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Kala (Samskrit: कला) or Art is a vital component of the Ancient Indian Education System. They are disciplines, a student acquires knowledge of, during the course of training in the Gurukula. They are called as Chatusshashti Kalas (चतुःषष्टिः कला-s) since they are 64 in number.
Kala (Samskrit: कला) or Art is a vital component of the Ancient [[Bharatavarsha (भरतवर्षम्)|Bharata]]'s Education System. They are disciplines, a student acquires knowledge of, during the course of training in the [[Gurukula (गुरुकुलम्)|Gurukula]]. They are called as Chatusshashti Kalas (चतुःषष्टिः कला-s) since they are 64 in number.
== परिचयः ॥ Introduction ==
== परिचयः ॥ Introduction ==
Bharatavarsha (Ancient Indian Sub-continent) has always attached great value to knowledge. Talking of India's knowledge tradition, Kapil Kapoor says, ''"India's'' ''knowledge tradition is ancient and uninterrupted like the flow of the river Ganga."''
[[Bharatavarsha (भरतवर्षम्)|Bharatavarsha]] (Ancient Bharata's Sub-continent) has always attached great value to knowledge. Talking of Bharata's knowledge tradition, Kapil Kapoor says, ''"India's'' ''knowledge tradition is ancient and uninterrupted like the flow of the river [[Ganga (गङ्गा)|Ganga]]."''
Jnana (ज्ञानम् | Knowledge) has been at the center of all speculations in India. There are three terms that appear in all discussions related to knowledge<ref>Kapoor Kapil and Singh Avadhesh Kumar, [http://iks.iitgn.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Indian-Knowledge-Systems-Kapil-Kapoor.pdf Indian Knowledge Systems], Vol.1, NewDelhi: D.K.Printworld, Pg.no.11</ref>:
Jnana (ज्ञानम् | Knowledge) has been at the center of all speculations in Bharata. There are three terms that appear in all discussions related to knowledge<ref>Kapoor Kapil and Singh Avadhesh Kumar, [http://iks.iitgn.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Bharat's-Knowledge-Systems-Kapil-Kapoor.pdf Bharat's Knowledge Systems], Vol.1, NewDelhi: D.K.Printworld, Pg.no.11</ref>:
* दर्शनम् ॥ Darshana
* दर्शनम् ॥ [[Shad Darshanas (षड्दर्शनानि)|Darshana]]
* ज्ञानम् ॥ Jnana
* ज्ञानम् ॥ Jnana
* विद्या ॥ Vidya
* विद्या ॥ [http://dharmawiki.org/index.php/Vaidika_Vangmaya_(%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D)#.C2.A0.E0.A4.B5.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.A6.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AF.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.B8.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.A5.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.A8.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.A8.E0.A4.BF_.E0.A5.A5_Vidyasthanas Vidya]
Darshana literally means "a point of view" which leads to Jnana (knowledge). When this knowledge, gathered about a particular domain is organized and systematized for purposes of Chintana (चिन्तनम् | reflection) and Adhyapana (अध्यापनम् | pedagogy), it attains the status of Vidya (विद्या | discipline).
Darshana literally means "a point of view" which leads to Jnana (knowledge). When this knowledge, gathered about a particular domain is organized and systematized for purposes of Chintana (चिन्तनम् | reflection) and Adhyapana (अध्यापनम् | pedagogy), it attains the status of Vidya (विद्या | discipline).
