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Line 56: − − == Seasonal ahara == − According to Ayurveda, diet and daily activities of an individual are responsible to maintain or disturb the internal balance of bodily elements. Thus, if one can modify diet and lifestyle or activities according to changes in external environment, one can achieve good health and wellness. <blockquote>तस्याशिताद्यादाहाराद्बलं वर्णश्च वर्धते| यस्यर्तुसात्म्यं विदितं चेष्टाहारव्यपाश्रयम्|| (Char. Samh. 5.3)</blockquote><blockquote>tasyāśitādyādāhārādbalaṁ varṇaśca vardhate| yasyartusātmyaṁ viditaṁ ceṣṭāhāravyapāśrayam|| (Char. Samh. 5.3)</blockquote>Meaning: A person who knows the rutusatmya (getting accustomed to changes in diet and behavior according to seasons), practices such habits timely, and whose diet consists of various types of food articles (with properties such as ashita, pitta lidha and khadita), has his strength and luster enhanced, and he leads a healthy, long life. − − Season specific diet recommendations are given by Ayurveda scholars in the adhyaya of Rutucharya.<ref>Ashtanga Hrudayam (Sutrasthanam Adhyaya 3 Sutra 2)</ref> − − Guidelines on selection of food items are based on the taste of food. The tastes that are to be deliberately included or excluded from diet in a particular season have been explicitly mentioned by Ayurveda treatises. These recommendations are given in order to maintain the equilibrium of doshas, dhatus and malas in body in spite of change in the external environment. The guidelines given are in general applicable to all provided the person following those is healthy and devoid of any other disease. <ref>Commentary of Arundatta On Ashtanaga Hrudayam (Sutrasthanam Adhyaya 3 Sutram 57)</ref> In case of existing diseases or any kind of already present illness, selection of food as per season should be done after taking advice of a qualified [[Vaidya (वैद्यः)|vaidya]]. − − The general guidelines on selection or exclusion of food as per rutu (seasons) can be found in [[Rutucharya (ऋतुचर्या)|Rutucharya]]. Line 82:
Line 73: − − == Various properties and types of Ahara considered by Ayurveda == − Ayurveda classics thoroughly discuss about Ahara and its effects on person. Ahara has been studied in multiple aspects by Ayurveda scholars. As a result, Ahara is classified into various types which actually describe its nature and help to understand its probable effect on body.<ref>Charaka Samhita (Sutrasthanam Adhyaya 25 Sutra 36)</ref> Ayurveda vaidyas consider all these points while assessing patinets' current diet, health and then recommending a specific diet plan for an individual. − # 2 types- based on origin-Sthavara (Vegetarian), Jangama (Non-vegetarian) − # 6 types- based on Rasa- Madhura (Sweet), Amla (Sour), Lavana (Salty), Katu (Pungent), Titkta (Bitter), Kashaya (Astringent) − # 20 types- Based on properties like Hot, Cold, Unctuous, Dry, Soft, Hard etc − # Infinite types - Based on combinations, processing techniques etc. − − === Best Quality of Ahara === − Ahara can have different qualities depending on its ingredients, processing method, taste and texture etc. However, among all other qualities the best quality of Ahara is believed to be its capability to provide satisfaction i.e. satiety. Satiety is also defined as absence of hunger. <blockquote>तृप्तिराहारगुणानां <ref name=":2">Charaka Samhita (Sutrasthanam Adhyaya 25 Sutram 40)</ref></blockquote>Thus the food or ahara that fulfills one's hunger completely so that after eating that food no more feeling of hunger is experienced and the person is satisfied completely is said to be the best quality of Ahara. The ahara which is capable of fulfilling the nutritional needs as well as is desirable for that person can possess this quality. − − == Ahara related basic guidelines and their effects on Body == − Ahara is believed to be the best among those things which are essential for maintenance of livelihood. Since it is such an extremely important lifestyle factors, there are some rules related to its consumption and some basic guidelines.<ref name=":2" /> Some of those are listed below, − # Eating in excess quantity of Ahara is the chief cause of Ama generation (Foundational stone for disease development) − # Eating in quantity as per one's Agni's strength is the best way to kindle the digestive fire i.e. Agni − # Eating food that is compatible for one's body type and suitable or habitual to one is the best practice one can adopt − # Eating on right time (timely eating) is the best method to stay healthy − # Eating once a day is best for smooth digestive functioning − # Staying food deprived or empty stomach is life threatening or reduces life span − # Guru Ahara eating is the chief cause for indigestion − # Eating unbalanced food (Only one rasa dominant or only one type of food) is the prime cause of malnourishment − # Overeating (taking next food before the previous one is digested) is the primary cause of dysfunction of grahani (chief digestive organ) − # Untimely eating is the leading cause of agni disturbances/ irregularities − # Eating Viruddha ahara (incompatible food) is the primary cause of developing nindita rogas e.g. Obesity, gigantism, dwarfism, pigmentation disorders etc Line 148:
