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Line 34: − − <gallery mode="slideshow" > − File:Geeta_(Singing).png|गीतम् ॥ Geetam (Singing) − File:Vadya_(Playing_on_various_musical_instruments).png|वाद्यम् ॥ Vadya (Playing on various musical instruments) − File:Natya_(Acting,_gesticulation,_mimicry).png|नाट्यम् ॥ Natya (Acting, gesticulation, mimicry) − File:Alekhya_(Drawing,_Painting,_Calligraphy).png|आलेख्यम् ॥ Alekhya (Drawing, Painting, Calligraphy) − File:Mani_bhumika_karma_(Paving_a_floor_with_Precious_stones).png|मणिभूमिकाकर्म ॥ Mani bhumika karma (Paving a floor with Precious stones) − File:Shayana_rachana_(Preparing_a_bed).png |शयनरचनम् ॥ Shayana rachana (Preparing a bed) − </gallery> − Courtesy(images):Book "Sarwang" Published by Adivasi Lok Kala Evam Boli Vikas Academy, Madhya Pradesh Sanskriti Parishad − Line 109:
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Added link to Hindi article
Kala (Samskrit: कला) or Art is a vital component of the Ancient [[Bharatavarsha (भरतवर्षम्)|Bharata]]'s Education System. They are disciplines, a student acquires knowledge of, during the course of training in the [[Gurukula (गुरुकुलम्)|Gurukula]]. They are called as Chatusshashti Kalas (चतुःषष्टिः कला-s) since they are 64 in number.
Kala (Samskrit: कला) or Art is a vital component of the Ancient [[Bharatavarsha (भरतवर्षम्)|Bharata]]'s Education System. They are disciplines, a student acquires knowledge of, during the course of training in the [[Gurukula (गुरुकुलम्)|Gurukula]]. They are called as Chatusshashti Kalas (चतुःषष्टिः कला-s) since they are 64 in number.
To read about 64 Kalas in Hindi, please visit this page - [[64 Kalas of ancient India (प्राचीन भारत में चौंसठ कलाऍं)]]
== परिचयः ॥ Introduction ==
== परिचयः ॥ Introduction ==
[[Bharatavarsha (भरतवर्षम्)|Bharatavarsha]] (Ancient Bharata's Sub-continent) has always attached great value to knowledge. Talking of Bharata's knowledge tradition, Kapil Kapoor says, ''"India's'' ''knowledge tradition is ancient and uninterrupted like the flow of the river [[Ganga (गङ्गा)|Ganga]]."''
[[Bharatavarsha (भरतवर्षम्)|Bharatavarsha]] (Ancient Bharata's Sub-continent) has always attached great value to knowledge. Talking of Bharata's knowledge tradition, Kapil Kapoor says, ''"India's'' ''knowledge tradition is ancient and uninterrupted like the flow of the river [[Ganga (गङ्गा)|Ganga]]."''
Jnana (ज्ञानम् | Knowledge) has been at the center of all speculations in Bharata. There are three terms that appear in all discussions related to knowledge<ref>Kapoor Kapil and Singh Avadhesh Kumar, [http://iks.iitgn.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Bharat's-Knowledge-Systems-Kapil-Kapoor.pdf Bharat's Knowledge Systems], Vol.1, NewDelhi: D.K.Printworld, Pg.no.11</ref>:
Jnana (ज्ञानम् | Knowledge) has been at the center of all speculations in Bharata. There are three terms that appear in all discussions related to knowledge<ref>Kapoor Kapil and Singh Avadhesh Kumar, [http://iks.iitgn.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Bharat's-Knowledge-Systems-Kapil-Kapoor.pdf Bharat's Knowledge Systems], Vol.1, NewDelhi: D.K.Printworld, Pg.no.11</ref>:
== Which are the 64 Kalas ? ==
== Which are the 64 Kalas ? ==
As mentioned above, there are slight variations regarding the enumeration of the 64 Kalas (arts). The mention of these arts occur in:
