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Line 207: − + − + − + − + − + − + − + + + + + − Ushma means heat is responsible for digestion, Vayu helps move the food forward in digestive system, kleda helps in loosening the bulk of food, sneha softens the food consumed, kala is required to complete this process and produce the desirable outcome from it, samayoga means appropriate combination of these factors helps to establish equilibrium in the formed Dhatus.+ + − === ॥ Significance of proper digestion of food to obtain good health, strength and long life ===+ − Ahara is indispensable for survival and maintenance of [[Sharira (शरीरम्)|shariram]] in this loka (world). Thus it is highly regarded. However, Ahara can not be utilized as it is by body building tissues. In order to acquire all the benefits from ahara i.e. longevity, strength, lusture, nourishment, growth, [[Ojas (ओजः)|ojas]], health and well-being, it is necessary that ahara gets completely digested and transformed properly into rasa dhatu. <ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /> The completely transformed ahara can become the part of this body provided it is of the similar properties and not contrary to that of body tissues. And when such ahara similar in quality to that of body tissues nourishes the body components, all the desired benefits from ahara can be obtained. <blockquote>परिणमतस्त्वाहारस्य गुणाः शरीरगुणभावमापद्यन्ते यथास्वमविरुद्धाः; विरुद्धाश्च विहन्युर्विहताश्च विरोधिभिः शरीरम् (cha.Sha.6.16)<ref>Charaka Samhita (Sharirasthanam Adhyaya 6 Sutra 16-17)</ref></blockquote>On the contrary when the transformed ahara possesses qualities that are opposite in nature of that of body tissues which build strength, it can not nourish and replenish [[Dhatus (धातवः)|dhatus]] but lead to disease development. Thus proper pachanam of ahara is highly important in order to stay healthy, fit and strong. This pachanam is controlled by multiple factors. The portion size or quantity of food is one of those. Ayurveda acharyas have also described other factors that should be closely monitored to reap the superior goodness from Ahara in all aspects of life . These factors are called as Ashta Ahara vidhi visheshayatanas. <ref>Charaka Samhita (Vimanasthanam Adhyaya 2 Sutra 4)</ref> − + − + − + − + − + − + − मात्राशी स्यात्| आहारमात्रा पुनरग्निबलापेक्षिणी| (Char. Samh. 5.3) <ref>Charaka Samhita (Sutrasthanam Adhyaya 5 sutra 3)</ref>+ − + − + − + + + − + − + − + − + − + − + Line 261:
Line 267: − + − + − − == ॥ Ashta Ahara vidhi vishesha ayatanani == − Ahara is the chief source of nourishment for sustenance of life. It provides the strength , energy, and nutrition necessary for smooth functioning of entire body-mind system. However, all these benefits from ahara can be obtained when it is consumed in a specific manner. According to Ayurveda, How we eat is equally important as What we eat. The method of eating has significant impact on the final outcome of consuming a specific food. Therefore, Ayurveda also gives significant importance to the methods of eating which can be considered as the basic dietetic rules. − − There are few factors which need to be considered before taking the food in order to obtain maximum benefits from the food that is being consumed. There are 8 such factors and those are collectively known as Ashta Ahara vidhi visheshayatanani in Ayurveda. <blockquote>तत्र खल्विमान्यष्टावाहारविधिविशेषायतनानि भवन्ति; तद्यथा- प्रकृतिकरणसंयोगराशिदेशकालोपयोगसंस्थोपयोक्त्रष्टमानि (भवन्ति) ॥ (Char. Samh. 1.21)<ref>Charaka Samhita (Vimanasthanam Adhyaya 1 Sutram 21)</ref></blockquote>The meaning of the term ‘Ashta Ahara vidhi visheshayatanani’ − − Th can be split into 5 parts as below − * Ashta- Means number 8 − * Ahara- Food − * Vidhi- Method or manner − * Vishesha- Specific effect i.e. beneficial or harmful − * Ayatanani- Seat/ grounds/ responsible factors − Collectively it can be understood as ‘the method of eating food based on 8 specific grounds’ − − Therefore, in order to understand or select the right way to consume food for any person, it is necessary to consider these 8 factors. When food is taken considering these factors, one can get all desired benefits from right chosen food without getting any untoward effects. Prakriti, Karana, Samyoga, Rashi, Desha, Kala'','' Upayoga-samstha and Upyokta are these 8 factors. − − 8 factors to be considered while taking food are as below − # Prakriti- Qualitative characteristic of food − # Karana- Processing of food − # Samyoga- Combination/ mixing − # Rashi- The Quantity − # Desha- Habitat − # Kala- Time & Seasonal variation − # Upayoga-Samstha- Classical Ayurvedic Rules of eating − # Upayokta -The person who takes the food/ User − The right way to eat any food presented in front of you should be decided after considering these 8 factors to get best possible benefits from it. − − This includes points like the quantity to be consumed, accompaniments to be chosen while taking that food, time to eat that food etc. This provides guideline for healthy eating practices. It is believed that, food consumed after considering these factors and implementing these rules provides all benefits and does not become the cause for ailments. On the other hand, food can be the cause for multiples diseases when it is consumed without considering these factors. − − == ॥ Common mistakes done while taking ahara and their effects on Body == − Ahara is believed to be the best among those things which are essential for maintenance of livelihood. Since it is such an extremely important lifestyle factors, there are some rules related to its consumption and some basic guidelines.<ref name=":2" /> Some of those are listed below, − # Eating in excess quantity of Ahara is the chief cause of Ama generation (Foundational stone for disease development) − # Eating in quantity as per one's Agni's strength is the best way to kindle the digestive fire i.e. Agni − # Eating food that is compatible for one's body type and suitable or habitual to one is the best practice one can adopt − # Eating on right time (timely eating) is the best method to stay healthy − # Eating once a day is best for smooth digestive functioning − # Staying food deprived or empty stomach is life threatening or reduces life span − # Guru Ahara eating is the chief cause for indigestion − # Eating unbalanced food (Only one rasa dominant or only one type of food) is the prime cause of malnourishment − # Overeating (taking next food before the previous one is digested) is the primary cause of dysfunction of grahani (chief digestive organ) − # Untimely eating is the leading cause of agni disturbances/ irregularities − # Eating Viruddha ahara (incompatible food) is the primary cause of developing nindita rogas e.g. Obesity, gigantism, dwarfism, pigmentation disorders etc − − == ॥ Aharavidhi How to eat == − Aharavidhi in Ayurveda refers to the code of eating food. It includes guidelines on eating food for getting best results from food that is consumed. These guidelines are advantageous for healthy as well as sick individuals. These should be followed even if the best suitable food is to be consumed which is supposed to give favorable outcomes.<ref>Charaka Samhita (Vimanasthanam Adhyaya 1 Sutram 24)</ref> The basic guidelines are given below, − * Eat when fresh and hot − * Eat unctuous food (food articles that lack unctuousness or fats are prohibited) − * Eat in appropriate quantity − * Consume food when the previous food is digested − * Take the food which is not contradictory in veerya (potency and thermal energy) i.e fulfilling basic needs of the body − * Eat at right place (in terms of hygiene, environment, availability etc) − * Eat when all necessary accessories for eating are available − * Do not eat at a very fast pace or very slowly − * While eating one should try not to talk and laugh − * Concentrate on food while eating and pay due regard to oneself − − == ॥ Metal for vessel to store specific aharadravyas == − − Ayurveda gives keen attention to not just the food and methods to consume it but also to the method of serving it and storing it. It is believed that all these factors contribute in the final effect of the food that is being consumed. It is known that, material of the container in which the food is served and stored affects the quality of the food. In Sushruta Samhita, one can find the guidelines on the selection of vessel for storage of a specific type of a food recipe. For example ghee (clarified butter of cow milk) is advised to be stored in a vessel made up of black iron while rice gruel is to be stored in a vessel of silver. It is said that when these food articles are stored and served in such specific metal's vessel they give add-on health benefits. <ref name=":3">Sushruta Samhita (Sutrasthanam Adhyaya 46 Sutras 449-457)</ref> − − {| class="wikitable" − |+Type of container to store specific food articles − !Sr No − !Food Articles − !Material/type of the vessel − |- − |1 − |Ghrutam (Ghee) − |Black iron − |- − |2 − |Peya (Rice gruel), Liquids, Juices/Soups − |Silver − |- − |3 − |Fruits and other solid foods − |Plant leaves − |- − |4 − |Dried and marinated food − |Gold − |- − |5 − |Spicy, Salty, Sour − |Stone − |- − |6 − |Milk, Water − |Copper − |- − |7 − |Alcohol, Sour/fermented drinks − |Clay/Mud, Glass − |- − |8 − |Raga, Shadava, Sattaka (Traditional sour preparations-) − |Vaidurya (types of a precious stone) − |} − − == ॥ Arrangement of food stuffs in a plate == − In most of the cultures across Bharata, traditionally the food is served in a plate in a specific manner. There exists a sequence and specific place in in a plate for a specific food article. The roots of this type of serving food are found to be in the classical treatises on Ayurveda. In Sushruta Samhita, the arrangement of food articles in a plate has been clearly mentioned.<ref name=":3" /> This description on food arrangement also throws light on the variety of food articles on ancient Bharatiya's plate, traditional balanced diet and probabaly a secret to good health from ancient wisdom. According to Ayurveda the food should be arranged and served in the following manner. − − On a clean, presentable, big size plate, − * Soup/Dal, curry, rice, broth should be placed at the front end of plate − * Solid food should be placed at the front place near soups − * Fruits, vegetables, meat is to be served on the right hand side of the person on a plate − * Other liquids, pickles, gruels should be served on the left hand side on the plate − * Sweets, confectioneries should be served in the middle on the plate. − In this way the food articles should be arranged and served on plate. − − == ॥ Panchakarmas after ahara == − [[Panchakarmas (पञ्चकर्माणि)|Panchakarmas]] are the shodhana karmas (cleansing therapies) described in Ayurveda. They are used in specific dosha dominant illnesses where the basic dosha pacifying medicines wont prove effective enough to manage the illness. Also these procedures are implemented under medical supervision in specific health conditions in eligible individuals at appropriate time. There are stringent rules regarding their implementation. In almost all the panchakarmas and associates procedures, there are specific rules regarding ahara. Usually the chief panchakarmas are not done after the intake of food. Also there exists a specific diet plan which should be followed before and after panchakarmas. However, there exists one type of minor procedure under upakarmas (minor cleansing therapies) which is advised to be carried out after having food and it is known as Dhumapana. Dhumapana involves inhaling and exhaling the medicated smoke for cleansing excess kapha and vata accumulated in upper body. One of the type of it is Madhyama (moderate) Dhumapana. It is advised that one can take this kind of dhumapana after having food.<ref>Ashtanga Hrudayam (Sutrasthanam Adhyaya 21 Sutra 6)</ref> There are other suitable times for dhumpana mentioned also. − − == ॥ Ahara as medicine == − Various diseases develop due to intake of inappropriate and unwholesome ahara (food). Therefore it is counted as one of the causative factors for diseases. But at the same time, appropriate changes in such food articles and their consumption manners can also cure these diseases. Therefore, Ahara is believed to be the equally consequential medicine in Ayurveda. Administration of right diet plan in a patient with any disease gives fast relief and many a time offers permanent cure. Thus Ayurveda [[Vaidya (वैद्यः)|Vaidya]] always recommends do's and dont's in Ahara while giving treatment for any disease. These are known as Pathyas & Apathyas. − − === ॥ Medicine category === − [[Chikitsa (चिकित्सा)|Chikitsa]] i.e. treatment is said to be of 3 types in Ayurveda literature. Daivavyapashraya, Yuktivyapashraya and Satvavajaya. Among these 3 types, use of wholesome food articles and administration of diet plan is counted under the Yuktivyapashraya type of a [[Chikitsa (चिकित्सा)|chikitsa]]. <blockquote>युक्तिव्यपाश्रयं- पुनराहारौषधद्रव्याणां योजना.. (Char. Samh. 11.54)<ref>Charaka Samhita (Sutrasthanam Adhyaya 11 Sutra 54)</ref></blockquote> − − === ॥ The only medicine in certain conditions === − Ahara is the only medicine to regain strength during recovery from diseases. Many acute severe or chronic diseases affect the person in such a way that the person recovering from them becomes weak, looses strength and remains incompetent to perform routine activities. In many instances the strength of the patient is lost due to the strong medicines used for treatment of the disease which in turn make the person weak. In such conditions Ayurveda scholars have identified and emphasized the role of ahara as medicine. In spite of using any medicine to boost strength, it is advised to use different types of food recipes that will boost energy and strength. In such cases, ghee, meat soup, milk, soups/broths etc. <blockquote>भेषजक्षपिते पथ्यमाहारैरेव बृंहणम्|....</blockquote><blockquote>..तथा स लभते शर्म युज्यते चायुषा चिरम्||२३|| Cha.Su. 16.22-23</blockquote>Going further the benefit of administering such diet in diseases individuals, Ayurveda acharyas have mentioned that, it helps to balance the the body-mind-energy complex and increase the longevity. − − === ॥ Role of ahara in management of diseases === − Any medicine used to treat a [[Roga (रोगः)|roga]] (disease) in Ayurveda, is believed to act chiefly on doshas and dhatus. It helps to re-establish the equilibrium of these components responsible for laying the foundation of disease. Samanya vishesha siddhanta is commonly used to select the dravyas (medicinal substances) to treat that disease. Therefore when ahara is to be used to manage a certain ailment or in addition to medicines, food articles, recipes and combinations are selected which will help to reduce the aggravated doshas, increase the depleted dhatus etc. Since Ahara and shariram as well as its component like doshas and dhatus are also panchabhautika in nature, 5 elements are the basis of this type of activity of ahara. 5 mahabhutas in ahara help to increase or reduce the disturbed 5 mahabhutas in shariram. <blockquote>अनया चोक्त्या आहारः शरीरगतानां भावानां समानगुणानां गुणद्वारेण वर्द्धनहेतुः,विपरीत गुणानां च क्षयहेतुः इति प्रतिपादयति ----</blockquote><blockquote>यथास्वं ते च पुष्णन्ति पक्वा भूतगुणान् पृथक्| पार्थिवाः पार्थिवानेव शेषाः शेषांश्च देहगान् (Asht. Hrud. 3.60)<ref>Ashtanga Hrudayam (Sharirasthanam Adhyaya 3 Sutra 60)</ref></blockquote> − + − The subject of food can not end without recipes. Ayurveda acharya in their treatises have not missed this extremely important aspect of administering food. At many instances they have described recipes of medicinal food articles which would be beneficial for intake in special health conditions. Various recipes have been designed in such a way that not just the food ingredient in it but also its processing method will be adding quality to that recipe which will be desired in that specific health conditions. There are certain classical treatises like Kshemakutuhalam that are entirely dedicated for describing ancient traditional and healthy recipes which have basis of Ayurveda and were commonly followed in Bharata in ancient times. One can find the mention of Sanyawa (Haluwa), Ghewara (a type of jalebi) and many such interesting preparations in Ayurveda treatises in the context of management of diseases. For example, in the management of certain Shirorogas (diseases of head & neck), use of Sanyawa, Madhumastaka, Ghrutapoora (ghewara) etc has been advocated. <ref>Sushruta Samhita (Uttaratantram Adhyaya 26 Sutras 37-38)</ref> Similarly in certain rogas like Jwara, Pandu use of soups of Mudga (Green gram), Masura, Chanaka, Makushthaka has been recommended in aharakala (right time of having food). <ref>Sushruta Samhita (Uttaratantram Adhyaya 39 Sutra 150-151)</ref> + + + − In this way, Ayurveda describes the Ahara, its significance, its types, guidelines for food intake, its role in causing diseases and also its role in management of diseases in depth. Ahara has been given paramount importance when the matter of the life comes forward. Owing to Ahara's crucial role in maintaining the life, one must take utmost precautions while taking food. One should not indulge in intake of unwholesome food out of greed or ignorance. The wholesome food taken in appropriate manner is the key to healthy and long life. +
Deleted content which was added under 2 new pages on food habits and food as medicine
The term Ahara (आहारः) in Samskrit refers to the food or diet. Any food that is consumed to gain energy or to continue the survival is called as Ahara in Ayurveda. Anna (अन्नम्), Bhojana (भोजनम्), Ashana (अशनम्) are some synonyms commonly used to refer Ahara in Ayurveda. Ahara has been identified as that entity which is responsible for sustenance of life of a person. It provides nourishment, strength, health and at the same time can cause various diseases if not consumed in an appropriate way. Thus, it is counted as the first among 3 supporting pillars of life i.e. Trayopasthambhas (त्रयोपस्तंभाः).
The term Ahara (आहारः) in Samskrit refers to the food or diet. Any food that is consumed to gain energy or to continue the survival is called as Ahara in Ayurveda. Anna (अन्नम्), Bhojana (भोजनम्), Ashana (अशनम्) are some synonyms commonly used to refer Ahara in Ayurveda. Ahara has been identified as that entity which is responsible for sustenance of life of a person. It provides nourishment, strength, health and at the same time can cause various diseases if not consumed in an appropriate way. Thus, it is counted as the first among 3 supporting pillars of life i.e. Trayopasthambhas (त्रयोपस्तंभाः).
Ayurveda lays great emphasis on selection and consumption of Ahara for maintenance of health and well-being. It is considered to be the most important factor in one' life responsible for longevity, strength and health. Not just that but Ayurveda scholars have opined that Deha or [[Sharira (शरीरम्)|Shariram (शरीरम)]] is made up of ahara (food). All the body components and elements are originated from and maintained through food. And therefore one needs to be extra cautious while taking food. Food should not be consumed out of affection (without mindfulness) or in ignorance since food taken in this way might prove harmful. Thus it is recommended that ahara should be consumed after properly assessing or understanding its nature.
