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== परिचयः ॥ Introduction ==
== परिचयः ॥ Introduction ==
Bharatavarsha (Ancient Bharat's Sub-continent) has always attached great value to knowledge. Talking of India's knowledge tradition, Kapil Kapoor says, ''"India's'' ''knowledge tradition is ancient and uninterrupted like the flow of the river Ganga."''
[[Bharatavarsha (भरतवर्षम्)|Bharatavarsha]] (Ancient Bharata's Sub-continent) has always attached great value to knowledge. Talking of Bharata's knowledge tradition, Kapil Kapoor says, ''"India's'' ''knowledge tradition is ancient and uninterrupted like the flow of the river [[Ganga (गङ्गा)|Ganga]]."''
Jnana (ज्ञानम् | Knowledge) has been at the center of all speculations in India. There are three terms that appear in all discussions related to knowledge<ref>Kapoor Kapil and Singh Avadhesh Kumar, [http://iks.iitgn.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Bharat's-Knowledge-Systems-Kapil-Kapoor.pdf Bharat's Knowledge Systems], Vol.1, NewDelhi: D.K.Printworld, Pg.no.11</ref>:
Jnana (ज्ञानम् | Knowledge) has been at the center of all speculations in Bharata. There are three terms that appear in all discussions related to knowledge<ref>Kapoor Kapil and Singh Avadhesh Kumar, [http://iks.iitgn.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Bharat's-Knowledge-Systems-Kapil-Kapoor.pdf Bharat's Knowledge Systems], Vol.1, NewDelhi: D.K.Printworld, Pg.no.11</ref>:
* दर्शनम् ॥ [[Shad Darshanas (षड्दर्शनानि)|Darshana]]
* दर्शनम् ॥ [[Shad Darshanas (षड्दर्शनानि)|Darshana]]
* ज्ञानम् ॥ Jnana
* ज्ञानम् ॥ Jnana
Darshana literally means "a point of view" which leads to Jnana (knowledge). When this knowledge, gathered about a particular domain is organized and systematized for purposes of Chintana (चिन्तनम् | reflection) and Adhyapana (अध्यापनम् | pedagogy), it attains the status of Vidya (विद्या | discipline).
Darshana literally means "a point of view" which leads to Jnana (knowledge). When this knowledge, gathered about a particular domain is organized and systematized for purposes of Chintana (चिन्तनम् | reflection) and Adhyapana (अध्यापनम् | pedagogy), it attains the status of Vidya (विद्या | discipline).
The tradition always talks of 18 major Vidyas (disciplines of knowledge) and 64 kalas (arts) while referring to the curriculum of Ancient Bharat's Education<ref name=":0">Kapoor Kapil and Singh Avadhesh Kumar, [http://iks.iitgn.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Bharat's-Knowledge-Systems-Kapil-Kapoor.pdf Bharat's Knowledge Systems], Vol.1, NewDelhi: D.K.Printworld, Pg.no.18</ref>
The tradition always talks of 18 major Vidyas (disciplines of knowledge) and 64 kalas (arts) while referring to the curriculum of Ancient Bharata's Education<ref name=":0">Kapoor Kapil and Singh Avadhesh Kumar, [http://iks.iitgn.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Bharat's-Knowledge-Systems-Kapil-Kapoor.pdf Bharat's Knowledge Systems], Vol.1, NewDelhi: D.K.Printworld, Pg.no.18</ref>
The 18 Vidyas include:
The 18 Vidyas include:
* चतुर्वेदाः ॥ The [[Veda Vargeekarana (वेदवर्गीकरणम्)|Four Vedas]]: Rigveda, Yajurveda, Samaveda and Atharvaveda
* चतुर्वेदाः ॥ The [[Veda Vargeekarana (वेदवर्गीकरणम्)|Four Vedas]]: [[Rigveda (ऋग्वेदः)|Rigveda]], [[Yajurveda (यजुर्वेदः)|Yajurveda]], [[Samaveda (सामवेदः)|Samaveda]] and [[Atharvaveda (अथर्ववेदः)|Atharvaveda]]
* चत्वारः उपवेदाः ॥ The Four [[Upavedas (उपवेदाः)|subsidiary Vedas]]: Ayurveda (medicine), Dhanurveda (weaponry), Gandharvaveda (गान्धर्ववेदः | music) and Shilpashastra (architecture)