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Line 199: − + − [[Panchakarmas (पञ्चकर्माणि)|Panchakarmas]] are the shodhana karmas (cleansing therapies) described in Ayurveda. They are used in specific dosha dominant illnesses where the basic dosha pacifying medicines wont prove effective enough to manage the illness. Also these procedures are implemented under medical supervision in specific health conditions in eligible individuals at appropriate time. There are stringent rules regarding their implementation. In almost all the panchakarmas and associates procedures, there are specific rules regarding ahara. Usually the chief panchakarmas are not done after the intake of food. Also there exists a specific diet plan which should be followed before and after panchakarmas. However, there exists one type of minor procedure under upakarmas (minor cleansing therapies) which is advised to be carried out after having food and it is known as Dhumapana. Dhumapana involves inhaling and exhaling the medicated smoke for cleansing excess kapha and vata accumulated in upper body. One of the type of it is Madhyama (moderate) Dhumapana. It is advised that one can take this kind of dhumapana after having food.<ref>Ashtanga Hrudayam (Sutrasthanam Adhyaya 21 Sutra 6)</ref> There are other suitable times for dhumpana mentioned also. + − + − + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + − Ahara taken by a person is processed by Agni (Jatharagni) located in koshta (equivalent to gastrointestinal tract or gut). After this process, the processed part is divided into 2 parts. On epart is known as sara i.e. essence and the other part is known as kitta i.e. waste. The rasa dhatu formed after the digestion process is called as sara of Ahara. On the other hand, vit (feces) and mutram (Urine) are formed as kitta (wastes) of ahara according to the Ayurveda. Thus Rasa is known as sara while vit and mutra are known as kitta of ahara. <blockquote>विण्मूत्रमाहारमलः सारः प्रागीरितो रसः ॥ (Sush. Samh. 46.528)<ref>Sushruta Samhita (Sutrasthanam Adhyaya 46 Sutra 528)</ref> </blockquote>+ Line 251:
Line 292: − + − Cha.Vi 2.4+ + + + + + + + + + + + − न च केवलं मात्रावत्त्वादेवाहारस्य कृत्स्नमाहारफलसौष्ठवमवाप्तुं शक्यं, प्रकृत्यादीनामष्टानामाहारविधिविशेषायतनानां प्रविभक्तफलत्वात्||४||+ − − Line 267:
Line 317: − + − − == Ahara matra == − − === Based on property of food article === − गुरूणामर्धसौहित्यं लघूनां तृप्तिरिष्यते | − − द्रवोत्तरो द्रवश्चापि न मात्रागुरुरिष्यते ||४९५|| Su.Su.46/495 − − मात्राशी स्यात्| − − आहारमात्रा पुनरग्निबलापेक्षिणी||३|| (Cha.Su. 5.3) − − === Based on volume or quantity === − Ayurveda acharyas give guidelines for deciding right quantity or portion of food that is being consumed. This has been described on the basis of physical form of food and the space available within imaginary partitions inside the stomach. If we consider that the stomach is divided into 3 parts then, for solid food and liquids one compartment each is to be utilized while a sufficient space i.e. one third space is to be kept vacant for movement of doshas which participate in the process of digestion.<ref>Charaka Samhita (Vimanasthanam Adhyaya 2 Sutram 3)</ref> Moral of the entire consideration is that one should not over-stuff the stomach with food. solids and liquids both should be taken in balanced proportion and at the same time some part of your stomach should be kept empty to facilitate easy digestion. − − === Prakruti and ahara matra === − Kapha- alpa- A.H.SHA.3.101 − − Pitta- Prabhuta ashana pana , dandashuka Cha vi. 8.97 − − Vata- Laghu ahara Cha vi 8.98 − − === How do I understand I have eaten in right quantity? === − Ayurveda acharyas have given some simple clues to understand whether the person has eaten in right quantity. Since every individuals capacity to eat is different and it varies based on multiple factors, the hints to understand right quantity for everyone are based on symptoms the person experiences and not in weight or any measures. According to Acharya Charaka, the person has eaten the food in right quantity when it, − * Does not cause undue pressure on stomach − * Does not cause obstruction in the proper functioning of the circulatory system − * Does not exert any pressure on the sides of the chest − * Does not leave a feeling of excessive heaviness in the abdomen, − * Pacifies the sense organs and energizes them − * Pacifies hunger and quenches thirst − * Does not result in difficulty in performing activities such as standing, sitting, walking, exhaling, inhaling, laughing, and talking − * Appears to be easy to digest when taken in the morning and evening hours. − Such a quantity of food helps in enhancing strength and complexion, gets absorbed better and nourishes the body.<ref>Charaka Samhita (Vimanasthanam Adhyaya 2 Sutram 6)</ref> − − == Ahara anupana == − Anupana is the exclusive concept from pharmacology and dietetics in Ayurveda. The term anupana refers to adjuvant or vehicle or carrier or a drug/food. It is usually a liquid which is given just after or along with some drug/food. Ahara anupana thus refers to the adjuvant of a food article which is deliberately introduced in order to get maximum benefits from that food and reduce its unwanted effects on one's health. − − In charaka Samhita, the right anupana of ahara is said to be opposite in properties of that food but at the same time it should not be opposite (incompatible) to the [[Dhatus (धातवः)|dhatus]]. Such anupana is believed to increase energy levels, provide nourishment and strength in body on taking that food. It helps in proper digestion and transformation of that food in one's body so that one can get maximum benefits from it. <ref>Charaka Samhita (Sutrasthanam Adhyaya 27 Sutra 319-26)</ref> Subsequently it helps to fulfill the nutritional requirements of the body through the particular diet. <blockquote>अनुपानं हितं युक्तं तर्पयत्याशु मानवम्|</blockquote><blockquote>सुखं पचति चाहारमायुषे च बलाय च||३२६||</blockquote>Meaning: The right anupana of ahara energizes the person. It helps in smooth digestion of the food and ultimately increases strength and longevity. − − Few examples of aharanupana are given in the classical literature. Selection of these anupanas are based on the properties of that food, the health condition or desired health effect for that person etc. For vata dominant conditions and food, anupana that is snigdha (unctuous) and ushna (hot) in properties is chosen. Various types of fermented preparations made from herbs can prove to be good choice of anupana. However this is to be started under the guidance a qualified [[Vaidya (वैद्यः)|Vaidya]] in order to avoid untoward side effects. − − == Aharashakti == − Ayurveda believes that, Bala (Strength) and Ayu (longevity) of a person are dependent on one's ahara. Therefore assessing one's food (intake) capacity could be a good criterion to assess one's strength and longevity as well. Thus, assessment of this parameter is one part of clinical examination of a patient which a Ayurveda practitioner performs.<ref>Charaka Samhita (Vimanasthanam Adhyaya 8 Sutra 94)</ref> It is believed that, not just the food intake capacity but also the capacity to digest the consumed food is also equally important to get rough idea of one's strength and longevity.<ref>Charaka Samhita (Vimanasthanam Adhyaya 8 sutra 120)</ref> Ayurveda gives high importance to the digestion and transformation of ingested food and therefore is is considered as the integral part of examination of a patient. Line 366:
