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# त्रैगुण्यविपर्ययात् । Due to the diversity or differentiation caused by the three Gunas (Satva, Rajas, Tamas). The distribution of Gunas varies in different groups of beings - Satva predominates in deities and saints, Rajas in men and tamas in others such as beasts. This diversity of entities cannot be explained if Purusha is one.  

# त्रैगुण्यविपर्ययात् । Due to the diversity or differentiation caused by the three Gunas (Satva, Rajas, Tamas). The distribution of Gunas varies in different groups of beings - Satva predominates in deities and saints, Rajas in men and tamas in others such as beasts. This diversity of entities cannot be explained if Purusha is one.  

=== योगम् ॥ Yoga Darshana ===

=== योगः ॥ Yoga Darshana ===

Yoga darshana does not explicitly discuss about the manifestation of Purusha in all beings (as seen in Samkhya) but discreetly points to plurality of Purusha, through the usage of the terms in plural tense as seen in the following sutras of Patanjali maharshi.<blockquote>क्लेशकर्मविपाकाशयैरपरामृष्टः पुरुषविशेष ईश्वरः ॥२४॥ kleśakarmavipākāśayairaparāmr̥ṣṭaḥ puruṣaviśeṣa īśvaraḥ ॥24॥(Yoga. Vyas. Bhas. 1.24)<ref name=":0">Patanjali Yoga Darshana With Vyasa Bhashya ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D_-_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%A7 Samadhi Pada 1])</ref></blockquote>Vyasabhasyam to Patanjali sutras clearly explains the plurality through the usage of '''केवलिनः (plural for केवली)''' or मुक्त पुरुषाः । Mukta Purushas (person free from bondage, a jivanmukta). कैवल्यं प्राप्तास्तर्हि सन्ति च बहवः केवलिनः। Many are those केवली । Kevali-s or mukta purushas who attained Kaivalya or Mukti (कैवल्य को प्राप्त किए हुए अनेक 'केवली' अर्थात मुक्त पुरुष हैं).<blockquote>निरतिशयं तत्र सर्वज्ञत्वबीजम् ॥२५॥ niratiśayaṁ tatra sarvajñatvabījam ॥25॥ (Yoga. Vyas. Bhas. 1.25)<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>Vyasabhashyam explanation of the sutra 25 : ज्ञानधर्मोपदेशेन कल्पप्रलयमहाप्रलयेषु संसारिणः पुरुषानुद्धरिष्यामीति । By imparting jnana and dharma I (Ishvara) will elevate the संसारिणः पुरुषान् । beings (Purushas) engaged in worldly activities, at the time of Pralaya (kalpa and mahapralaya). (ज्ञान और धर्म के उपदेश के द्वारा कल्प प्रलय और महा प्रलय में संसारी पुरुषों का उद्धार करूं।)<blockquote>स पूर्वेषामपि गुरुः कालेनानवच्छेदात॥२६॥ sa pūrveṣāmapi guruḥ kālenānavacchedāta॥26॥ (Yoga. Vyas. Bhas. 1.26)<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>Further explanation is given as स एष पूर्वेषामपि गुरुः । He (Ishvara) is the preceptor of all gurus as He is eternal and undeterred by the progress of time.(वह ईश्वर पूर्व सभी गुरुओं का गुरु है काल के प्रवाह में विच्छिन्न न होने से।)

