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Line 24: − + + + + + + + + − + + + − The manas is of the nature of indecision. It is a binary state of mind where one makes a resolve or intent (samkalpa) once and then hesitates against that intent (vikalpa) thinking about other alternatives; it is a state of mind where there is no firm resolve. The presiding deity of the manas is the moon. Manas constitutes the general indeterminate thinking. It is also the state where perception or gathering information from the outer world through the five senses of cognition or Jnanendriyas happens.<ref>Certificate Course in Yoga by Indira Gandhi National Open University, New Delhi ([http://egyankosh.ac.in//handle/123456789/59797 Unit-9])</ref>+ − + − निश्चयात्मिका बुद्धिः । बुद्धेर्ब्रह्मा ।+ + + + + − The buddhi (intellect) is of the nature of decision, and the presiding deity is Brahma. It is a faculty of discrimination, which distinguishes between the right and wrong. − === Ahamkara === − अहंकर्ता अहंकारः । अहंकारस्य रुद्रः । − Ahamkara (ego) is of the nature of doership governed by Rudra.+ − + − चिन्तनकर्तृ चित्तम् । चित्तस्य वासुदेवः ।+ − Chitta (memory) is of the nature of thinking or recollection, ruled by Vasudeva.+ − In Vedantasara<ref>Swami Nikhilananda. ''Vedantasara of Sadananda. With Introduction, Text, English Translation and Comments.'' Almora: Advaita Ashrama. 1931. pp 49</ref>, Sadananda Yogindra describes Chitta as one of the Antahkarana vrittis which is involved in memory and recollection. Chitta is treated as one of the modifications of Antahkarana.<blockquote>अनुसन्धानात्मिकान्तःकरणवृत्तिः चित्तम्।। (Vedantasara. 68)</blockquote>Meaning: Chitta (referred to as Memory) is that modification of the inner organ which remembers.+ Line 56:
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Antahkarana Chatushtaya (अन्तःकरणचतुष्टयम्) (view source)
Revision as of 16:32, 16 March 2023
, 16:32, 16 March 2023Added content
Vedanta Paribhasha, a seminal text of Vedanta, by Dharmarajadhvarindra, defines the four-fold modifications of Antahkarana as follows.<blockquote>साच वृत्तिश्चतुर्विधा-- संशयो निश्चयो गर्वः स्मरणमिति। एवं सति वृत्तिभेदेनैकमप्यन्तःकरणं मन इति बुद्धिरिति अहङ्कार इति चित्तमिति चाख्यायते। तदुक्तम्- मनोबुद्धिरहङ्कारश्चित्तं करणमान्तरम् । संशयोनिश्चयोगर्वः स्मरणं विषया इमे । (Veda. Pari. 1)<ref name=":1">[https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9B%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83 Vedanta Paribhasha]</ref><ref>Vachaspatya ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0 See चित्त])</ref></blockquote>That (mental) state is of four kinds: doubt, certitude, egoism and recollection. Owing to this diversity of states of the mind, though one, is designated as the manas, the intellect, the ego, and the chitta. It has been said - the manas, buddhi, ahamkara and chitta constitute Antahkarana or the internal instrument. Doubt or indecision (संशय), certainty or decision (निश्चय), egoism or I-sense (गर्वः) and recollection or memory (स्मरण) - these are respectively their objects.<ref>Swami Madhavananda. trans., ''Vedanta Paribhasha of Dharmaraja Adhvarindra.'' Howrah: The Ramakrishna Mission Sarada Pitha. pp 34</ref>
Vedanta Paribhasha, a seminal text of Vedanta, by Dharmarajadhvarindra, defines the four-fold modifications of Antahkarana as follows.<blockquote>साच वृत्तिश्चतुर्विधा-- संशयो निश्चयो गर्वः स्मरणमिति। एवं सति वृत्तिभेदेनैकमप्यन्तःकरणं मन इति बुद्धिरिति अहङ्कार इति चित्तमिति चाख्यायते। तदुक्तम्- मनोबुद्धिरहङ्कारश्चित्तं करणमान्तरम् । संशयोनिश्चयोगर्वः स्मरणं विषया इमे । (Veda. Pari. 1)<ref name=":1">[https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9B%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83 Vedanta Paribhasha]</ref><ref>Vachaspatya ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0 See चित्त])</ref></blockquote>That (mental) state is of four kinds: doubt, certitude, egoism and recollection. Owing to this diversity of states of the mind, though one, is designated as the manas, the intellect, the ego, and the chitta. It has been said - the manas, buddhi, ahamkara and chitta constitute Antahkarana or the internal instrument. Doubt or indecision (संशय), certainty or decision (निश्चय), egoism or I-sense (गर्वः) and recollection or memory (स्मरण) - these are respectively their objects.<ref>Swami Madhavananda. trans., ''Vedanta Paribhasha of Dharmaraja Adhvarindra.'' Howrah: The Ramakrishna Mission Sarada Pitha. pp 34</ref>
As it cannot operate on external objects except through the organs of sense and action, it is said to be an internal instrument or Antahkarana. One may note that Samkhya system calls the buddhi, ahamkara and manas as antahkarana, the inner organ in contrast to the five sense organs and organs of action which are external organs or bahyakarana.