The tradition always talks of 18 major Vidyas (disciplines of knowledge) and 64 kalas (arts) while referring to the curriculum of Ancient Indian Education<ref>Kapoor Kapil and Singh Avadhesh Kumar, [http://iks.iitgn.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Indian-Knowledge-Systems-Kapil-Kapoor.pdf Indian Knowledge Systems], Vol.1, NewDelhi: D.K.Printworld, Pg.no.18</ref>
The tradition always talks of 18 major Vidyas (disciplines of knowledge) and 64 kalas (arts) while referring to the curriculum of Ancient Bharata's Education<ref name=":0">Kapoor Kapil and Singh Avadhesh Kumar, [http://iks.iitgn.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Bharat's-Knowledge-Systems-Kapil-Kapoor.pdf Bharat's Knowledge Systems], Vol.1, NewDelhi: D.K.Printworld, Pg.no.18</ref>
The 18 Vidyas include:
The 18 Vidyas include:
* चतुर्वेदाः ॥ The Four Vedas: Rigveda, Yajurveda, Samaveda and Atharvaveda
* चतुर्वेदाः ॥ The [[Veda Vargeekarana (वेदवर्गीकरणम्)|Four Vedas]]: [[Rigveda (ऋग्वेदः)|Rigveda]], [[Yajurveda (यजुर्वेदः)|Yajurveda]], [[Samaveda (सामवेदः)|Samaveda]] and [[Atharvaveda (अथर्ववेदः)|Atharvaveda]]
* चत्वारः उपवेदाः ॥ The Four subsidiary Vedas: Ayurveda (medicine), Dhanurveda (weaponry), Gandharvaveda (गान्धर्ववेदः | music) and Shilpashastra (architecture)
* चत्वारः उपवेदाः ॥ The Four [[Upavedas (उपवेदाः)|subsidiary Vedas]]: [[Ayurveda (आयुर्वेदः)|Ayurveda]] (medicine), [[Dhanurveda (धनुर्वेदः)|Dhanurveda]] (weaponry), [[Gandharvaveda (गान्धर्ववेदः)|Gandharvaveda]] (गान्धर्ववेदः | music) and [[Shilpashastra (शिल्पशास्त्रम्)|Shilpashastra]] (architecture)
* चत्वारि उपाङ्गानि ॥ The Four Upangas: Purana, Nyaya, Mimamsa (मीमांसा), Dharma Shastra
* चत्वारि उपाङ्गानि ॥ The Four [http://dharmawiki.org/index.php/Vaidika_Vangmaya_(%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D)#.E0.A4.B5.E0.A5.87.E0.A4.A6-.E0.A4.89.E0.A4.AA.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.99.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.97.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.A8.E0.A4.BF_.7C.7C_Veda-Upangas Upangas]: [[Puranas (पुराणानि)|Purana]], [[Nyaya Darshana (न्यायदर्शनम्)|Nyaya]], [[Mimamsa Darshana (मीमांसादर्शनम्)|Mimamsa]] (मीमांसा), [[Dharma Shastras (धर्मशास्त्राणि)|Dharma Shastra]]
* षड्वेदाङ्गानि ॥ The Six Vedangas (Auxiliary Sciences): Shiksha (phonetics), Vyakarana (grammar), Chandas (metre), Jyotish (astronomy), Kalpa (ritual) and Nirukta (etymology)
* षड्वेदाङ्गानि ॥ The [[Shad Vedangas (षड्वेदाङ्गानि)|Six Vedangas]] (Auxiliary Sciences): [[Shiksha (शिक्षा)|Shiksha]] (phonetics), [[Vyakarana Vedanga (व्याकरणवेदाङ्गम्)|Vyakarana]] (grammar), [[Chandas (छन्दस्)|Chandas]] (metre), [[Vedanga Jyotish (वेदाङ्गज्योतिष्)|Jyotish]] (astronomy), [[Kalpa Vedanga (कल्पवेदाङ्गम्)|Kalpa]] (ritual) and [[Nirukta (निरुक्तम्)|Nirukta]] (etymology)
However, as far as the kalas (arts) are concerned, there are competing enumerations of 64.
However, as far as the kalas (arts) are concerned, there are competing enumerations of 64.