Yoga darshana does not explicitly discuss about the manifestation of Purusha in all beings (as seen in Samkhya) but discreetly points to plurality of Purusha, through the usage of the terms in plural tense as seen in the following sutras of Patanjali maharshi.<blockquote>क्लेशकर्मविपाकाशयैरपरामृष्टः पुरुषविशेष ईश्वरः ॥२४॥ kleśakarmavipākāśayairaparāmr̥ṣṭaḥ puruṣaviśeṣa īśvaraḥ ॥24॥(Yoga. Vyas. Bhas. 1.24)<ref name=":0">Patanjali Yoga Darshana With Vyasa Bhashya ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D_-_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%A7 Samadhi Pada 1])</ref></blockquote>Vyasabhasyam to Patanjali sutras clearly explains the plurality through the usage of '''केवलिनः (plural for केवली)''' or मुक्त पुरुषाः । Mukta Purushas (person free from bondage, a jivanmukta). कैवल्यं प्राप्तास्तर्हि सन्ति च बहवः केवलिनः। Many are those केवली । Kevali-s or mukta purushas who attained Kaivalya or Mukti (कैवल्य को प्राप्त किए हुए अनेक 'केवली' अर्थात मुक्त पुरुष हैं).<blockquote>निरतिशयं तत्र सर्वज्ञत्वबीजम् ॥२५॥ niratiśayaṁ tatra sarvajñatvabījam ॥25॥ (Yoga. Vyas. Bhas. 1.25)<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>Vyasabhashyam explanation of the sutra 25 : ज्ञानधर्मोपदेशेन कल्पप्रलयमहाप्रलयेषु संसारिणः पुरुषानुद्धरिष्यामीति । By imparting jnana and dharma I (Ishvara) will elevate the संसारिणः पुरुषान् । beings (Purushas) engaged in worldly activities, at the time of Pralaya (kalpa and mahapralaya). (ज्ञान और धर्म के उपदेश के द्वारा कल्प प्रलय और महा प्रलय में संसारी पुरुषों का उद्धार करूं।)<blockquote>स पूर्वेषामपि गुरुः कालेनानवच्छेदात॥२६॥ sa pūrveṣāmapi guruḥ kālenānavacchedāta॥26॥ (Yoga. Vyas. Bhas. 1.26)<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>Further explanation is given as स एष पूर्वेषामपि गुरुः । He (Ishvara) is the preceptor of all gurus as He is eternal and undeterred by the progress of time.(वह ईश्वर पूर्व सभी गुरुओं का गुरु है काल के प्रवाह में विच्छिन्न न होने से।)

=== न्यायम् ॥ Nyaya Darshana ===

=== न्यायः ॥ Nyaya Darshana ===

<blockquote>आत्मशरीरेन्द्रियार्थबुद्धिमनःप्रवृत्तिदोषप्रेत्यभावफलदुःखापवर्गाः तु प्रमेयम्।। (Nyay. Dars. 1.1.9)<ref>Nyaya Sutras by Gautama Maharshi ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%A7/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%83 Adhyaya 1 Prathamabhaga])</ref></blockquote>According to the Vatsayana's Bhasyam of Gautama Nyayasutras, one of the qualities of Atma is that it is Bhokta (भोक्ता). It should be noted that Bhoktrutva bhava is explained only when atleast two entities (dvaita) exists. Thus Nyaya siddhanta also accepts Bahupurushavada indirectly  <blockquote>तत्राऽऽत्मा सर्वस्य द्रष्टा, सर्वस्य भोक्ता, सर्वज्ञः, सर्वानुभवकः । तस्य भोगाऽऽयतनं शरीरम् । भोगसाधनानीन्द्रियाणि । <ref>Pt. Ashubodha Vidya Bhushan and Nityabodha Vidyaratna. (Reprint in 2000) ''[https://archive.org/details/187518347NyayaDarshanWithVatsyayanaBhashyaWithTheVrittiOfVishwanathAshubodhaVidy_20180125/page/n29 Nyaya Darshana with Vatsayana Bhasyam and Vritti of Viswanatha.]'' Delhi, Chaukhambha Sanskrit Prasthan.</ref></blockquote>The substratum (base) of Atma is Sharira (body) and because there are many bodies it can be considered that Atmas are also many in number.

