacy) should avoid the use of collyrium, unguents, massage of the body, dealings with women, painting or viewing pictures of women, meat, spirituous liquor (in the case of those who are permitted to drink, honey in the case of brahmanas), garlands, sandal pigment and ornaments.<ref name=":5" /><blockquote>अञ्जनाभ्यञ्जनोन्मर्दस्त्र्यवलेखामिषं मधु । स्रग्गन्धलेपालङ्कारांस्त्यजेयुर्ये धृतव्रताः ॥ १२॥<ref name=":4" />
According to the Bhagavata Purana, those who have taken the vow of brahmacharya (celibacy) should avoid the use of collyrium, unguents, massage of the body, dealings with women, painting or viewing pictures of women, meat, spirituous liquor (in the case of those who are permitted to drink, honey in the case of brahmanas), garlands, sandal pigment and ornaments.<ref name=":5" /><blockquote>अञ्जनाभ्यञ्जनोन्मर्दस्त्र्यवलेखामिषं मधु । स्रग्गन्धलेपालङ्कारांस्त्यजेयुर्ये धृतव्रताः ॥ १२॥<ref name=":4" />