Line 373: − + − SuSu.46+ − − अत्यम्बुपानाद्विषमाशनाद्वा सन्धारणात् स्वप्नविपर्ययाच्च | − − कालेऽपि सात्म्यं लघु चापि भुक्तमन्नं न पाकं भजते नरस्य ||५००|| − − ईर्ष्याभयक्रोधपरिक्षतेन लुब्धेन शुग्दैन्यनिपीडितेन | − − प्रद्वेषयुक्तेन च सेव्यमानमन्नं न सम्यक् परिणाममेति ||५०१|| − − === Aharaparinamakara bhava === − Ahara parinamana refers to the digestion of food and its transformation into rasa dhatu which then further provides nutrition to entire body. If the digestion and transformation of food is not proper, the undigested form of food in the rasa dhatu can cause multiple diseases. [[Aharparinamakara Bhavas (आहारपरिणामकराः भावाः)|Aharaparinamkara Bhavas]] are the factors responsible for transformation of food into bio-available nutrients which are capable of building and repairing body tissues. These factors are responsible for proper digestion of food so that most of the nutrients from that food required by body are absorbed and utilized. If function of any one of these factors is disturbed, the food undergoing the process of digestion is not processed well and instead of fulfilling the nutritional requirements of body, the improperly digested food becomes the cause for multiple ailments. Therefore Ayurveda lays high importance on well regulated functioning of all these food transforming factors to achieve health and well-being. <blockquote>आहारपरिणामकरास्त्विमे भावा भवन्ति| तद्यथा- ऊष्मा, वायुः, क्लेदः, स्नेहः, कालः, समयोगश्चेति ||१४|| (Cha.Sha.6.14)</blockquote>Meaning: Factors responsible for transformation of the food are, Ushma (Heat), Vayu (Air), Kleda (Moisture), Sneha (oiliness or lubrication), Kala (time) and Samayoga (appropriate combination of all these factors for every individual). − − Ushma means heat is responsible for digestion, Vayu helps move the food forward in digestive system, kleda helps in loosening the bulk of food, sneha softens the food consumed, kala is required to complete this process and produce the desirable outcome from it, samayoga means appropriate combination of these factors helps to establish equilibrium in the formed Dhatus. − − === Significance of proper digestion of food to obtain good health, strength and long life === − परिणमतस्त्वाहारस्य [१] गुणाः शरीरगुणभावमापद्यन्ते यथास्वमविरुद्धाः; विरुद्धाश्च विहन्युर्विहताश्च विरोधिभिः शरीरम्||१६|| (cha.Sha.6.16) − − शरीरगुणाः [१] पुनर्द्विविधाः सङ्ग्रहेण- मलभूताः, प्रसादभूताश्च| − − तत्र मलभूतास्ते ये शरीरस्याबाधकराः स्युः| cha sha 6.17
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<blockquote>कार्त्स्न्येन शरीरवृद्धिकरास्त्विमे भावा भवन्ति; तद्यथा- कालयोगः, स्वभावसंसिद्धिः, आहारसौष्ठवम्, अविघातश्चेति ॥ (Char Samh 6.12)<ref>Charaka Samhita (Sharirasthanam Adhyaya 6 Sutra 12)</ref></blockquote><blockquote>kārtsnyena śarīravr̥ddhikarāstvime bhāvā bhavanti; tadyathā- kālayogaḥ, svabhāvasaṁsiddhiḥ, āhārasauṣṭhavam, avighātaśceti ॥ (Char Samh 6.12)</blockquote>
<blockquote>कार्त्स्न्येन शरीरवृद्धिकरास्त्विमे भावा भवन्ति; तद्यथा- कालयोगः, स्वभावसंसिद्धिः, आहारसौष्ठवम्, अविघातश्चेति ॥ (Char Samh 6.12)<ref>Charaka Samhita (Sharirasthanam Adhyaya 6 Sutra 12)</ref></blockquote><blockquote>kārtsnyena śarīravr̥ddhikarāstvime bhāvā bhavanti; tadyathā- kālayogaḥ, svabhāvasaṁsiddhiḥ, āhārasauṣṭhavam, avighātaśceti ॥ (Char Samh 6.12)</blockquote>
=== Role of ahara in agni strength ===
=== In agni palanam ===
Ayurveda shastra gives immense importance to the status of Agni in a person. Agni is believed to be the moola (base/root) of the life like that of Ahara. Ahara taken from outside is converted in the form of energy by Agni and this energy is responsible for all vital functions of our body. If the agni is in a balanced state, the person would be healthy and would lead a long, healthy, happy life. On the other hand, the any vitiation or disturbances in agni the entire metabolism of the body is disturbed resulting in illness and poor quality of life. Once the function of agni stops, the life ends. Thus Agni is critical for one's life. It the cause of health, nourishment, strength, lusture, [[Ojas (ओजः)|ojas]], teja (energy) and prana (life energy).<ref name=":9">Charaka Samhita (Chiktsasthanam Adhyaya 15 Sutra 3-4)</ref> One can also find that the similar description on impact of Ahara on Life is noted in Ayurveda treatises.<ref name=":4" /> <ref name=":5" /> <ref name=":6" /> <ref name=":7" /> <ref name=":8" /> Therefore it is clear that Agni and Ahara both impact the life equally in every aspect. Their targets are similar also because agni and ahara are basically interdependent. Ahara can not impact life without process of agni neither agni can help individual without ahara. These two components control each other and bring about the final effect. How food controls the strength of agni has been explained in Ayurveda with a simple example. Agni can become strong and steady when it is offered Ahara which is nourishing and suitable with a tinge of unctuousness like the wood-fire becomes strong and steady with the help of heart wood / hard wood coated with some unctuous material. <blockquote>दीप्तो यथैव स्थाणुश्च बाह्योऽग्निः सारदारुभिः | सस्नेहैर्जायते तद्वदाहारैः कोष्ठगोऽनलः ॥ (Asht. Hrud. 10.79)<ref>Ashtanga Hrudayam (Chikitsasthanam Adhyaya 10 Sutra 79)</ref> </blockquote>Thus it is always believed in Ayurveda that, not just the food but its digestion and transformation also should be given equal importance while considering health and illness.