As mentioned above, there are slight variations regarding the enumeration of the 64 Kalas (arts). The mention of these arts occur in:
[[File:64Kalas.gif|frame|320x320px|
Courtesy (images): Book "Sarwang" Published by Adivasi Lok Kala Evam Boli Vikas Academy, Madhya Pradesh Sanskriti Parishad
]]
* शैवतन्त्रम् ॥ Shaivatantra
* शैवतन्त्रम् ॥ Shaivatantra
* महाभारतम् ॥ [[Mahabharata (महाभारत)|Mahabharata]] by Vyasa Maharshi
* महाभारतम् ॥ [[Mahabharata (महाभारत)|Mahabharata]] by Vyasa Maharshi
* शुक्रनीतिः ॥ Shukraneeti by Shukracharya
* शुक्रनीतिः ॥ Shukraneeti by Shukracharya
* शिवतत्त्वरत्नाकरः ॥ Shivatattvaratnakara by Basavarajendra
* शिवतत्त्वरत्नाकरः ॥ Shivatattvaratnakara by Basavarajendra
The list of the 64 Kalas in some these texts have been juxtaposed in the following table:
The list of the 64 Kalas in some these texts have been juxtaposed in the following table:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
|16
|16
|केशशेखरापीडयोजनम् ॥ Keshashekharapeeda yojana (Ladies hair styling)
|केशशेखरापीडयोजनम् ॥ Keshashekharapeeda yojana (Ladies hair styling)
|<nowiki>धात्वादीनां संयोगापूर्वज्ञानम् || Dhatu adinam samyogapoorva jnana (Preparation of alloys)</nowiki>
|<nowiki>धात्वादीनां संयोगापूर्वज्ञानम् || Dhatu adinam samyogapoorva jnana (Preparation of alloys)</nowiki>
|-
|-
|-
|-
|21
|21
|इन्द्रजालम् ॥ Indrajala (Jugglery)
|इन्द्रजालम् ॥ Indrajala (Jugglery)
|<nowiki>बलदर्पविनाशान्तं नियुद्धम् || Baladarpavinashantam Niyuddha (Niyuddha for destruction of enemy's power and vanity)</nowiki>
|<nowiki>बलदर्पविनाशान्तं नियुद्धम् || Baladarpavinashantam Niyuddha (Niyuddha for destruction of enemy's power and vanity)</nowiki>
|-
|-
|-
|-
|24
|24
|चित्रशाकापूपभक्ष्यविकारक्रिया ॥ Chitrashakapupabhakyavikara kriya (Culinary art)
|चित्रशाकापूपभक्ष्यविकारक्रिया ॥ Chitrashakapupabhakyavikara kriya (Culinary art)
|<nowiki>वाद्यसङ्केततो व्यूहरचना || Vadyasanketato Vyuharachana (Formation of battle arrays according to signals given by musical instruments)</nowiki>
|<nowiki>वाद्यसङ्केततो व्यूहरचना || Vadyasanketato Vyuharachana (Formation of battle arrays according to signals given by musical instruments)</nowiki>
|-
|-
|25
|25
|पानकरसरागासवयोजनम् ॥ Panakarasaragasava yojana (Making drinks of various tastes and colours and spirituous liquors of various kinds)
|पानकरसरागासवयोजनम् ॥ Panakarasaragasava yojana (Making drinks of various tastes and colours and spirituous liquors of various kinds)
|<nowiki>गजाश्वरथगत्या युद्धसंयोजनम् || Gajashvarathagatya Yuddhasamyojana (Arrangement of horses, elephants and chariots in war)</nowiki>
|<nowiki>गजाश्वरथगत्या युद्धसंयोजनम् || Gajashvarathagatya Yuddhasamyojana (Arrangement of horses, elephants and chariots in war)</nowiki>
|-
|-
|26
|26
|सूचीवापकर्म ॥ Suchivapakarma (Weaving and needle-work of various kinds)
|[[Textile Technology (तन्तुकार्यम्)|सूचीवापकर्म]] ॥ Suchivapakarma (Weaving and needle-work of various kinds)
|<nowiki>विविधासनमुद्राभिः देवतातोषणम् || Vividhasanamudrabhih devatatoshana (Propitiation of Gods by various seats and postures)</nowiki>
|<nowiki>विविधासनमुद्राभिः देवतातोषणम् || Vividhasanamudrabhih devatatoshana (Propitiation of Gods by various seats and postures)</nowiki>
|-
|-
|-
|-
|32
|32
|नाटिकाख्यायिकादर्शनम् ॥ Natika Akhyayika darshana (Dramaturgy and story writing)
|नाटिकाख्यायिकादर्शनम् ॥ Natika Akhyayika darshana (Dramaturgy and story writing)
|<nowiki>चित्राद्यालिखनम् || Chitradyalikhana (Picture drawing)</nowiki>