Ayurveda lays great emphasis on selection and consumption of Ahara for maintenance of health and well-being. It is considered to be the most important factor in one' life responsible for longevity, strength and health. Not just that but Ayurveda scholars have opined that Deha or [[Sharira (शरीरम्)|Shariram (शरीरम)]] is made up of ahara (food). All the body components and elements are originated from and maintained through food. And therefore one needs to be extra cautious while taking food. Food should not be consumed out of affection (without mindfulness) or in ignorance since food taken in this way might prove harmful. Thus it is recommended that ahara should be consumed after properly assessing or understanding its nature.
<blockquote>एवं च कृत्वाऽन्नमया एव देहे सर्वे भावाः॥ न रागान्नाप्यविज्ञानादाहारानुपयोजयेत्| परीक्ष्य हितमश्नीयाद्देहो ह्याहारसम्भवः ॥ (Char. Samh. 28.41)<ref>Charaka Samhita (Sutrasthanam Adhyaya 28 Sutram 41)</ref> </blockquote><blockquote>evaṁ ca kr̥tvā'nnamayā eva dehe sarve bhāvāḥ॥ na rāgānnāpyavijñānādāhārānupayojayet| parīkṣya hitamaśnīyāddeho hyāhārasambhavaḥ ॥ (Char. Samh. 28.41)</blockquote>
<blockquote>एवं च कृत्वाऽन्नमया एव देहे सर्वे भावाः॥ न रागान्नाप्यविज्ञानादाहारानुपयोजयेत्| परीक्ष्य हितमश्नीयाद्देहो ह्याहारसम्भवः ॥ (Char. Samh. 28.41)<ref>Charaka Samhita (Sutrasthanam Adhyaya 28 Sutram 41)</ref>
Meaning: Therefore all body components have their origin in food. One should not take food with greed and ignorance. One should consume wholesome food after evaluation as the body is formed from food.
evaṁ ca kr̥tvā'nnamayā eva dehe sarve bhāvāḥ॥ na rāgānnāpyavijñānādāhārānupayojayet| parīkṣya hitamaśnīyāddeho hyāhārasambhavaḥ ॥ (Char. Samh. 28.41) </blockquote>Meaning: Therefore all body components have their origin in food. One should not take food with greed and ignorance. One should consume wholesome food after evaluation as the body is formed from food.
=== आहारस्य तथा देहस्य अपि पाञ्चभौतिकत्वम् ॥ 5 Elemental nature of ahara and deha ===
=== आहारस्य तथा देहस्य अपि पाञ्चभौतिकत्वम् ॥ 5 Elemental nature of ahara and deha ===
When the food is selected with caution based on the needs and suitability, it should ideally produce favorable effects and well-being. Similarly when any unsuitable food is consumed it should lead to adverse outcomes. However, that is not the case always. Not the the food article but also the some other associated factors are found equally important for the final outcome of the food displayed on body. Ayurveda acharyas have identified these factors discerningly and described their role in deciding the final outcome with examples.<ref>Charaka Samhita ([https://niimh.nic.in/ebooks/ecaraka/?mod=read&h=hitAhitAnA Sutrasthanam Adhyaya 25 Sutra 30-32])</ref> The factors that decide the final outcome of ahara are as follows,
When the food is selected with caution based on the needs and suitability, it should ideally produce favorable effects and well-being. Similarly when any unsuitable food is consumed it should lead to adverse outcomes. However, that is not the case always. Not the the food article but also the some other associated factors are found equally important for the final outcome of the food displayed on body. Ayurveda acharyas have identified these factors discerningly and described their role in deciding the final outcome with examples.<ref>Charaka Samhita ([https://niimh.nic.in/ebooks/ecaraka/?mod=read&h=hitAhitAnA Sutrasthanam Adhyaya 25 Sutra 30-32])</ref> The factors that decide the final outcome of ahara are as follows,
* Matra (मात्रा) : Quantity/portion of food
* Matra (मात्रा) : Quantity/portion of food
* Kala : Time (Season/whether) of consumption of a specific food article
* Kala (कालः): Time (Season/whether) of consumption of a specific food article
* Kriya : Food processing technique
* Kriya (क्रिया): Food processing technique
* Bhumi : Region (Regional food diversity/culture suited to the local environment)
* Bhumi (भूमिः): Region (Regional food diversity/culture suited to the local environment)
* Deha : Body type / size/ weight
* Deha (देहः): Body type / size/ weight
* Dosha : dominant dosha or dosha status specific to individual, disease, co-morbiditites
* Dosha (दोषः): dominant dosha or dosha status specific to individual, disease, co-morbiditites
* Avastha of Purusha : Age and pattern of [[Doshas (दोषाः)|doshas]], [[Dhatus (धातवः)|dhatus]] specific to every age
* Avastha of Purusha (पुरुष अवस्था): Age and pattern of [[Doshas (दोषाः)|doshas]], [[Dhatus (धातवः)|dhatus]] specific to every age
== भोजनार्थे योग्य कालः॥ Bhojana kala ==
== भोजनार्थे योग्य कालः॥ Bhojana kala ==
=== दिनचर्यायाम् भोजनस्य कालः ॥ Bhojan kala in daily routine ===
=== दिनचर्यायाम् भोजनस्य कालः ॥ Bhojan kala in daily routine ===
Dinacharya refers to the ideal daily regime of the person which can maintain his health and wellness. The daily routine explained by Ayurveda scholars includes diet as an integral part of it. The right time of having food is mentioned after having explained all the cleansing process right up to the bath. Thus most importantly food is to be taken only after the wastes generated from previous day's metabolism are removed, body is cleansed and good appetite is observed.
Dinacharya refers to the ideal daily regime of the person which can maintain his health and wellness. The daily routine explained by Ayurveda scholars includes diet as an integral part of it. The right time of having food is mentioned after having explained all the cleansing process right up to the bath. Thus most importantly food is to be taken only after the wastes generated from previous day's metabolism are removed, body is cleansed and good appetite is observed.
Also see [[Healthy food habits (आहारविधिः)]] page for more details.