* चत्वारः उपवेदाः ॥ The Four [[Upavedas (उपवेदाः)|subsidiary Vedas]]: [[Ayurveda (आयुर्वेदः)|Ayurveda]] (medicine), [[Dhanurveda (धनुर्वेदः)|Dhanurveda]] (weaponry), [[Gandharvaveda (गान्धर्ववेदः)|Gandharvaveda]] (गान्धर्ववेदः | music) and [[Shilpashastra (शिल्पशास्त्रम्)|Shilpashastra]] (architecture)
* चत्वारि उपाङ्गानि ॥ The Four [http://dharmawiki.org/index.php/Vaidika_Vangmaya_(%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D)#.E0.A4.B5.E0.A5.87.E0.A4.A6-.E0.A4.89.E0.A4.AA.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.99.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.97.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.A8.E0.A4.BF_.7C.7C_Veda-Upangas Upangas]: Purana, Nyaya, Mimamsa (मीमांसा), Dharma Shastra
* चत्वारि उपाङ्गानि ॥ The Four [http://dharmawiki.org/index.php/Vaidika_Vangmaya_(%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D)#.E0.A4.B5.E0.A5.87.E0.A4.A6-.E0.A4.89.E0.A4.AA.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.99.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.97.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.A8.E0.A4.BF_.7C.7C_Veda-Upangas Upangas]: [[Puranas (पुराणानि)|Purana]], [[Nyaya Darshana (न्यायदर्शनम्)|Nyaya]], [[Mimamsa Darshana (मीमांसादर्शनम्)|Mimamsa]] (मीमांसा), [[Dharma Shastras (धर्मशास्त्राणि)|Dharma Shastra]]
* षड्वेदाङ्गानि ॥ The [[Shad Vedangas (षड्वेदाङ्गानि)|Six Vedangas]] (Auxiliary Sciences): Shiksha (phonetics), Vyakarana (grammar), Chandas (metre), Jyotish (astronomy), Kalpa (ritual) and Nirukta (etymology)
* षड्वेदाङ्गानि ॥ The [[Shad Vedangas (षड्वेदाङ्गानि)|Six Vedangas]] (Auxiliary Sciences): [[Shiksha (शिक्षा)|Shiksha]] (phonetics), [[Vyakarana Vedanga (व्याकरणवेदाङ्गम्)|Vyakarana]] (grammar), [[Chandas (छन्दस्)|Chandas]] (metre), [[Vedanga Jyotish (वेदाङ्गज्योतिष्)|Jyotish]] (astronomy), [[Kalpa Vedanga (कल्पवेदाङ्गम्)|Kalpa]] (ritual) and [[Nirukta (निरुक्तम्)|Nirukta]] (etymology)
However, as far as the kalas (arts) are concerned, there are competing enumerations of 64.
However, as far as the kalas (arts) are concerned, there are competing enumerations of 64.
== Which are the 64 Kalas ? ==
== Which are the 64 Kalas ? ==
As mentioned above, there are slight variations regarding the enumeration of the 64 Kalas (arts). The mention of these arts occur in:
As mentioned above, there are slight variations regarding the enumeration of the 64 Kalas (arts). The mention of these arts occur in:
[[File:64Kalas.gif|frame|320x320px|
Courtesy (images): Book "Sarwang" Published by Adivasi Lok Kala Evam Boli Vikas Academy, Madhya Pradesh Sanskriti Parishad
]]
* शैवतन्त्रम् ॥ Shaivatantra
* शैवतन्त्रम् ॥ Shaivatantra
* महाभारतम् ॥ [[Mahabharata (महाभारत)|Mahabharata]] by Vyasa Maharshi
* महाभारतम् ॥ [[Mahabharata (महाभारत)|Mahabharata]] by Vyasa Maharshi
|-
|-
|26
|26
|सूचीवापकर्म ॥ Suchivapakarma (Weaving and needle-work of various kinds)
|[[Textile Technology (तन्तुकार्यम्)|सूचीवापकर्म]] ॥ Suchivapakarma (Weaving and needle-work of various kinds)
|<nowiki>विविधासनमुद्राभिः देवतातोषणम् || Vividhasanamudrabhih devatatoshana (Propitiation of Gods by various seats and postures)</nowiki>
|<nowiki>विविधासनमुद्राभिः देवतातोषणम् || Vividhasanamudrabhih devatatoshana (Propitiation of Gods by various seats and postures)</nowiki>
|-
|-
|}
|}
<nowiki>*</nowiki>The शब्दकल्पद्रुमः ॥ Shabdakalpadruma mentions प्रतिमाला ॥ Pratimala (Capping verses) instead of प्रतिमा ॥ Pratima (Sculpture)
<nowiki>*</nowiki>The शब्दकल्पद्रुमः ॥ Shabdakalpadruma mentions प्रतिमाला ॥ Pratimala (Capping verses) instead of प्रतिमा ॥ Pratima (Sculpture)
== Discussion ==
== Discussion ==
== References ==
== References ==
[[Category:Kala]]
[[Category:Kala]]
<references />