As it cannot operate on external objects except through the organs of sense and action, it is said to be an internal instrument or Antahkarana. One may note that Samkhya system calls the buddhi, ahamkara and manas as antahkarana, the inner organ in contrast to the five sense organs and organs of action which are external organs or bahyakarana. Perception involves the coordination of the external sense organs and the internal organ (Antahkarana).
== Origin and Components of Antahkarana ==
== Origin and Components of Antahkarana ==
एतेषां पञ्चतत्त्वानां समष्टिसात्विकांशात्
एतेषां पञ्चतत्त्वानां समष्टिसात्विकांशात्
मनोबुद्ध्यहङ्कार चित्तान्तःकरणानि सम्भूतानि ।
मनोबुद्ध्यहङ्कार चित्तान्तःकरणानि सम्भूतानि ।<ref name=":3">[https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%83 Tattvabodha] by Shri Adi Shankaracharya</ref>
They are governed by the antahkarana devatas (अन्तःकरणदेवताः)
They are governed by the antahkarana devatas (अन्तःकरणदेवताः)
=== Buddhi ===
निश्चयात्मिका बुद्धिः । बुद्धेर्ब्रह्मा । (Tattvabodha)<ref name=":3" />
The buddhi (intellect) is of the nature of decision, and the presiding deity is Brahma. It is a faculty of discrimination, which distinguishes between what is right and wrong.
Vedantasara mentions,"बुद्धिर्नाम निश्चयात्मिकान्तःकरणवृत्तिः।
=== Manas ===
=== Manas ===
सङ्कल्पविकल्पात्मकं मनः । मनसो देवता चन्द्रमाः ।
सङ्कल्पविकल्पात्मकं मनः । मनसो देवता चन्द्रमाः । (Tattvabodha)<ref name=":3" />
The manas is of the nature of indecision. It is a binary state of mind where one makes a resolve or intent (samkalpa) once and then hesitates against that intent (vikalpa) thinking about other alternatives; it is a state of mind where there is no firm resolve. The presiding deity of the manas is the moon. Manas constitutes the general indeterminate thinking. It is also the state where perception or gathering information from the outer world through the five senses of cognition or Jnanendriyas happens.<ref name=":4">Certificate Course in Yoga by Indira Gandhi National Open University, New Delhi ([http://egyankosh.ac.in//handle/123456789/59797 Unit-9])</ref>
मनो नाम सङ्कल्पविकल्पात्मिकान्तःकरणवृत्तिः।
Here the translation of manas as mind is not applied as Antahkarana which is of composite functionality is used to refer to mind.
Here the translation of manas as mind is not applied as Antahkarana which is of composite functionality is used to refer to mind.
=== Buddhi ===
अनयोरेव चित्ताहङ्कारयोरन्तर्भावः।
=== Chitta ===
चिन्तनकर्तृ चित्तम् । चित्तस्य वासुदेवः । (Tattvabodha)<ref name=":3" />
Chitta (memory) is of the nature of thinking or recollection, ruled by the deity Vasudeva. The objects perceived by the manas through the five senses of cognition are stored in the Chitta/memory as impressions. Hence chitta is the storehouse of Karma and samskaras (impressions).<ref name=":4" />
In Vedantasara<ref>Swami Nikhilananda. ''Vedantasara of Sadananda. With Introduction, Text, English Translation and Comments.'' Almora: Advaita Ashrama. 1931. pp 49</ref>, Sadananda Yogindra describes Chitta as one of the Antahkarana vrittis which is involved in memory and recollection. Chitta is treated as one of the modifications of Antahkarana.<blockquote>अनुसन्धानात्मिकान्तःकरणवृत्तिः चित्तम्।। (Vedantasara. 68)</blockquote>Meaning: Chitta (referred to as Memory) is that modification of the inner organ which remembers.
=== Chitta ===
=== Ahamkara ===
अहंकर्ता अहंकारः । अहंकारस्य रुद्रः । (Tattvabodha)<ref name=":3" />
Ahamkara (ego) is of the nature of doership governed by Rudra. It is the sense of I-ness, or the faculty of identity. It is the identification of ourselves with the outer world, which comes with Dehatma-bhava or identifying ourselves with the body.<ref name=":4" />
अभिमानात्मिकान्तःकरणवृत्तिः अहङ्कारः।
== Antahkarana Vrtti ==
== Antahkarana Vrtti ==
According to the Vedanta philosophy when an organ perceives an object the mind transforms itself into the object. When, for instance, the eye sees a pot the mind projects itself through the eye and takes the form of the pot. When the Antahkarana becomes absolutely sure of the existence of the pot then it is known as Buddhi, but when it cannot determine whether it is a pot or something else, then it is called Manas. Similarly when the Antahkarana remembers an object it is denoted as Chitta. Lastly when it establishes the relationship of "I" or ‘mine' with the object as, for example in, ‘I know the object', ‘I am happy' or ‘mine is the happiness’, it is known as Ahamkara.