== आहार परिणमनम् वा पाचनम्॥ Digestion and transformation of food ==
== आहार परिणमनम् वा पाचनम्॥ Digestion and transformation of food ==
=== आहार परिणमन कालः ॥ Ahara parinaman kala ===
=== आहार परिणमन कालः ॥ Ahara parinaman kala ===
Ahara parinaman kala means the time required for complete digestion and transformation of the food. In Ashtanga Hrudayam , acharya Vagbhata has explained that there are varied opinions of scholars about this time. Few scholars suggest that the food is transformed completely in a ahoratra (24 hours/ 1 daytime+ 1 night-time) while some opine that it takes 6 days to get transformed. There are other scholars of opinion that the food gets transformed completely and reaches upto the last [[Dhatus (धातवः)|dhatu]] in the sequence i.e. [[Shukra Dhatu (शुक्र धातुः)|Shukra]] after a period of a month (28 days).<ref>Ashtanga Hrudayam (Sharirasthanam Adhyaya 3 Sutra 65-66)</ref> Thus Ahara is transformed into Rasa dhatu in a period of a day while it takes a period of almost a week or a month to show its effect on the last Shukra dhatu. This knowledge is applied while deciding a timeline for treatment, diet and planning other treatment modalities.
Ahara parinaman kala means the time required for complete digestion and transformation of the food. In Ashtanga Hrudayam , Acharya Vagbhata has explained that there are varied opinions of scholars about this time. Few scholars suggest that the food is transformed completely in a ahoratra (24 hours/ 1 daytime+ 1 night-time) while some opine that it takes 6 days to get transformed. There are other scholars of opinion that the food gets transformed completely and reaches upto the last [[Dhatus (धातवः)|dhatu]] in the sequence i.e. [[Shukra Dhatu (शुक्र धातुः)|Shukra]] after a period of a month (28 days).<ref>Ashtanga Hrudayam (Sharirasthanam Adhyaya 3 Sutra 65-66)</ref> Thus Ahara is transformed into Rasa dhatu in a period of a day while it takes a period of almost a week or a month to show its effect on the last Shukra dhatu. This knowledge is applied while deciding a timeline for treatment, diet and planning other treatment modalities.
=== आहारस्य अजीर्णे सामान्यहेतवः ॥ Factors that affect proper digestion of food ===
=== आहारस्य अजीर्णे सामान्यहेतवः ॥ Factors that affect proper digestion of food ===
Ayurveda acharyas have identified few factors that can potentially disturb the process of Ahara parinamanam.<ref>Sushruta Samhita (Sutrasthanam Adhyaya 46 Sutra 500-501)</ref> These factors are mentioned below,
Ayurveda acharyas have identified few factors that can potentially disturb the process of Ahara parinamanam.<ref>Sushruta Samhita (Sutrasthanam Adhyaya 46 Sutra 500-501)</ref> These factors are mentioned below,
* Atyambupanaअत्यम्बुपाना
* Atyambupanaअत्यम्बुपानम्
* Vishamashanam द्विषमाशनाद्वा
* Vishamashanam विषमाशनम्
* Vega sandharana सन्धारणात्
* Vega sandharana सन्धारणम्
* Swapnaviparyaya स्वप्नविपर्ययाच्च
* Swapnaviparyaya स्वप्नविपर्ययम्
* Psycholagical status of person who takes food: ईर्ष्याभयक्रोधपरिक्षतेन लुब्धेन शुग्दैन्यनिपीडितेन | प्रद्वेषयुक्तेन च सेव्यमानमन्नं
* Psycholagical status of person who takes food: ईर्ष्याभयक्रोधपरिक्षतेन लुब्धेन शुग्दैन्यनिपीडितेन | प्रद्वेषयुक्तेन च सेव्यमानमन्नं
It is opined that, when a person consumes food in this manner, however wholesome suitable and light food it might be but, it does not get digested and transformed properly even of it taken on right time. Therefore it is highly recommended to avoid these factors that impede the ahara parinamana and lay foundation for illness.
It is opined that, when a person consumes food in this manner, however wholesome suitable and light food it might be but, it does not get digested and transformed properly even of it taken on right time. Therefore it is highly recommended to avoid these factors that impede the ahara parinamana and lay foundation for illness.
=== ॥ Aharaparinamakara bhava ===
=== आहारपरिणामकराः भावाः ॥ Aharaparinamakara bhava ===
Ahara parinamana refers to the digestion of food and its transformation into rasa dhatu which then further provides nutrition to entire body. If the digestion and transformation of food is not proper, the undigested form of food in the rasa dhatu can cause multiple diseases. [[Aharparinamakara Bhavas (आहारपरिणामकराः भावाः)|Aharaparinamkara Bhavas]] are the factors responsible for transformation of food into bio-available nutrients which are capable of building and repairing body tissues. These factors are responsible for proper digestion of food so that most of the nutrients from that food required by body are absorbed and utilized. If function of any one of these factors is disturbed, the food undergoing the process of digestion is not processed well and instead of fulfilling the nutritional requirements of body, the improperly digested food becomes the cause for multiple ailments. Therefore Ayurveda lays high importance on well regulated functioning of all these food transforming factors to achieve health and well-being. <blockquote>आहारपरिणामकरास्त्विमे भावा भवन्ति| तद्यथा- ऊष्मा, वायुः, क्लेदः, स्नेहः, कालः, समयोगश्चेति ||१४|| (Cha.Sha.6.14)</blockquote>Meaning: Factors responsible for transformation of the food are, Ushma (Heat), Vayu (Air), Kleda (Moisture), Sneha (oiliness or lubrication), Kala (time) and Samayoga (appropriate combination of all these factors for every individual).