|<nowiki>चित्राद्यालिखनम् || Chitradyalikhana (Picture drawing)</nowiki>
|-
|-
|-
|-
|38
|38
|रूप्यरत्नपरीक्षा ॥ Roopya ratna pariksha (Testing valuable metals and precious stones)
|रूप्यरत्नपरीक्षा ॥ Roopya ratna pariksha (Testing valuable metals and precious stones)
|<nowiki>सूत्रादिरज्जुकरणविज्ञानम् || Sutradirajjukarana vijnana (Preparation of threads and ropes)</nowiki>
|<nowiki>सूत्रादिरज्जुकरणविज्ञानम् || Sutradirajjukarana vijnana (Preparation of threads and ropes)</nowiki>
|-
|-
|39
|39
|धातुवादः ॥ Dhatuvada (Alchemy)
|धातुवादः ॥ Dhatuvada (Alchemy)
|<nowiki>अनेकतन्त्तुसंयोगैः पटबन्धः || Anekatantusamyogaih Patabandha (Weaving of fabrics)</nowiki>
|<nowiki>अनेकतन्त्तुसंयोगैः पटबन्धः || Anekatantusamyogaih Patabandha (Weaving of fabrics)</nowiki>
|-
|-
|40
|40
|मणिरागज्ञानम् ॥ Maniraga jnana (Colouring precious stones)
|मणिरागज्ञानम् ॥ Maniraga jnana (Colouring precious stones)
|<nowiki>रत्नानां वेधादिसदसज्ज्ञानम् || Ratnanam vedhadisadasad jnana (Testing of gems)</nowiki>
|<nowiki>रत्नानां वेधादिसदसज्ज्ञानम् || Ratnanam vedhadisadasad jnana (Testing of gems)</nowiki>
|-
|-
|-
|-
|44
|44
|शुकसारिकाप्रलापनम् ॥ Shuka sarika pralapana (teaching parrots and other birds to imitate human speech)
|शुकसारिकाप्रलापनम् ॥ Shuka sarika pralapana (teaching parrots and other birds to imitate human speech)
|<nowiki>पशुचर्माङ्गनिर्हारक्रियाज्ञानम् || Pashucharmanganirhara krya jnana (Flaying of skins from the bodies of the beasts)</nowiki>
|<nowiki>पशुचर्माङ्गनिर्हारक्रियाज्ञानम् || Pashucharmanganirhara krya jnana (Flaying of skins from the bodies of the beasts)</nowiki>
|-
|-
|45
|45
|उत्सादनम् ॥ Utsadana (Making an enemy quit his place by means of a charm)
|उत्सादनम् ॥ Utsadana (Making an enemy quit his place by means of a charm)
|<nowiki>दुग्धदोहादिविज्ञानम् || Dugdhadohadi vijnana (Milking)</nowiki>
|<nowiki>दुग्धदोहादिविज्ञानम् || Dugdhadohadi vijnana (Milking)</nowiki>
|-
|-
|46
|46
|केशमार्जनकौशलम् ॥ Keshamarjana kaushala (Cleaning and dressing the hair)
|केशमार्जनकौशलम् ॥ Keshamarjana kaushala (Cleaning and dressing the hair)
|<nowiki>घृतान्तम् || Grtanta (Churning)</nowiki>
|<nowiki>घृतान्तम् || Grtanta (Churning)</nowiki>
|-
|-
|-
|-
|49
|49
|देशभाषाज्ञानम् ॥ Deshabhasha jnana (Fluently talking in the different Bharat's dialects)
|देशभाषाज्ञानम् ॥ Deshabhasha jnana (Fluently talking in the different Bharat's dialects)
|<nowiki>मार्जने गृहभाण्डादेः विज्ञानम् || Marjane Grhabhandadeh Vijnana (Cleansing of domestic utensils)</nowiki>
|<nowiki>मार्जने गृहभाण्डादेः विज्ञानम् || Marjane Grhabhandadeh Vijnana (Cleansing of domestic utensils)</nowiki>
|-
|-
|-
|-
|54
|54
|मानसीकाव्यक्रिया ॥ Manasikavya kriya (Reading the thoughts of others and bringing them out in a verse)
|मानसीकाव्यक्रिया ॥ Manasikavya kriya (Reading the thoughts of others and bringing them out in a verse)
|<nowiki>वृक्षाद्यारोहणे कला || Vrkshadyarohane kala (Climbing of trees)</nowiki>
|<nowiki>वृक्षाद्यारोहणे कला || Vrkshadyarohane kala (Climbing of trees)</nowiki>
|-
|-
|55
|55
|क्रियाविकल्पाः ॥ Kriyavikalpa (Poetry forms)
|क्रियाविकल्पाः ॥ Kriyavikalpa (Poetry forms)
|<nowiki>मनोऽनुकूलसेवायाः कृतिज्ञानम् || Manonukulasevayah krti jnana (Knowledge of pleasing in work)</nowiki>
|<nowiki>मनोऽनुकूलसेवायाः कृतिज्ञानम् || Manonukulasevayah krti jnana (Knowledge of pleasing in work)</nowiki>
|-
|-
|-
|-
|60
|60
|आकर्षणक्रीडा ॥ Akarshana kreeda (Attracting remote objects)