Ayurveda shastra gives immense importance to the status of Agni in a person. Agni is believed to be the moola (base/root) of the life like that of Ahara. Ahara taken from outside is converted in the form of energy by Agni and this energy is responsible for all vital functions of our body. If the agni is in a balanced state, the person would be healthy and would lead a long, healthy, happy life. On the other hand, the any vitiation or disturbances in agni the entire metabolism of the body is disturbed resulting in illness and poor quality of life. Once the function of agni stops, the life ends. Thus Agni is critical for one's life. It the cause of health, nourishment, strength, lusture, [[Ojas (ओजः)|ojas]], teja (energy) and prana (life energy).<ref name=":9">Charaka Samhita (Chiktsasthanam Adhyaya 15 Sutra 3-4)</ref> One can also find that the similar description on impact of Ahara on Life is noted in Ayurveda treatises.<ref name=":4" /> <ref name=":5" /> <ref name=":6" /> <ref name=":7" /> <ref name=":8" /> Therefore it is clear that Agni and Ahara both impact the life equally in every aspect. Their targets are similar also because agni and ahara are basically interdependent. Ahara can not impact life without process of agni neither agni can help individual without ahara. These two components control each other and bring about the final effect. How food controls the strength of agni has been explained in Ayurveda with a simple example. Agni can become strong and steady when it is offered Ahara which is nourishing and suitable with a tinge of unctuousness like the wood-fire becomes strong and steady with the help of heart wood / hard wood coated with some unctuous material. <blockquote>दीप्तो यथैव स्थाणुश्च बाह्योऽग्निः सारदारुभिः | सस्नेहैर्जायते तद्वदाहारैः कोष्ठगोऽनलः ॥ (Asht. Hrud. 10.79)<ref>Ashtanga Hrudayam (Chikitsasthanam Adhyaya 10 Sutra 79)</ref> </blockquote>Thus it is always believed in Ayurveda that, not just the food but its digestion and transformation also should be given equal importance while considering health and illness.
=== In growth of new life in womb ===
=== In growth of new life in womb ===
From conception to delivery the baby is entirely dependent on mother for nourishment. The growth and development of baby inside the mother's womb occurs through the [[Rasa Dhatu (रस धातु)|rasa dhatu]] of mother which is formed from ahara taken by mother according to Ayurveda. Thus ahara taken by mother during pregnancy and also during lactation is keenly monitored. It plays crucial role in the development of body of fetus. <blockquote>.....मातुश्चाहाररसजैः क्रमात्कुक्षौ विवर्द्धते ॥ (Asht. Hrud. 1.2) <ref>Ashtanga Hrudayam (Sharirasthanam Adhyaya 1 Sutra 2)</ref></blockquote>
From conception to delivery the baby is entirely dependent on mother for nourishment. The growth and development of baby inside the mother's womb occurs through the [[Rasa Dhatu (रस धातु)|rasa dhatu]] of mother which is formed from ahara taken by mother according to Ayurveda. Thus ahara taken by mother during pregnancy and also during lactation is keenly monitored. It plays crucial role in the development of body of fetus. <blockquote>.....मातुश्चाहाररसजैः क्रमात्कुक्षौ विवर्द्धते ॥ (Asht. Hrud. 1.2) <ref>Ashtanga Hrudayam (Sharirasthanam Adhyaya 1 Sutra 2)</ref></blockquote>
== Ahara types ==
== Ahara types ==
==== Guru ====
==== Guru ====
Guru indicates that food article having this property will take more time to get completely digested. The agni (digestive fire) has to process it with more efforts than Laghu food. Such food articles should be consumed in less quantity for better digestion and avoid untoward side effects. Various milk products, starch rich food articles,black grams, meat etc fall under Guru category. Therefore it is necessary to control the portion of such food stuffs. <ref name=":1" />
Guru indicates that food article having this property will take more time to get completely digested. The agni (digestive fire) has to process it with more efforts than Laghu food. Such food articles should be consumed in less quantity for better digestion and avoid untoward side effects. Various milk products, starch rich food articles,black grams, meat etc fall under Guru category. Therefore it is necessary to control the portion of such food stuffs. <ref name=":1" />
== Ahara vargas ==
== Ahara vargas ==
=== Factors to be considered while selecting food articles ===
=== Factors to be considered while selecting food articles ===
The food articles should be selected on the basis of certain factors so that they do not disturb the equilibrium of body components. These factors are Desha, Kala and one's body (physical constitution of individual). Desha refers to the geographical condition/land while Kala means season. The food article that possess qualities which will balance the disturbances created by external factors like desha, kala and also which are suitable to maintain balance of bodily components should be selected. This helps in maintaining health and well-being. <blockquote>देशकालात्मगुणविपरीतानां हि कर्मणामाहारविकाराणां च क्रियोपयोगः सम्यक्, सर्वातियोगसन्धारणम्, असन्धारणमुदीर्णानां च गतिमतां, साहसानां च वर्जनं, स्वस्थवृत्तमेतावद्धातूनां साम्यानुग्रहार्थमुपदिश्यते||८|| (Cha. Sha. 6.8)</blockquote>
The food articles should be selected on the basis of certain factors so that they do not disturb the equilibrium of body components. These factors are Desha, Kala and one's body (physical constitution of individual). Desha refers to the geographical condition/land while Kala means season. The food article that possess qualities which will balance the disturbances created by external factors like desha, kala and also which are suitable to maintain balance of bodily components should be selected. This helps in maintaining health and well-being. <blockquote>देशकालात्मगुणविपरीतानां हि कर्मणामाहारविकाराणां च क्रियोपयोगः सम्यक्, सर्वातियोगसन्धारणम्, असन्धारणमुदीर्णानां च गतिमतां, साहसानां च वर्जनं, स्वस्थवृत्तमेतावद्धातूनां साम्यानुग्रहार्थमुपदिश्यते||८|| (Cha. Sha. 6.8)</blockquote>
== Various properties and types of Ahara considered by Ayurveda ==
Ayurveda classics thoroughly discuss about Ahara and its effects on person. Ahara has been studied in multiple aspects by Ayurveda scholars. As a result, Ahara is classified into various types which actually describe its nature and help to understand its probable effect on body.<ref>Charaka Samhita (Sutrasthanam Adhyaya 25 Sutra 36)</ref> Ayurveda vaidyas consider all these points while assessing patinets' current diet, health and then recommending a specific diet plan for an individual.
