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Samkhya Yoga conception of mind may be taken to represent broadly the central view in the Indian tradition not withstanding minor differences. As in Samkhya, mind is the instrument of knowledge, emotion, and volition in Advaita. Again, mind is different from consciousness. In both systems the mind is conceived as going out to the objects to have perceptual experience. One significant difference between Samkhya Yoga and Advaita Vedanta in their notion of the mind is that in Advaita consciousness is alone real and that mind is not ultimately real. Its reality is confined only to the illusory phenomenal world (vyāvahārika sattā). In Samkhya, both consciousness and mind are real.<ref name=":2" />

Samkhya Yoga conception of mind may be taken to represent broadly the central view in the Indian tradition not withstanding minor differences. As in Samkhya, mind is the instrument of knowledge, emotion, and volition in Advaita. Again, mind is different from consciousness. In both systems the mind is conceived as going out to the objects to have perceptual experience. One significant difference between Samkhya Yoga and Advaita Vedanta in their notion of the mind is that in Advaita consciousness is alone real and that mind is not ultimately real. Its reality is confined only to the illusory phenomenal world (vyāvahārika sattā). In Samkhya, both consciousness and mind are real.<ref name=":2" />

The [[Upanishads (उपनिषदः)|Upanishads]] describe four parts of the Antahkarana, or Antahkarana Chatusthaya, namely,

The [[Upanishads (उपनिषदः)|Upanishads]] describe four components of the Antahkarana, or Antahkarana Chatusthaya, having the following functions

# Chitta - storehouse of samskaras or vasanas

# Chitta - storehouse of samskaras or vasanas

# Buddhi - the decision making faculty

# Buddhi - the decision making faculty

# Manas - the information synthesizing faculty

# Manas - the information synthesizing faculty

== Definition of Antahkarana ==

== Four Kinds of Mental States ==

Vedanta Paribhasha, a seminal text of Vedanta, by Dharmarajadhvarindra, defines the four-fold Antahkarana as follows.<blockquote>अन्तःकरणभेदे - मनोबुद्धिरहङ्कारश्चित्तं करणमान्तरम् । संशयोनिश्चयोगर्वः स्मरणं विषया इमे । (Veda. Pari. 1)<ref name=":1">[https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9B%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83 Vedanta Paribhasha]</ref><ref>Vachaspatya ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0 See चित्त])</ref></blockquote>Antahkarana, refers to an inner organ consisting of four elements viz., manas, buddhi, ahamkara and chitta.   

Vedanta Paribhasha, a seminal text of Vedanta, by Dharmarajadhvarindra, defines the four-fold modifications of Antahkarana as follows.<blockquote>साच वृत्तिश्चतुर्विधा-- संशयो निश्चयो गर्वः स्मरणमिति। एवं सति वृत्तिभेदेनैकमप्यन्तःकरणं मन इति बुद्धिरिति अहङ्कार इति चित्तमिति चाख्यायते। तदुक्तम्- मनोबुद्धिरहङ्कारश्चित्तं करणमान्तरम् । संशयोनिश्चयोगर्वः स्मरणं विषया इमे । (Veda. Pari. 1)<ref name=":1">[https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9B%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83 Vedanta Paribhasha]</ref><ref>Vachaspatya ([https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0 See चित्त])</ref></blockquote>That (mental) state is of four kinds: doubt, certitude, egoism and recollection. Owing to this diversity of states of the mind, though one, is designated as the manas, the intellect, the ego, and the chitta. It has been said - the manas, buddhi, ahamkara and chitta constitute Antahkarana or the internal instrument. Doubt or indecision (संशय), certainty or decision  (निश्चय), egoism or I-sense (गर्वः) and recollection or memory (स्मरण) - these are respectively their objects.<ref>Swami Madhavananda. trans., ''Vedanta Paribhasha of Dharmaraja Adhvarindra.'' Howrah: The Ramakrishna Mission Sarada Pitha. pp 34</ref>  

As it cannot operate on external objects except through the organs of sense and action, it is said to be an internal instrument or Antahkarana. One may note that Samkhya system calls the buddhi, ahamkara and manas as antahkarana, the inner organ in contrast to the five sense organs and organs of action which are external organs or bahyakarana.

As it cannot operate on external objects except through the organs of sense and action, it is said to be an internal instrument or Antahkarana. One may note that Samkhya system calls the buddhi, ahamkara and manas as antahkarana, the inner organ in contrast to the five sense organs and organs of action which are external organs or bahyakarana.

सङ्कल्पविकल्पात्मकं मनः । मनसो देवता चन्द्रमाः ।

सङ्कल्पविकल्पात्मकं मनः । मनसो देवता चन्द्रमाः ।

The manas is of the nature of indecision, and the presiding deity of the manas is the moon. Manas constitutes the general indeterminate thinking. Here the translation of manas as mind is not applied as Antahkarana which is of composite functionality is used to refer to mind.

The manas is of the nature of indecision. It is a binary state of mind where one makes a resolve or intent (samkalpa) once and then hesitates against that intent (vikalpa) thinking about other alternatives; it is a state of mind where there is no firm resolve. The presiding deity of the manas is the moon. Manas constitutes the general indeterminate thinking. It is also the state where perception or gathering information from the outer world through the five senses of cognition or Jnanendriyas happens.<ref>Certificate Course in Yoga by Indira Gandhi National Open University, New Delhi ([http://egyankosh.ac.in//handle/123456789/59797 Unit-9])</ref>

 

Here the translation of manas as mind is not applied as Antahkarana which is of composite functionality is used to refer to mind.

=== Buddhi ===

=== Buddhi ===

निश्चयात्मिका बुद्धिः । बुद्धेर्ब्रह्मा ।

निश्चयात्मिका बुद्धिः । बुद्धेर्ब्रह्मा ।

The buddhi (intellect) is of the nature of decision, and the presiding deity is Brahma.

The buddhi (intellect) is of the nature of decision, and the presiding deity is Brahma. It is a faculty of discrimination, which distinguishes between the right and wrong.

=== Ahamkara ===

=== Ahamkara ===

According to the Vedanta philosophy when an organ perceives an object the mind transforms itself into the object. When, for instance, the eye sees a pot the mind projects itself through the eye and takes the form of the pot. When the Antahkarana becomes absolutely sure of the existence of the pot then it is known as Buddhi, but when it cannot determine whether it is a pot or something else, then it is called Manas. Similarly when the Antahkarana remembers an object it is denoted as Chitta. Lastly when it establishes the relationship of "I" or ‘mine' with the object as, for example in, ‘I know the object', ‘I am happy' or ‘mine is the happiness’, it is known as Ahamkara.

According to the Vedanta philosophy when an organ perceives an object the mind transforms itself into the object. When, for instance, the eye sees a pot the mind projects itself through the eye and takes the form of the pot. When the Antahkarana becomes absolutely sure of the existence of the pot then it is known as Buddhi, but when it cannot determine whether it is a pot or something else, then it is called Manas. Similarly when the Antahkarana remembers an object it is denoted as Chitta. Lastly when it establishes the relationship of "I" or ‘mine' with the object as, for example in, ‘I know the object', ‘I am happy' or ‘mine is the happiness’, it is known as Ahamkara.

== References ==

== References ==

[[Category:Vedanta]]

[[Category:Vedanta]]

[[Category:Yoga]]

[[Category:Yoga]]