|आकर्षणक्रीडा ॥ Akarshana kreeda (Attracting remote objects)
|<nowiki>गजाश्ववृषभोष्ट्राणां पल्याणादिक्रिया || Gajashvavrshbhoshtranam palyanadi krya (Preparation of saddles for horses, elephants, bulls and camels)</nowiki>
|<nowiki>गजाश्ववृषभोष्ट्राणां पल्याणादिक्रिया || Gajashvavrshbhoshtranam palyanadi krya (Preparation of saddles for horses, elephants, bulls and camels)</nowiki>
|-
|-
|-
|-
|64
|64
|वैतालिकीनां विद्यानां ज्ञानम् ॥ Vaitaliki vidya jnana (Keeping goblins and vampires under one's control)
|वैतालिकीनां विद्यानां ज्ञानम् ॥ Vaitaliki vidya jnana (Keeping goblins and vampires under one's control)
|<nowiki>ताम्बूलरक्षादिकृतिविज्ञानम् || Tambularakshadi krti vijnana (Making and preservation of betels)</nowiki>
|<nowiki>ताम्बूलरक्षादिकृतिविज्ञानम् || Tambularakshadi krti vijnana (Making and preservation of betels)</nowiki>
|}
|}
<nowiki>*</nowiki>The शब्दकल्पद्रुमः ॥ Shabdakalpadruma mentions प्रतिमाला ॥ Pratimala (Capping verses) instead of प्रतिमा ॥ Pratima (Sculpture)
<nowiki>*</nowiki>The शब्दकल्पद्रुमः ॥ Shabdakalpadruma mentions प्रतिमाला ॥ Pratimala (Capping verses) instead of प्रतिमा ॥ Pratima (Sculpture)
== Discussion ==
== Discussion ==
The Ancient Bharat's education model aimed at facilitating the four basic duties of a person viz. Dharma (Righteousness), Artha (Livelihood), Kama (Family life) and [[Moksha Dristipath|Moksha]] (Attainment of eternal peace).<ref>Pt. Shri Durgadutta Tripathi, [https://shekharsk.files.wordpress.com/2016/02/64-arts-of-ancient-india.pdf Sixty-four Arts of ancient India], Edited and Translated by – Dr. A.S. Nene</ref> The tradition talks of 18 major vidyas (theoretical disciplines), and 64 kalas (applied or vocational disciplines/crafts).These "crafts" have a direct bearing on day-to-day life of the people and most of them are still a part of the Bharat's life.<ref name=":0" /> It is interesting to note that these crafts are still important means of livelihood. There is a close relationship of these crafts with ordinary life.<ref name=":1">Kapoor Kapil and Singh Avadhesh Kumar, [http://iks.iitgn.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Bharat's-Knowledge-Systems-Kapil-Kapoor.pdf Bharat's Knowledge Systems], Vol.1, NewDelhi: D.K.Printworld, Pg.no.19</ref>
The Ancient Bharat's education model aimed at facilitating the four basic duties of a person viz. Dharma (Righteousness), Artha (Livelihood), Kama (Family life) and [[Moksha Dristipath|Moksha]] (Attainment of eternal peace).<ref>Pt. Shri Durgadutta Tripathi, [https://shekharsk.files.wordpress.com/2016/02/64-arts-of-ancient-india.pdf Sixty-four Arts of ancient India], Edited and Translated by – Dr. A.S. Nene</ref> The tradition talks of 18 major vidyas (theoretical disciplines), and 64 kalas (applied or vocational disciplines/crafts).These "crafts" have a direct bearing on day-to-day life of the people and most of them are still a part of the Bharat's life.<ref name=":0" /> It is interesting to note that these crafts are still important means of livelihood. There is a close relationship of these crafts with ordinary life.<ref name=":1">Kapoor Kapil and Singh Avadhesh Kumar, [http://iks.iitgn.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Bharat's-Knowledge-Systems-Kapil-Kapoor.pdf Bharat's Knowledge Systems], Vol.1, NewDelhi: D.K.Printworld, Pg.no.19</ref>
== References ==
== References ==
[[Category:Kala]]
[[Category:Kala]]
<references />