== Which are the 64 Kalas ? ==
== Which are the 64 Kalas ? ==
As mentioned above, there are slight variations regarding the enumeration of the 64 Kalas (arts). The mention of these arts occur in:
As mentioned above, there are slight variations regarding the enumeration of the 64 Kalas (arts). The mention of these arts occur in:
[[File:64Kalas.gif|frame|320x320px|
Courtesy (images): Book "Sarwang" Published by Adivasi Lok Kala Evam Boli Vikas Academy, Madhya Pradesh Sanskriti Parishad
]]
* शैवतन्त्रम् ॥ Shaivatantra
* शैवतन्त्रम् ॥ Shaivatantra
* महाभारतम् ॥ Mahabharata by Vyasa Maharshi
* महाभारतम् ॥ [[Mahabharata (महाभारत)|Mahabharata]] by Vyasa Maharshi
* कामसूत्रम् ॥ Kamasutra by Vatsyayana
* कामसूत्रम् ॥ Kamasutra by Vatsyayana
* नाट्यशास्त्रम् ॥ Natya Shastra by Bharatamuni
* नाट्यशास्त्रम् ॥ Natya Shastra by Bharatamuni
|-
|-
|26
|26
|सूचीवापकर्म ॥ Suchivapakarma (Weaving and needle-work of various kinds)
|[[Textile Technology (तन्तुकार्यम्)|सूचीवापकर्म]] ॥ Suchivapakarma (Weaving and needle-work of various kinds)
|<nowiki>विविधासनमुद्राभिः देवतातोषणम् || Vividhasanamudrabhih devatatoshana (Propitiation of Gods by various seats and postures)</nowiki>
|<nowiki>विविधासनमुद्राभिः देवतातोषणम् || Vividhasanamudrabhih devatatoshana (Propitiation of Gods by various seats and postures)</nowiki>
|-
|-
|-
|-
|49
|49
|देशभाषाज्ञानम् ॥ Deshabhasha jnana (Fluently talking in the different Indian dialects)
|देशभाषाज्ञानम् ॥ Deshabhasha jnana (Fluently talking in the different Bharat's dialects)
|<nowiki>मार्जने गृहभाण्डादेः विज्ञानम् || Marjane Grhabhandadeh Vijnana (Cleansing of domestic utensils)</nowiki>
|<nowiki>मार्जने गृहभाण्डादेः विज्ञानम् || Marjane Grhabhandadeh Vijnana (Cleansing of domestic utensils)</nowiki>
|-
|-
|}
|}
<nowiki>*</nowiki>The शब्दकल्पद्रुमः ॥ Shabdakalpadruma mentions प्रतिमाला ॥ Pratimala (Capping verses) instead of प्रतिमा ॥ Pratima (Sculpture)
<nowiki>*</nowiki>The शब्दकल्पद्रुमः ॥ Shabdakalpadruma mentions प्रतिमाला ॥ Pratimala (Capping verses) instead of प्रतिमा ॥ Pratima (Sculpture)
== Discussion ==
The Ancient Bharat's education model aimed at facilitating the four basic duties of a person viz. Dharma (Righteousness), Artha (Livelihood), Kama (Family life) and [[Moksha Dristipath|Moksha]] (Attainment of eternal peace).<ref>Pt. Shri Durgadutta Tripathi, [https://shekharsk.files.wordpress.com/2016/02/64-arts-of-ancient-india.pdf Sixty-four Arts of ancient India], Edited and Translated by – Dr. A.S. Nene</ref> The tradition talks of 18 major vidyas (theoretical disciplines), and 64 kalas (applied or vocational disciplines/crafts).These "crafts" have a direct bearing on day-to-day life of the people and most of them are still a part of the Bharat's life.<ref name=":0" /> It is interesting to note that these crafts are still important means of livelihood. There is a close relationship of these crafts with ordinary life.<ref name=":1">Kapoor Kapil and Singh Avadhesh Kumar, [http://iks.iitgn.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Bharat's-Knowledge-Systems-Kapil-Kapoor.pdf Bharat's Knowledge Systems], Vol.1, NewDelhi: D.K.Printworld, Pg.no.19</ref>
It is also significant that no opposition is set-up in the Bharat's tradition between "art" and "craft." For the craftsmen, the craft is not only their profession, it is also their worship. These crafts were taught, are still taught, by a teacher to his disciples, for the learning of a craft requires watching the teacher at work, starting by doing odd, little jobs assigned by the teacher and then the long practice, abhyasa (अभ्यासः), on one's own. Only after considerable experience the learner refines his art and then may set-up on his own.We can see this even today in Bharat's dance, music and even automobile-repair. This is one reason why the craftsman is held in high esteem as a sadhaka, a devotee whose mind attaches with great reverence to his object. His training is a form of [[Tapas|tapa]] (तपः), a dedication and the primary virtue he has to acquire is concentration, ekagrata (एकाग्रता).<ref name=":1" />
The Bharat's tradition is replete with texts even for the crafts, which are "practical" disciplines.In each discipline, there are Schools; in each School there are thinkers and texts. In fact, one may talk of three kinds of texts — primary texts (Shastra) which lay down the foundational principles, samgraha texts (compendium of all Schools in that discipline) and commentary/expository texts (tika । टीका). These three kinds of texts are available in most disciplines — this is the way knowledge is organized and presented for purposes of pedagogy. However, it is true in the case of crafts just as it is true in the case of vidyas that the knowledge resides in the teacher, the guru. This is the root of the great reverence attached to the gurus in the Bharat's tradition as he is the source and the ultimate authority in the given domain of knowledge.<ref name=":1" />
== References ==
== References ==
[[Category:Kala]]
<references />