# 2 types- based on origin-Sthavara (Vegetarian), Jangama (Non-vegetarian)
# 6 types- based on Rasa- Madhura (Sweet), Amla (Sour), Lavana (Salty), Katu (Pungent), Titkta (Bitter), Kashaya (Astringent)
# 20 types- Based on properties like Hot, Cold, Unctuous, Dry, Soft, Hard etc
# Infinite types - Based on combinations, processing techniques etc.
=== Best Quality of Ahara ===
Ahara can have different qualities depending on its ingredients, processing method, taste and texture etc. However, among all other qualities the best quality of Ahara is believed to be its capability to provide satisfaction i.e. satiety. Satiety is also defined as absence of hunger. <blockquote>तृप्तिराहारगुणानां <ref name=":2">Charaka Samhita (Sutrasthanam Adhyaya 25 Sutram 40)</ref></blockquote>Thus the food or ahara that fulfills one's hunger completely so that after eating that food no more feeling of hunger is experienced and the person is satisfied completely is said to be the best quality of Ahara. The ahara which is capable of fulfilling the nutritional needs as well as is desirable for that person can possess this quality.
== Seasonal ahara ==
According to Ayurveda, diet and daily activities of an individual are responsible to maintain or disturb the internal balance of bodily elements. Thus, if one can modify diet and lifestyle or activities according to changes in external environment, one can achieve good health and wellness. <blockquote>तस्याशिताद्यादाहाराद्बलं वर्णश्च वर्धते| यस्यर्तुसात्म्यं विदितं चेष्टाहारव्यपाश्रयम्|| (Char. Samh. 5.3)</blockquote><blockquote>tasyāśitādyādāhārādbalaṁ varṇaśca vardhate| yasyartusātmyaṁ viditaṁ ceṣṭāhāravyapāśrayam|| (Char. Samh. 5.3)</blockquote>Meaning: A person who knows the rutusatmya (getting accustomed to changes in diet and behavior according to seasons), practices such habits timely, and whose diet consists of various types of food articles (with properties such as ashita, pitta lidha and khadita), has his strength and luster enhanced, and he leads a healthy, long life.
Season specific diet recommendations are given by Ayurveda scholars in the adhyaya of Rutucharya.<ref>Ashtanga Hrudayam (Sutrasthanam Adhyaya 3 Sutra 2)</ref>
Guidelines on selection of food items are based on the taste of food. The tastes that are to be deliberately included or excluded from diet in a particular season have been explicitly mentioned by Ayurveda treatises. These recommendations are given in order to maintain the equilibrium of doshas, dhatus and malas in body in spite of change in the external environment. The guidelines given are in general applicable to all provided the person following those is healthy and devoid of any other disease. <ref>Commentary of Arundatta On Ashtanaga Hrudayam (Sutrasthanam Adhyaya 3 Sutram 57)</ref> In case of existing diseases or any kind of already present illness, selection of food as per season should be done after taking advice of a qualified [[Vaidya (वैद्यः)|vaidya]].
The general guidelines on selection or exclusion of food as per rutu (seasons) can be found in [[Rutucharya (ऋतुचर्या)|Rutucharya]].
== Viruddha ahara ==
== Viruddha ahara ==
Dinacharya refers to the ideal daily regime of the person which can maintain his health and wellness. The daily routine explained by Ayurveda scholars includes diet as an integral part of it. The right time of having food is mentioned after having explained all the cleansing process right up to the bath. Thus most importantly food is to be taken only after the wastes generated from previous day's metabolism are removed, body is cleansed and good appetite is observed.
Dinacharya refers to the ideal daily regime of the person which can maintain his health and wellness. The daily routine explained by Ayurveda scholars includes diet as an integral part of it. The right time of having food is mentioned after having explained all the cleansing process right up to the bath. Thus most importantly food is to be taken only after the wastes generated from previous day's metabolism are removed, body is cleansed and good appetite is observed.
== Panchakarmas after ahara ==
== Ahara Parinamana Digestion and transformation of food ==
Parinamana means digestion and transformation. It is also called as Pachanam. Ahara taken by a person is processed by Agni (Jatharagni) located in koshta (equivalent to gastrointestinal tract or gut). After this process, the processed part is divided into 2 parts. One part is known as sara i.e. essence and the other part is known as kitta i.e. waste. The rasa dhatu formed after the digestion process is called as sara of Ahara. On the other hand, vit (feces) and mutram (Urine) are formed as kitta (wastes) of ahara according to the Ayurveda. Thus Rasa is known as sara while vit and mutra are known as kitta of ahara.<blockquote>विण्मूत्रमाहारमलः सारः प्रागीरितो रसः ॥ (Sush. Samh. 46.528)<ref>Sushruta Samhita (Sutrasthanam Adhyaya 46 Sutra 528)</ref> </blockquote>All this transformation of food occurs in 3 steps. These are the transient phases of food during digestion inside the koshtha (Gut). The entire process in discussed in depth in ayurveda treatises. At the end of 3 phases the digestion is supposed to be complete. In a nutshell, ahara after digestion becomes rasa dhatu which is then circulated all over the body and performs the function of nourishment. The wastes generated in formation of rasa dhatu are feces and urine which are excreted out of the body through proper channels. Agni plays the vital role in this entire process. Any disturbances in agni result in alteration in quality of rasa dhatu and wastes like vit and mutram. Changes in quality of these components lay foundation for development of any illness. Thus parinamana or pachanam of ahara has been given tremendous importance in Ayurveda.