Ahara parinamana refers to the digestion of food and its transformation into rasa dhatu which then further provides nutrition to entire body. If the digestion and transformation of food is not proper, the undigested form of food in the [[Rasa Dhatu (रस धातु)|rasa dhatu]] (रस धातुः) can cause multiple diseases. [[Aharparinamakara Bhavas (आहारपरिणामकराः भावाः)|Aharaparinamkara Bhavas (आहारपरिणामकराः भावाः]]) are the factors responsible for transformation of food into bio-available nutrients which are capable of building and repairing body tissues. These factors are responsible for proper digestion of food so that most of the nutrients from that food required by body are absorbed and utilized. If function of any one of these factors is disturbed, the food undergoing the process of digestion is not processed well and instead of fulfilling the nutritional requirements of body, the improperly digested food becomes the cause for multiple ailments. Therefore Ayurveda lays high importance on well regulated functioning of all these food transforming factors to achieve health and well-being. <blockquote>आहारपरिणामकरास्त्विमे भावा भवन्ति| तद्यथा- ऊष्मा, वायुः, क्लेदः, स्नेहः, कालः, समयोगश्चेति ॥ (Char. Samh. 6.14)<ref>Charaka Samhita (Sharirasthanam Adhyaya 6 Sutra 14)</ref>
āhārapariṇāmakarāstvime bhāvā bhavanti| tadyathā- ūṣmā, vāyuḥ, kledaḥ, snehaḥ, kālaḥ, samayogaśceti ॥ (Char. Samh. 6.14)</blockquote>Meaning: Factors responsible for transformation of the food are, Ushma (Heat), Vayu (Air), Kleda (Moisture), Sneha (oiliness or lubrication), Kala (time) and Samayoga (appropriate combination of all these factors for every individual).
Ushma (उष्मा) means heat is responsible for digestion, Vayu (वायुः) helps move the food forward in digestive system, kleda (क्लेदः) helps in loosening the bulk of food, sneha (स्नेहः) softens the food consumed, kala (कालः) is required to complete this process and produce the desirable outcome from it, samayoga(समयोगः) means appropriate combination of these factors helps to establish equilibrium in the formed Dhatus.
=== सम्यक् परिणमतस्य आहारस्य लाभाः ॥ Significance of proper digestion of food to obtain good health, strength and long life ===
Ahara is indispensable for survival and maintenance of [[Sharira (शरीरम्)|shariram]] in this loka (world). Thus it is highly regarded. However, Ahara can not be utilized as it is by body building tissues. In order to acquire all the benefits from ahara i.e. longevity, strength, lusture, nourishment, growth, [[Ojas (ओजः)|ojas]], health and well-being, it is necessary that ahara gets completely digested and transformed properly into rasa dhatu. <ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /> The completely transformed ahara can become the part of this body provided it is of the similar properties and not contrary to that of body tissues. And when such ahara similar in quality to that of body tissues nourishes the body components, all the desired benefits from ahara can be obtained. <blockquote>परिणमतस्त्वाहारस्य गुणाः शरीरगुणभावमापद्यन्ते यथास्वमविरुद्धाः; विरुद्धाश्च विहन्युर्विहताश्च विरोधिभिः शरीरम् (Char. Samh. 6.16)<ref>Charaka Samhita (Sharirasthanam Adhyaya 6 Sutra 16-17)</ref>
pariṇamatastvāhārasya guṇāḥ śarīraguṇabhāvamāpadyante yathāsvamaviruddhāḥ; viruddhāśca vihanyurvihatāśca virodhibhiḥ śarīram (Char. Samh. 6.16)</blockquote>On the contrary when the transformed ahara possesses qualities that are opposite in nature of that of body tissues which build strength, it can not nourish and replenish [[Dhatus (धातवः)|dhatus]] but lead to disease development. Thus proper pachanam (पाचनम्) of ahara is highly important in order to stay healthy, fit and strong. This pachanam is controlled by multiple factors. The portion size or quantity of food is one of those. Ayurveda acharyas have also described other factors that should be closely monitored to reap the superior goodness from Ahara in all aspects of life . These factors are called as Ashta Ahara vidhi visheshayatanas (अष्टौ आहारविधि विशेषायतनानि). <ref>Charaka Samhita (Vimanasthanam Adhyaya 2 Sutra 4)</ref>
== ॥ Aharashakti ==
== आहारशक्तिः॥ Aharashakti ==
Ayurveda believes that, Bala (Strength) and Ayu (longevity) of a person are dependent on one's ahara. Therefore assessing one's food (intake) capacity could be a good criterion to assess one's strength and longevity as well. Thus, assessment of this parameter is one part of clinical examination of a patient which a Ayurveda practitioner performs.<ref>Charaka Samhita (Vimanasthanam Adhyaya 8 Sutra 94)</ref> It is believed that, not just the food intake capacity but also the capacity to digest the consumed food is also equally important to get rough idea of one's strength and longevity.<ref>Charaka Samhita (Vimanasthanam Adhyaya 8 sutra 120)</ref> Ayurveda gives high importance to the digestion and transformation of ingested food and therefore is is considered as the integral part of examination of a patient.
Ayurveda believes that, [[Balam (बलम्)|Bala (बलम् Strength)]] and [[Ayu (आयुः)|Ayu (आयुः longevity)]] of a person are dependent on one's ahara. Therefore assessing one's food (intake) capacity could be a good criterion to assess one's strength and longevity as well. Thus, assessment of this parameter is one part of clinical examination of a patient which a Ayurveda practitioner performs.<ref>Charaka Samhita (Vimanasthanam Adhyaya 8 Sutra 94)</ref> It is believed that, not just the food intake capacity but also the capacity to digest the consumed food is also equally important to get rough idea of one's strength and longevity.<ref>Charaka Samhita (Vimanasthanam Adhyaya 8 sutra 120)</ref> Ayurveda gives high importance to the digestion and transformation of ingested food and therefore is is considered as the integral part of examination of a patient.
== ॥ Ahara matra ==
== आहारस्य योग्या मात्रा॥ Ahara matra ==
The portion size or quantity of ahara taken at a time is called as Ahara matra. The right quantity of ahara is believed to be crucial for smooth digestion and formation of good quality of rasa dhatu. There are certain factors that can help to decide the right quantity for given. The guna or innate property of food article, constitution of the individual, agni of the person, proportion of the solids-liquids are some of the important factors. How one can decide if he has consumed food in right amount can be decided by guidelines given by Ayurveda treatises. Some of them are mentioned below.