According to the Vedanta philosophy when an organ perceives an object the mind transforms itself into the object. When, for instance, the eye sees a pot the mind projects itself through the eye and takes the form of the pot. When the Antahkarana becomes absolutely sure of the existence of the pot then it is known as Buddhi, but when it cannot determine whether it is a pot or something else, then it is called Manas. Similarly when the Antahkarana remembers an object it is denoted as Chitta. Lastly when it establishes the relationship of "I" or ‘mine' with the object as, for example in, ‘I know the object', ‘I am happy' or ‘mine is the happiness’, it is known as Ahamkara.
=== The Process of Perception ===
In modern parlance, the perceptual process involves the mind (antaḥkaraṇa in its buddhi function) going out to the object via sensory channels. In perception the buddhi makes contact with the object via the sensory channels. This gives rise to modifications in the buddhi and vṛttis arise in the mind. Vṛttis are processed by the manas, which with its selective attention subjects the vṛttis to analysis, assimilation, and discrimination. Vṛttis thus become determinate and definitive; and are broken into subject–predicate relationship. This is the process by which the objects are reflectively apprehended. When, at the next stage, vṛttis are appropriated by the ahaṁkāra, which is the self-referencing system, they become associated with the person. Then one has the self-apprehension of the objects. With such self-referencing made possible by the ahaṁkāra and the determinate form given by the manas, vṛttis find themselves back in the buddhi with all the manifest modifications. Advaita makes a distinction between (a) the perception of an object and (b) the perception of object as object. The former involves the identity of cognitive (pramāṇa) and object consciousness (viṣaya caitanya). In the perception of the object as object, there is in addition to the identification of the object, an identification with the person who has that perception. For example, the person identifies that the rose is red, but he also knows that he knows about the redness of the rose. Here the vṛtti is referred to and appropriated by the jiva (the empirical self). (Dharmarājadhvarīndra 1942, pp. 58–59).<ref name=":2" />
== Antahkarana and Psychology ==
== Antahkarana and Psychology ==
The tendencies of the mind (Antahkarana) as the inner instrument (manas + intellect + mind + ego + heart) impact the daily life and hence it is imperative for a person to understand these states of the mind. Is the term "Manovijnana" an accurate translation of psychology? Because in the West, the term" "psyche" has a history of its own and is used in cultural-scientific-philosophical areas. While in India, the manas is a part of the Antahkarana which includes the manas, the intellect, the memory and the ego. Therefore, while the term 'Antahkarana' may possibly be a near translation for psychology, there are still practical difficulties in defining Indian psychology. The psychological aspects within Antahkarana must be defined in such a way that they do not encroach upon the realm of spirituality and yet enable one to analyse and teach how to evaluate problems in life in general. In the Vedas, the Upanishads, the literature and the philosophy, many qualitative and analytical facts are said to be about the mind, which are required to be discussed in the nature of the inner self.<ref>Aggarwal, Piyush. “Yogavasisth Me Antahkarana Vimarsh.” ''International Journal of Hindi Research'' 3, no. 1 (January 2017): 58–60.</ref>
Mind, in conventional psychology is often considered as the software and the brain its hardware. Questions arise whether it is matter, energy or a field or an emotional state. The neurobiological approach tries to explain the mind as a by-product of physico-chemical processes involving the billions of neurons in the human brain and its various components are the thought process, emotions, intelligence and awareness.<ref name=":4" />
The tendencies of the mind (Antahkarana) as the inner instrument (manas + intellect + mind + ego + heart) impact the daily life and hence it is imperative for a person to understand these states of the mind. Is the term "Manovijnana" an accurate translation of psychology? Because in the West, the term" "psyche" has a history of its own and is used in cultural-scientific-philosophical temperaments. While in India, the manas is a part of the Antahkarana which constitutes the intellect, the memory and the ego along with manas. Therefore, while the term 'Antahkarana' may possibly be a near translation for psychology, there are still practical difficulties in defining Indian psychology. The psychological aspects within Antahkarana must be defined in such a way that they do not encroach upon the realm of spirituality and yet enable one to analyse and teach how to evaluate problems in life in general. In the Vedas, the Upanishads, Sahitya and the Darshanas, many qualitative and analytical facts are given about manas, which require further discussion in the context of the Antahkarana.<ref>Aggarwal, Piyush. “[https://www.academia.edu/35964554/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7_%E0%A4%A0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%83_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B6_pdf Yogavasisth Me Antahkarana Vimarsh].” ''International Journal of Hindi Research'' 3, no. 1 (January 2017): 58–60.</ref>
== References ==
== References ==
[[Category:Vedanta]]
[[Category:Vedanta]]
[[Category:Yoga]]
[[Category:Yoga]]