== Ahara parinaman kala ==
=== Ahara parinaman kala ===
Ahara parinaman kala means the time required for complete digestion and transformation of the food. In Ashtanga Hrudayam , acharya Vagbhata has explained that there are varied opinions of scholars about this time. Few scholars suggest that the food is transformed completely in a ahoratra (24 hours/ 1 daytime+ 1 night-time) while some opine that it takes 6 days to get transformed. There are other scholars of opinion that the food gets transformed completely and reaches upto the last [[Dhatus (धातवः)|dhatu]] in the sequence i.e. [[Shukra Dhatu (शुक्र धातुः)|Shukra]] after a period of a month (28 days).<ref>Ashtanga Hrudayam (Sharirasthanam Adhyaya 3 Sutra 65-66)</ref> Thus Ahara is transformed into Rasa dhatu in a period of a day while it takes a period of almost a week or a month to show its effect on the last Shukra dhatu. This knowledge is applied while deciding a timeline for treatment, diet and planning other treatment modalities.
Ahara parinaman kala means the time required for complete digestion and transformation of the food. In Ashtanga Hrudayam , acharya Vagbhata has explained that there are varied opinions of scholars about this time. Few scholars suggest that the food is transformed completely in a ahoratra (24 hours/ 1 daytime+ 1 night-time) while some opine that it takes 6 days to get transformed. There are other scholars of opinion that the food gets transformed completely and reaches upto the last [[Dhatus (धातवः)|dhatu]] in the sequence i.e. [[Shukra Dhatu (शुक्र धातुः)|Shukra]] after a period of a month (28 days).<ref>Ashtanga Hrudayam (Sharirasthanam Adhyaya 3 Sutra 65-66)</ref> Thus Ahara is transformed into Rasa dhatu in a period of a day while it takes a period of almost a week or a month to show its effect on the last Shukra dhatu. This knowledge is applied while deciding a timeline for treatment, diet and planning other treatment modalities.
== Ahara sara and mala ==
=== Factors that affect proper digestion of food ===
Ayurveda acharyas have identified few factors that can potentially disturb the process of Ahara parinamanam.<ref>Sushruta Samhita (Sutrasthanam Adhyaya 46 Sutra 500-501)</ref> These factors are mentioned below,
* Atyambupanaअत्यम्बुपाना
* Vishamashanam द्विषमाशनाद्वा
* Vega sandharana सन्धारणात्
* Swapnaviparyaya स्वप्नविपर्ययाच्च
* Psycholagical status of person who takes food: ईर्ष्याभयक्रोधपरिक्षतेन लुब्धेन शुग्दैन्यनिपीडितेन | प्रद्वेषयुक्तेन च सेव्यमानमन्नं
It is opined that, when a person consumes food in this manner, however wholesome suitable and light food it might be but, it does not get digested and transformed properly even of it taken on right time. Therefore it is highly recommended to avoid these factors that impede the ahara parinamana and lay foundation for illness.
=== Aharaparinamakara bhava ===
Ahara parinamana refers to the digestion of food and its transformation into rasa dhatu which then further provides nutrition to entire body. If the digestion and transformation of food is not proper, the undigested form of food in the rasa dhatu can cause multiple diseases. [[Aharparinamakara Bhavas (आहारपरिणामकराः भावाः)|Aharaparinamkara Bhavas]] are the factors responsible for transformation of food into bio-available nutrients which are capable of building and repairing body tissues. These factors are responsible for proper digestion of food so that most of the nutrients from that food required by body are absorbed and utilized. If function of any one of these factors is disturbed, the food undergoing the process of digestion is not processed well and instead of fulfilling the nutritional requirements of body, the improperly digested food becomes the cause for multiple ailments. Therefore Ayurveda lays high importance on well regulated functioning of all these food transforming factors to achieve health and well-being. <blockquote>आहारपरिणामकरास्त्विमे भावा भवन्ति| तद्यथा- ऊष्मा, वायुः, क्लेदः, स्नेहः, कालः, समयोगश्चेति ||१४|| (Cha.Sha.6.14)</blockquote>Meaning: Factors responsible for transformation of the food are, Ushma (Heat), Vayu (Air), Kleda (Moisture), Sneha (oiliness or lubrication), Kala (time) and Samayoga (appropriate combination of all these factors for every individual).
Ushma means heat is responsible for digestion, Vayu helps move the food forward in digestive system, kleda helps in loosening the bulk of food, sneha softens the food consumed, kala is required to complete this process and produce the desirable outcome from it, samayoga means appropriate combination of these factors helps to establish equilibrium in the formed Dhatus.