The portion size or quantity of ahara taken at a time is called as Ahara matra (मात्रा). The right quantity of ahara is believed to be crucial for smooth digestion and formation of good quality of [[Rasa Dhatu (रस धातु)|rasa dhatu]]. There are certain factors that can help to decide the right quantity for given. The guna or innate property of food article, constitution of the individual, agni of the person, proportion of the solids-liquids are some of the important factors. How one can decide if he has consumed food in right amount can be decided by guidelines given by Ayurveda treatises. Some of them are mentioned below.
=== ॥ Based on agni ===
=== अग्निनुसारिणि मात्रा॥ Based on agni ===
The quantity of the food to be taken should be decided based on the strength of the agni of the individual. This is the ideal approach. This simply means one should consume as much food as one can properly digest and does not suffer from any digestion related issues thereafter.
The quantity of the food to be taken should be decided based on the strength of the [[Agni (अग्निः)|agni (अग्निः]]) of the individual. This is the ideal approach. This simply means one should consume as much food as one can properly digest and does not suffer from any digestion related issues thereafter. <blockquote>मात्राशी स्यात्| आहारमात्रा पुनरग्निबलापेक्षिणी| (Char. Samh. 5.3) <ref>Charaka Samhita (Sutrasthanam Adhyaya 5 sutra 3)</ref>
mātrāśī syāt| āhāramātrā punaragnibalāpekṣiṇī| (Char. Samh. 5.3)</blockquote>
=== ॥ Based on property of food article ===
=== द्रव्यानुसारिणि मात्रा॥ Based on property of food article ===
The food articles that are guru (heavy for digestion or take long time to get digested) should be taken half their satiety level experienced by the consumer while foods that are laghu (light on digestion) can be taken upto the satisfaction. <blockquote>गुरूणामर्धसौहित्यं लघूनां तृप्तिरिष्यते | द्रवोत्तरो द्रवश्चापि न मात्रागुरुरिष्यते (Sush. Samh. 46.495) <ref>Sushruta Samhita (Sutrasthanam Adhyaya 46 Sutram 495)</ref></blockquote>
The food articles that are guru (heavy for digestion or take long time to get digested) should be taken half their satiety level experienced by the consumer while foods that are laghu (light on digestion) can be taken upto the satisfaction. <blockquote>गुरूणामर्धसौहित्यं लघूनां तृप्तिरिष्यते | द्रवोत्तरो द्रवश्चापि न मात्रागुरुरिष्यते (Sush. Samh. 46.495) <ref>Sushruta Samhita (Sutrasthanam Adhyaya 46 Sutram 495)</ref>
=== ॥ Based on volume or quantity ===
gurūṇāmardhasauhityaṁ laghūnāṁ tr̥ptiriṣyate | dravottaro dravaścāpi na mātrāgururiṣyate (Sush. Samh. 46.495)</blockquote>
=== कुक्षिविभागानुसारिणि मात्रा॥ Based on volume or quantity ===
Ayurveda acharyas give guidelines for deciding right quantity or portion of food that is being consumed. This has been described on the basis of physical form of food and the space available within imaginary partitions inside the stomach. If we consider that the stomach is divided into 3 parts then, for solid food and liquids one compartment each is to be utilized while a sufficient space i.e. one third space is to be kept vacant for movement of doshas which participate in the process of digestion.<ref>Charaka Samhita (Vimanasthanam Adhyaya 2 Sutram 3)</ref> Moral of the entire consideration is that one should not over-stuff the stomach with food. solids and liquids both should be taken in balanced proportion and at the same time some part of your stomach should be kept empty to facilitate easy digestion.
Ayurveda acharyas give guidelines for deciding right quantity or portion of food that is being consumed. This has been described on the basis of physical form of food and the space available within imaginary partitions inside the stomach. If we consider that the stomach is divided into 3 parts then, for solid food and liquids one compartment each is to be utilized while a sufficient space i.e. one third space is to be kept vacant for movement of doshas which participate in the process of digestion.<ref>Charaka Samhita (Vimanasthanam Adhyaya 2 Sutram 3)</ref> Moral of the entire consideration is that one should not over-stuff the stomach with food. solids and liquids both should be taken in balanced proportion and at the same time some part of your stomach should be kept empty to facilitate easy digestion.
=== ॥ Prakrti and ahara matra ===
=== देह-प्रकृतिनुसारिणि मात्रा॥ Prakrti and ahara matra ===
Different doshas have different impact on the status of the agni. This decides the appetite of the person and how much one can eat. Thus while describing prakrti, Ayurveda treatises mention about the appetite pattern of individuals having specific dosha's dominance due to [[Prakrti in Ayurveda (प्रकृतिः)|prakrti]]. The relation of dosha prakruti and appetite is given below.
Different [[Doshas (दोषाः)|doshas]] have different impact on the status of the agni. This decides the appetite of the person and how much one can eat. Thus while describing prakrti, Ayurveda treatises mention about the appetite pattern of individuals having specific dosha's dominance due to [[Prakrti in Ayurveda (प्रकृतिः)|prakrti (प्रकृतिः)]]. The relation of dosha prakruti and appetite is given below.
