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| == Eligible Receiver == | | == Eligible Receiver == |
− | While Veda Vyasa in Vyasa Smriti (4.60) says that donors are hard to find, it is equally hard and a great deal of effort is required to identify a suitable recipient of charity.<ref name=":1">Kane, Pandurang. Vaman. (1941) ''History of Dharmasastra, Volume Two, Part 2.'' Poona: Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute</ref> | + | While Veda Vyasa in Vyasa Smriti (4.60) says that donors are hard to find, it is equally hard and a great deal of effort is required to identify a suitable recipient of charity.<ref name=":1">Kane, Pandurang. Vaman. (1941) ''History of Dharmasastra, Volume Two, Part 2.'' Poona: Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute</ref> Daksha (3.15) states <blockquote>मातापित्रोर्गुरौ मित्रे विनीते चोपकारिणि । दीनानाथविशिष्टेभ्यो दत्तन्तु सफलं भवेत् ॥ 15</blockquote>A gift made to one's parents, guru, friend, to a well conducted man, to one who has laid the donor under obligation, to the poor, the helpless, those endowed with special excellence, leads to rewards. |
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| == Ineligible Receiver == | | == Ineligible Receiver == |
− | Sixteen kinds of payments to donees do not qualify as a dana. Such recipients include:<ref name=":0">Agarwal, Sanjay. (2010) ''Daan and Other Giving Traditions in India.'' New Delhi: AccountAid, India</ref><blockquote>आरूढपतिते दत्तमन्यायोपहृतं च यत्। व्यर्थं तु पतिते दानं ब्राह्मणे तस्करे तथा॥ </blockquote><blockquote>ārūḍhapatite dattamanyāyopahr̥taṁ ca yat। vyarthaṁ tu patite dānaṁ brāhmaṇe taskare tathā॥ 6</blockquote><blockquote>गुरौ चानृतिके पापे कृतघ्ने ग्रामयाजके। वेदविक्रयिणे दत्तं तथा वृषलयाजके॥ </blockquote><blockquote>gurau cānr̥tike pāpe kr̥taghne grāmayājake। vedavikrayiṇe dattaṁ tathā vr̥ṣalayājake॥ 7</blockquote><blockquote>ब्रह्मबन्धुषु यद्दत्तं यद्दत्तं वृषलीपतौ। स्त्रीजनेषु च यद्दत्तं व्यालग्राहे तथैव च॥ </blockquote><blockquote>brahmabandhuṣu yaddattaṁ yaddattaṁ vr̥ṣalīpatau। strījaneṣu ca yaddattaṁ vyālagrāhe tathaiva ca॥ 8</blockquote><blockquote>परिचारकेषु यद्दत्तं वृथा दानानि षोडश। paricārakeṣu yaddattaṁ vr̥thā dānāni ṣoḍaśa। 9 (Maha. Vana. 200.6 - 9)<ref>Pt. Ramnarayandatt Shastri ''[https://archive.org/stream/Mahabharata04SanskritHindiPanditRamnarayanGitaPress/Mahabharata%2002_%20Sanskrit-Hindi_Pandit%20Ramnarayan_Gita%20Press#page/n649/mode/2up Mahabharata, Volume 2, Vanaparva and Virataparva.]'' Gorakhpur: Gita Press</ref></blockquote>
| + | More than the qualities of an eligible donee, the list of ineligible recipients is longer and given in detail in many smritis. |
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| + | ==== Daksha smriti ==== |
| + | Daksha smriti (3.16) states the payment made to following persons is fruitless<blockquote>धूर्ते वन्दिनि मन्दे च कुवैद्ये कितवे शठे । चाटुचारणचौरभ्यो दत्तं भवति निष्फलम् ॥ 16</blockquote>Meaning : Gifts made to rogues, to bards, to wrestlers, to those who devote time to bad lores, to gamblers, and deceivers, flatterers, spies, thieves brings no merit.<ref name=":1" /> |
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| + | ==== Mahabharata ==== |
| + | Mahabharata lists sixteen kinds of payments to donees which do not qualify as a dana. Such recipients include:<ref name=":0">Agarwal, Sanjay. (2010) ''Daan and Other Giving Traditions in India.'' New Delhi: AccountAid, India</ref><blockquote>आरूढपतिते दत्तमन्यायोपहृतं च यत्। व्यर्थं तु पतिते दानं ब्राह्मणे तस्करे तथा॥ </blockquote><blockquote>ārūḍhapatite dattamanyāyopahr̥taṁ ca yat। vyarthaṁ tu patite dānaṁ brāhmaṇe taskare tathā॥ 6</blockquote><blockquote>गुरौ चानृतिके पापे कृतघ्ने ग्रामयाजके। वेदविक्रयिणे दत्तं तथा वृषलयाजके॥ </blockquote><blockquote>gurau cānr̥tike pāpe kr̥taghne grāmayājake। vedavikrayiṇe dattaṁ tathā vr̥ṣalayājake॥ 7</blockquote><blockquote>ब्रह्मबन्धुषु यद्दत्तं यद्दत्तं वृषलीपतौ। स्त्रीजनेषु च यद्दत्तं व्यालग्राहे तथैव च॥ </blockquote><blockquote>brahmabandhuṣu yaddattaṁ yaddattaṁ vr̥ṣalīpatau। strījaneṣu ca yaddattaṁ vyālagrāhe tathaiva ca॥ 8</blockquote><blockquote>परिचारकेषु यद्दत्तं वृथा दानानि षोडश। paricārakeṣu yaddattaṁ vr̥thā dānāni ṣoḍaśa। 9 (Maha. Vana. 200.6 - 9)<ref>Pt. Ramnarayandatt Shastri ''[https://archive.org/stream/Mahabharata04SanskritHindiPanditRamnarayanGitaPress/Mahabharata%2002_%20Sanskrit-Hindi_Pandit%20Ramnarayan_Gita%20Press#page/n649/mode/2up Mahabharata, Volume 2, Vanaparva and Virataparva.]'' Gorakhpur: Gita Press</ref></blockquote> |
| # To a person who abandons his vanaprastha or sanyasa ashram (is called as आरूढपतित) and becomes a householder again. | | # To a person who abandons his vanaprastha or sanyasa ashram (is called as आरूढपतित) and becomes a householder again. |
− | # Money earned through injustice (Here it is dravya not pratiguhita) | + | # Money earned through injustice (Here it is dravya not pratigrahita) |
| # To a fallen Brahmin | | # To a fallen Brahmin |
| # To a thief | | # To a thief |
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| # To one’s servants | | # To one’s servants |
| # To women in one’s family | | # To women in one’s family |
| + | While Mahabharata calls charity to one's parents (gurujana) meritless, Daksha smriti (3.15) states that a gift made to one's parents. guru etc leads to rewards. |
| + | |
| + | ==== Manusmriti ==== |
| + | Manusmriti (4.193 to 200) contains a list of persons to whom gifts should not be made such as a brahmana who is like a cat or a hypocite or who does not know the veda. |
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| + | == References == |