=== Significance of proper digestion of food to obtain good health, strength and long life ===
Ahara is indispensable for survival and maintenance of [[Sharira (शरीरम्)|shariram]] in this loka (world). Thus it is highly regarded. However, Ahara can not be utilized as it is by body building tissues. In order to acquire all the benefits from ahara i.e. longevity, strength, lusture, nourishment, growth, [[Ojas (ओजः)|ojas]], health and well-being, it is necessary that ahara gets completely digested and transformed properly into rasa dhatu. <ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /> The completely transformed ahara can become the part of this body provided it is of the similar properties and not contrary to that of body tissues. And when such ahara similar in quality to that of body tissues nourishes the body components, all the desired benefits from ahara can be obtained. <blockquote>परिणमतस्त्वाहारस्य गुणाः शरीरगुणभावमापद्यन्ते यथास्वमविरुद्धाः; विरुद्धाश्च विहन्युर्विहताश्च विरोधिभिः शरीरम् (cha.Sha.6.16)<ref>Charaka Samhita (Sharirasthanam Adhyaya 6 Sutra 16-17)</ref></blockquote>On the contrary when the transformed ahara possesses qualities that are opposite in nature of that of body tissues which build strength, it can not nourish and replenish [[Dhatus (धातवः)|dhatus]] but lead to disease development. Thus proper pachanam of ahara is highly important in order to stay healthy, fit and strong. This pachanam is controlled by multiple factors. The portion size or quantity of food is one of those. Ayurveda acharyas have also described other factors that should be closely monitored to reap the superior goodness from Ahara in all aspects of life . These factors are called as Ashta Ahara vidhi visheshayatanas. <ref>Charaka Samhita (Vimanasthanam Adhyaya 2 Sutra 4)</ref>
== Aharashakti ==
Ayurveda believes that, Bala (Strength) and Ayu (longevity) of a person are dependent on one's ahara. Therefore assessing one's food (intake) capacity could be a good criterion to assess one's strength and longevity as well. Thus, assessment of this parameter is one part of clinical examination of a patient which a Ayurveda practitioner performs.<ref>Charaka Samhita (Vimanasthanam Adhyaya 8 Sutra 94)</ref> It is believed that, not just the food intake capacity but also the capacity to digest the consumed food is also equally important to get rough idea of one's strength and longevity.<ref>Charaka Samhita (Vimanasthanam Adhyaya 8 sutra 120)</ref> Ayurveda gives high importance to the digestion and transformation of ingested food and therefore is is considered as the integral part of examination of a patient.
== Ahara matra ==
The portion size or quantity of ahara taken at a time is called as Ahara matra. The right quantity of ahara is believed to be crucial for smooth digestion and formation of good quality of rasa dhatu. There are certain factors that can help to decide the right quantity for given. The guna or innate property of food article, constitution of the individual, agni of the person, proportion of the solids-liquids are some of the important factors. How one can decide if he has consumed food in right amount can be decided by guidelines given by Ayurveda treatises. Some of them are mentioned below.
=== Based on agni ===
The quantity of the food to be taken should be decided based on the strength of the agni of the individual. This is the ideal approach. This simply means one should consume as much food as one can properly digest and does not suffer from any digestion related issues thereafter.
मात्राशी स्यात्| आहारमात्रा पुनरग्निबलापेक्षिणी| (Char. Samh. 5.3) <ref>Charaka Samhita (Sutrasthanam Adhyaya 5 sutra 3)</ref>
=== Based on property of food article ===
The food articles that are guru (heavy for digestion or take long time to get digested) should be taken half their satiety level experienced by the consumer while foods that are laghu (light on digestion) can be taken upto the satisfaction. <blockquote>गुरूणामर्धसौहित्यं लघूनां तृप्तिरिष्यते | द्रवोत्तरो द्रवश्चापि न मात्रागुरुरिष्यते (Sush. Samh. 46.495) <ref>Sushruta Samhita (Sutrasthanam Adhyaya 46 Sutram 495)</ref></blockquote>
=== Based on volume or quantity ===
Ayurveda acharyas give guidelines for deciding right quantity or portion of food that is being consumed. This has been described on the basis of physical form of food and the space available within imaginary partitions inside the stomach. If we consider that the stomach is divided into 3 parts then, for solid food and liquids one compartment each is to be utilized while a sufficient space i.e. one third space is to be kept vacant for movement of doshas which participate in the process of digestion.<ref>Charaka Samhita (Vimanasthanam Adhyaya 2 Sutram 3)</ref> Moral of the entire consideration is that one should not over-stuff the stomach with food. solids and liquids both should be taken in balanced proportion and at the same time some part of your stomach should be kept empty to facilitate easy digestion.
=== Prakrti and ahara matra ===
Different doshas have different impact on the status of the agni. This decides the appetite of the person and how much one can eat. Thus while describing prakrti, Ayurveda treatises mention about the appetite pattern of individuals having specific dosha's dominance due to [[Prakrti in Ayurveda (प्रकृतिः)|prakrti]]. The relation of dosha prakruti and appetite is given below.
* Kapha- The people with kapha [[Prakrti in Ayurveda (प्रकृतिः)|prakrti]] eat alpa (less). <ref>Ashtanga Hrudayam (Sharirasthanam Adhyaya 3 Sutra 101)</ref>
* Pitta- Those with Pitta dominant constitution eat a lot and also frequently.<ref name=":10">Charaka Samhita (Vimanasthanam Adhyaya 8 Sutra 97-98 )</ref>
* Vata- Those with vata dominant constitution tend to eat less and in small quantities.<ref name=":10" />
=== How do I understand I have eaten in right quantity? ===
Ayurveda acharyas have given some simple clues to understand whether the person has eaten in right quantity. Since every individuals capacity to eat is different and it varies based on multiple factors, the hints to understand right quantity for everyone are based on symptoms the person experiences and not in weight or any measures. According to Acharya Charaka, the person has eaten the food in right quantity when it,
* Does not cause undue pressure on stomach
* Does not cause obstruction in the proper functioning of the circulatory system
* Does not exert any pressure on the sides of the chest
* Does not leave a feeling of excessive heaviness in the abdomen,
* Pacifies the sense organs and energizes them
* Pacifies hunger and quenches thirst
* Does not result in difficulty in performing activities such as standing, sitting, walking, exhaling, inhaling, laughing, and talking
* Appears to be easy to digest when taken in the morning and evening hours.
Such a quantity of food helps in enhancing strength and complexion, gets absorbed better and nourishes the body.<ref>Charaka Samhita (Vimanasthanam Adhyaya 2 Sutram 6)</ref>
== Ahara anupana ==
Anupana is the exclusive concept from pharmacology and dietetics in Ayurveda. The term anupana refers to adjuvant or vehicle or carrier or a drug/food. It is usually a liquid which is given just after or along with some drug/food. Ahara anupana thus refers to the adjuvant of a food article which is deliberately introduced in order to get maximum benefits from that food and reduce its unwanted effects on one's health.