* Kapha- The people with kapha [[Prakrti in Ayurveda (प्रकृतिः)|prakrti]] eat alpa (less). <ref>Ashtanga Hrudayam (Sharirasthanam Adhyaya 3 Sutra 101)</ref>
* Kapha (कफ)- The people with kapha [[Prakrti in Ayurveda (प्रकृतिः)|prakrti]] eat alpa (अल्पम् less). <ref>Ashtanga Hrudayam (Sharirasthanam Adhyaya 3 Sutra 101)</ref>
* Pitta- Those with Pitta dominant constitution eat a lot and also frequently.<ref name=":10">Charaka Samhita (Vimanasthanam Adhyaya 8 Sutra 97-98 )</ref>
* Pitta (पित्त)- Those with Pitta dominant constitution eat a lot and also frequently.<ref name=":10">Charaka Samhita (Vimanasthanam Adhyaya 8 Sutra 97-98 )</ref>
* Vata- Those with vata dominant constitution tend to eat less and in small quantities.<ref name=":10" />
* Vata (वात)- Those with vata dominant constitution tend to eat less and in small quantities.<ref name=":10" />
=== ॥ How do I understand I have eaten in right quantity? ===
=== सम्यक मात्रया भुक्तस्य लक्षणानि॥ How do I understand I have eaten in right quantity? ===
Ayurveda acharyas have given some simple clues to understand whether the person has eaten in right quantity. Since every individuals capacity to eat is different and it varies based on multiple factors, the hints to understand right quantity for everyone are based on symptoms the person experiences and not in weight or any measures. According to Acharya Charaka, the person has eaten the food in right quantity when it,
Ayurveda acharyas have given some simple clues to understand whether the person has eaten in right quantity. Since every individuals capacity to eat is different and it varies based on multiple factors, the hints to understand right quantity for everyone are based on symptoms the person experiences and not in weight or any measures. According to Acharya Charaka, the person has eaten the food in right quantity when it,
* Does not cause undue pressure on stomach
* Does not cause undue pressure on stomach
Such a quantity of food helps in enhancing strength and complexion, gets absorbed better and nourishes the body.<ref>Charaka Samhita (Vimanasthanam Adhyaya 2 Sutram 6)</ref>
Such a quantity of food helps in enhancing strength and complexion, gets absorbed better and nourishes the body.<ref>Charaka Samhita (Vimanasthanam Adhyaya 2 Sutram 6)</ref>
== ॥ Ahara anupana ==
== आहार-अनुपानम्॥ Ahara anupana ==
Anupana is the exclusive concept from pharmacology and dietetics in Ayurveda. The term anupana refers to adjuvant or vehicle or carrier or a drug/food. It is usually a liquid which is given just after or along with some drug/food. Ahara anupana thus refers to the adjuvant of a food article which is deliberately introduced in order to get maximum benefits from that food and reduce its unwanted effects on one's health.
Anupana is the exclusive concept from pharmacology and dietetics in Ayurveda. The term anupana refers to adjuvant or vehicle or carrier or a drug/food. It is usually a liquid which is given just after or along with some drug/food. Ahara anupana thus refers to the adjuvant of a food article which is deliberately introduced in order to get maximum benefits from that food and reduce its unwanted effects on one's health.
In charaka Samhita, the right anupana of ahara is said to be opposite in properties of that food but at the same time it should not be opposite (incompatible) to the [[Dhatus (धातवः)|dhatus]]. Such anupana is believed to increase energy levels, provide nourishment and strength in body on taking that food. It helps in proper digestion and transformation of that food in one's body so that one can get maximum benefits from it. <ref>Charaka Samhita (Sutrasthanam Adhyaya 27 Sutra 319-26)</ref> Subsequently it helps to fulfill the nutritional requirements of the body through the particular diet. <blockquote>अनुपानं हितं युक्तं तर्पयत्याशु मानवम्|</blockquote><blockquote>सुखं पचति चाहारमायुषे च बलाय च||३२६||</blockquote>Meaning: The right anupana of ahara energizes the person. It helps in smooth digestion of the food and ultimately increases strength and longevity.
In charaka Samhita, the right anupana of ahara is said to be opposite in properties of that food but at the same time it should not be opposite (incompatible) to the [[Dhatus (धातवः)|dhatus]]. Such anupana is believed to increase energy levels, provide nourishment and strength in body on taking that food. It helps in proper digestion and transformation of that food in one's body so that one can get maximum benefits from it. <ref>Charaka Samhita (Sutrasthanam Adhyaya 27 Sutra 319-26)</ref> Subsequently it helps to fulfill the nutritional requirements of the body through the particular diet. <blockquote>अनुपानं हितं युक्तं तर्पयत्याशु मानवम्|</blockquote><blockquote>सुखं पचति चाहारमायुषे च बलाय च||३२६||</blockquote>Meaning: The right anupana of ahara energizes the person. It helps in smooth digestion of the food and ultimately increases strength and longevity.
Few examples of aharanupana are given in the classical literature. Selection of these anupanas are based on the properties of that food, the health condition or desired health effect for that person etc. For vata dominant conditions and food, anupana that is snigdha (unctuous) and ushna (hot) in properties is chosen. Various types of fermented preparations made from herbs can prove to be good choice of anupana. However this is to be started under the guidance a qualified [[Vaidya (वैद्यः)|Vaidya]] in order to avoid untoward side effects.
Few examples of aharanupana are given in the classical literature. Selection of these anupanas are based on the properties of that food, the health condition or desired health effect for that person etc. For vata dominant conditions and food, anupana that is snigdha (unctuous) and ushna (hot) in properties is chosen. Various types of fermented preparations made from herbs can prove to be good choice of anupana. However this is to be started under the guidance a qualified [[Vaidya (वैद्यः)|Vaidya]] in order to avoid untoward side effects
== ॥ Specific recipes in specific diseases ==
== आहारविधिः॥ How to eat ==
Aharavidhi in Ayurveda refers to the code of eating food. It includes guidelines on eating food for getting best results from food that is consumed. These guidelines are advantageous for healthy as well as sick individuals. These should be followed even if the best suitable food is to be consumed which is supposed to give favorable outcomes.<ref>Charaka Samhita (Vimanasthanam Adhyaya 1 Sutram 24)</ref> See page [[Healthy food habits (आहारविधिः)]] for more information on this topic.
== आहारस्य महाभेषजत्वम्॥ Ahara as medicine ==
Various diseases develop due to intake of inappropriate and unwholesome ahara (food). Therefore it is counted as one of the causative factors for diseases. But at the same time, appropriate changes in such food articles and their consumption manners can also cure these diseases. Therefore, Ahara is believed to be the equally consequential medicine in Ayurveda. Administration of right diet plan in a patient with any disease gives fast relief and many a time offers permanent cure. Thus Ayurveda [[Vaidya (वैद्यः)|Vaidya]] always recommends do's and dont's in Ahara while giving treatment for any disease. These are known as [[Pathya (पथ्यम्)|Pathyas]] & Apathyas.
For more information on this topic and know interesting healthy recipes from Ayurveda please visit [[Food as medicine (आहारस्य महाभेषजत्वम्)]] page.
== References ==
== References ==
[[Category:Ayurveda]]
[[Category:Ayurveda]]
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