<blockquote>आत्मशरीरेन्द्रियार्थबुद्धिमनःप्रवृत्तिदोषप्रेत्यभावफलदुःखापवर्गाः तु प्रमेयम्।। (Nyay. Dars. 1.1.9)<ref>Nyaya Sutras by Gautama Maharshi ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83_%E0%A5%A7/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%83 Adhyaya 1 Prathamabhaga])</ref></blockquote>According to the Vatsayana's Bhasyam of Gautama Nyayasutras, one of the qualities of Atma is that it is Bhokta (भोक्ता). It should be noted that Bhoktrutva bhava is explained only when atleast two entities (dvaita) exists. Thus Nyaya siddhanta also accepts Bahupurushavada indirectly  <blockquote>तत्राऽऽत्मा सर्वस्य द्रष्टा, सर्वस्य भोक्ता, सर्वज्ञः, सर्वानुभवकः । तस्य भोगाऽऽयतनं शरीरम् । भोगसाधनानीन्द्रियाणि । <ref>Pt. Ashubodha Vidya Bhushan and Nityabodha Vidyaratna. (Reprint in 2000) ''[https://archive.org/details/187518347NyayaDarshanWithVatsyayanaBhashyaWithTheVrittiOfVishwanathAshubodhaVidy_20180125/page/n29 Nyaya Darshana with Vatsayana Bhasyam and Vritti of Viswanatha.]'' Delhi, Chaukhambha Sanskrit Prasthan.</ref></blockquote>The substratum (base) of Atma is Sharira (body) and because there are many bodies it can be considered that Atmas are also many in number.

Manyness or Plurality of Atma is indicated by the mention of Number (संख्या), Dimension (परिमाण), Separateness (पृथक्त्वम् separateness due to delineation, restriction), Samyoga (संयोग । Conjunction) and Vibhaga (विभागः । Disjunction).<ref>Pt. Ganganath Jha. (1916) ''[https://archive.org/details/prashastapadabhashya/page/n82 The Padartha Dharmasangraha of Prashastapada with the Nyayakandali of Sridhara.]'' Benares : E. J. Lazarus and Co.</ref>

Manyness or Plurality of Atma is indicated by the mention of Number (संख्या), Dimension (परिमाण), Separateness (पृथक्त्वम् separateness due to delineation, restriction), Samyoga (संयोग । Conjunction) and Vibhaga (विभागः । Disjunction).<ref>Pt. Ganganath Jha. (1916) ''[https://archive.org/details/prashastapadabhashya/page/n82 The Padartha Dharmasangraha of Prashastapada with the Nyayakandali of Sridhara.]'' Benares : E. J. Lazarus and Co.</ref>

=== वेदान्तम् ॥ Vedanta Darshana (Uttara Mimamsa) ===

=== वेदान्तः ॥ Vedanta Darshana (Uttara Mimamsa) ===

<blockquote>जगदुव्यापारवर्जम् प्रकरणात् असन्निहितत्वाच्च ॥ ''jagaduvyāpāravarjam prakaraṇāt asannihikatvācca'' (4.4.17)<ref>Brahmasutras ([<nowiki>http://estudantedavedanta.net/Brahma%20Sutras%20-%20According%20to%20Sri%20Sankara%20by%20Swami%20Vireswarananda%20</nowiki>&#x5B;Sanskrit-English&#x5D;.pdf 4.4.17])</ref><ref>Brahma Sutras with Bhashyas ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%83_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%83_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83#%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D Adhyaya 4 Pada 4])</ref></blockquote>The muktatma (released atma) attains all Ishvariya powers except the power of creation, maintenance of srishti and pralaya (जगदुव्यापारः) on account of Isvara being the subject matter of all texts where creation etc are described and the muktatma not being mentioned in that connection.

<blockquote>जगदुव्यापारवर्जम् प्रकरणात् असन्निहितत्वाच्च ॥ ''jagaduvyāpāravarjam prakaraṇāt asannihikatvācca'' (4.4.17)<ref>Brahmasutras ([http://estudantedavedanta.net/Brahma%20Sutras%20-%20According%20to%20Sri%20Sankara%20by%20Swami%20Vireswarananda%20&#x5B;Sanskrit-English&#x5D;.pdf Adhyaya 4])</ref><ref>Brahma Sutras with Bhashyas ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%83_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%83_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83#%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D Adhyaya 4 Pada 4])</ref></blockquote>The muktatma (released atma) attains all Ishvariya powers except the power of creation, maintenance of srishti and pralaya (जगदुव्यापारः) on account of Isvara being the subject matter of all texts where creation etc are described and the muktatma not being mentioned in that connection.

== References ==

== References ==