In charaka Samhita, the right anupana of ahara is said to be opposite in properties of that food but at the same time it should not be opposite (incompatible) to the [[Dhatus (धातवः)|dhatus]]. Such anupana is believed to increase energy levels, provide nourishment and strength in body on taking that food. It helps in proper digestion and transformation of that food in one's body so that one can get maximum benefits from it. <ref>Charaka Samhita (Sutrasthanam Adhyaya 27 Sutra 319-26)</ref> Subsequently it helps to fulfill the nutritional requirements of the body through the particular diet. <blockquote>अनुपानं हितं युक्तं तर्पयत्याशु मानवम्|</blockquote><blockquote>सुखं पचति चाहारमायुषे च बलाय च||३२६||</blockquote>Meaning: The right anupana of ahara energizes the person. It helps in smooth digestion of the food and ultimately increases strength and longevity.
Few examples of aharanupana are given in the classical literature. Selection of these anupanas are based on the properties of that food, the health condition or desired health effect for that person etc. For vata dominant conditions and food, anupana that is snigdha (unctuous) and ushna (hot) in properties is chosen. Various types of fermented preparations made from herbs can prove to be good choice of anupana. However this is to be started under the guidance a qualified [[Vaidya (वैद्यः)|Vaidya]] in order to avoid untoward side effects.
== Ashta Ahara vidhi vishesha ayatanani ==
== Ashta Ahara vidhi vishesha ayatanani ==
This includes points like the quantity to be consumed, accompaniments to be chosen while taking that food, time to eat that food etc. This provides guideline for healthy eating practices. It is believed that, food consumed after considering these factors and implementing these rules provides all benefits and does not become the cause for ailments. On the other hand, food can be the cause for multiples diseases when it is consumed without considering these factors.
This includes points like the quantity to be consumed, accompaniments to be chosen while taking that food, time to eat that food etc. This provides guideline for healthy eating practices. It is believed that, food consumed after considering these factors and implementing these rules provides all benefits and does not become the cause for ailments. On the other hand, food can be the cause for multiples diseases when it is consumed without considering these factors.
=== Ahara phala souththava hetu ===
== Common mistakes done while taking ahara and their effects on Body ==
Ahara is believed to be the best among those things which are essential for maintenance of livelihood. Since it is such an extremely important lifestyle factors, there are some rules related to its consumption and some basic guidelines.<ref name=":2" /> Some of those are listed below,
# Eating in excess quantity of Ahara is the chief cause of Ama generation (Foundational stone for disease development)
# Eating in quantity as per one's Agni's strength is the best way to kindle the digestive fire i.e. Agni
# Eating food that is compatible for one's body type and suitable or habitual to one is the best practice one can adopt
# Eating on right time (timely eating) is the best method to stay healthy
# Eating once a day is best for smooth digestive functioning
# Staying food deprived or empty stomach is life threatening or reduces life span
# Guru Ahara eating is the chief cause for indigestion
# Eating unbalanced food (Only one rasa dominant or only one type of food) is the prime cause of malnourishment
# Overeating (taking next food before the previous one is digested) is the primary cause of dysfunction of grahani (chief digestive organ)
# Untimely eating is the leading cause of agni disturbances/ irregularities
# Eating Viruddha ahara (incompatible food) is the primary cause of developing nindita rogas e.g. Obesity, gigantism, dwarfism, pigmentation disorders etc
== Aharavidhi How to eat ==
== Aharavidhi ==
Aharavidhi in Ayurveda refers to the code of eating food. It includes guidelines on eating food for getting best results from food that is consumed. These guidelines are advantageous for healthy as well as sick individuals. These should be followed even if the best suitable food is to be consumed which is supposed to give favorable outcomes.<ref>Charaka Samhita (Vimanasthanam Adhyaya 1 Sutram 24)</ref> The basic guidelines are given below,
Aharavidhi in Ayurveda refers to the code of eating food. It includes guidelines on eating food for getting best results from food that is consumed. These guidelines are advantageous for healthy as well as sick individuals. These should be followed even if the best suitable food is to be consumed which is supposed to give favorable outcomes.<ref>Charaka Samhita (Vimanasthanam Adhyaya 1 Sutram 24)</ref> The basic guidelines are given below,
* Eat when fresh and hot
* Eat when fresh and hot
* Do not eat at a very fast pace or very slowly
* Do not eat at a very fast pace or very slowly
* While eating one should try not to talk and laugh
* While eating one should try not to talk and laugh
* Concentrate on food while eating and pay due regard to oneself
* Concentrate on food while eating and pay due regard to oneself
== Metal for vessel to store specific aharadravyas ==
== Metal for vessel to store specific aharadravyas ==
In this way the food articles should be arranged and served on plate.
In this way the food articles should be arranged and served on plate.
== Factors that affect proper digestion of food ==
== Panchakarmas after ahara ==
[[Panchakarmas (पञ्चकर्माणि)|Panchakarmas]] are the shodhana karmas (cleansing therapies) described in Ayurveda. They are used in specific dosha dominant illnesses where the basic dosha pacifying medicines wont prove effective enough to manage the illness. Also these procedures are implemented under medical supervision in specific health conditions in eligible individuals at appropriate time. There are stringent rules regarding their implementation. In almost all the panchakarmas and associates procedures, there are specific rules regarding ahara. Usually the chief panchakarmas are not done after the intake of food. Also there exists a specific diet plan which should be followed before and after panchakarmas. However, there exists one type of minor procedure under upakarmas (minor cleansing therapies) which is advised to be carried out after having food and it is known as Dhumapana. Dhumapana involves inhaling and exhaling the medicated smoke for cleansing excess kapha and vata accumulated in upper body. One of the type of it is Madhyama (moderate) Dhumapana. It is advised that one can take this kind of dhumapana after having food.<ref>Ashtanga Hrudayam (Sutrasthanam Adhyaya 21 Sutra 6)</ref> There are other suitable times for dhumpana mentioned also.
== Ahara as medicine ==
== Ahara as medicine ==