Difference between revisions of "64 Kalas (चतुःषष्टिः कलाः)"

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(→‎Which are the 64 Kalas ?: Adding citations)
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The list of the 64 Kalas in some these texts have been juxtaposed in the following table:
 
The list of the 64 Kalas in some these texts have been juxtaposed in the following table:
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
{| class="wikitable"
 +
|+चतुःषष्टिः कलाः ॥ Chatusshashti Kala (64 Arts)
 
!Text
 
!Text
−
!शैवतन्त्रम्<ref>[https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AD Vachaspatyam]</ref><ref>[https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%83 Shabdakalpadruma]</ref>
+
!शैवतन्त्रम्<ref>[https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AD Vachaspatyam]</ref><ref>[https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%83/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%83 Shabdakalpadruma]</ref><ref>Srimad Bhagavata Mahapurana (Part II), English redition: C.L.Goswami, Gorakhpur: Gita Press, Fourth Edition (1997), Pg.no.294 (annotation)</ref>
 
!शुक्रनीतिः
 
!शुक्रनीतिः
 
!शिवतत्वरत्नाकरः
 
!शिवतत्वरत्नाकरः
 
|-
 
|-
 
|1
 
|1
−
|गीतम् ॥ Singing
+
|गीतम् ॥ Geeta (Singing)
 
|Geet - Singing
 
|Geet - Singing
 
|History   
 
|History   
 
|-
 
|-
 
|2
 
|2
−
|वाद्यम् ॥Playing on various musical instruments
+
|वाद्यम् ॥ Vadya (Playing on various musical instruments)
 
|Vadya – Playing musical instruments
 
|Vadya – Playing musical instruments
 
|Poetry
 
|Poetry
 
|-
 
|-
 
|3
 
|3
−
|नृत्यम् ॥ Dancing
+
|नृत्यम् ॥ Nrtya (Dancing)
 
|Nrtya - Dancing
 
|Nrtya - Dancing
 
|Calligraphy
 
|Calligraphy
 
|-
 
|-
 
|4
 
|4
−
|नाट्यम् ॥ Acting, gesticulation, mimicry
+
|नाट्यम् ॥ Natya (Acting, gesticulation, mimicry)
 
|Visheshakchhadya - Forhead decoration with paper, leaves etc.
 
|Visheshakchhadya - Forhead decoration with paper, leaves etc.
 
|Metrical compositions
 
|Metrical compositions
 
|-
 
|-
 
|5
 
|5
−
|आलेख्यम् ॥ Drawing, Painting, Calligraphy
+
|आलेख्यम् ॥ Alekhya (Drawing, Painting, Calligraphy)
 
|Tandul-kusumabalivikar - use of colored rice grains and flower for worship.
 
|Tandul-kusumabalivikar - use of colored rice grains and flower for worship.
 
|Dancing
 
|Dancing
 
|-
 
|-
 
|6
 
|6
−
|विशेषकच्छेद्यम् ॥ Painting figures of various designs on the various parts of the body with musk paste and other fragrant substances.
+
|विशेषकच्छेद्यम् ॥ Visheshakacchedya (Painting figures of various designs on the various parts of the body with musk paste and other fragrant substances)
 
|PushpastaraN - Floral carpets
 
|PushpastaraN - Floral carpets
 
|Evaluating precious stones
 
|Evaluating precious stones
 
|-
 
|-
 
|7
 
|7
−
|तण्डुलकुसुमयलिविकाराः ॥ Preparing for use in worship various designs with grains of rice, flowers, etc
+
|तण्डुलकुसुमयलिविकाराः ॥ Tandula kusumayalivikara (Preparing for use in worship various designs with grains of rice, flowers, etc)
 
|Dashnavsanangrag - Decaration of nails and body
 
|Dashnavsanangrag - Decaration of nails and body
 
|Wrestling
 
|Wrestling
 
|-
 
|-
 
|8
 
|8
−
|पुष्पास्तरणम् ॥ Preparing a bed of flowers
+
|पुष्पास्तरणम् ॥ Pushpaastarana (Preparing a bed of flowers)
 
|Manibhumika karma - Floor decoration with pearls or precious stones.
 
|Manibhumika karma - Floor decoration with pearls or precious stones.
 
|Cooking  
 
|Cooking  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|9
 
|9
−
|दशनवसनाङ्गरागाः ॥ Colouring the teeth and other limbs and articles of wearing apparel
+
|दशनवसनाङ्गरागाः ॥ Dashana vasananga raga (Colouring the teeth and other limbs and articles of wearing apparel)
 
|Shayanrachana – Bed arrangement.
 
|Shayanrachana – Bed arrangement.
 
|Magic  
 
|Magic  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|10
 
|10
−
|मणिभूमिकाकर्म ॥ Paving a floor with Precious stones
+
|मणिभूमिकाकर्म ॥ Mani bhumika karma (Paving a floor with Precious stones)
 
|Udakvadya - Jalataranga-Series of water pots for creating music.
 
|Udakvadya - Jalataranga-Series of water pots for creating music.
 
|Shoe-making
 
|Shoe-making
 
|-
 
|-
 
|11
 
|11
−
|शयनरचनम् ॥ Preparing a bed
+
|शयनरचनम् ॥ Shayana rachana (Preparing a bed)
 
|Udakaghat - Sprinkling with water cannons.
 
|Udakaghat - Sprinkling with water cannons.
 
|Thieving
 
|Thieving
 
|-
 
|-
 
|12
 
|12
−
|उदकवाद्यम् ॥ Using a pot full of water as a musical instrument and treading on water
+
|उदकवाद्यम् ॥ Udakavadya (Using a pot full of water as a musical instrument and treading on water)
 
|Chitrashycha yoga – Herbal preparations for weakening of enemy
 
|Chitrashycha yoga – Herbal preparations for weakening of enemy
 
|Iron smithery
 
|Iron smithery
 
|-
 
|-
 
|13
 
|13
−
|उदकघातः ॥ Sprinkling with water cannons.
+
|उदकघातः ॥ Udakaghata (Sprinkling with water cannons)
 
|Malyagranthanvikalpa - Preparation of floral garlands and hair bands
 
|Malyagranthanvikalpa - Preparation of floral garlands and hair bands
 
|Painting
 
|Painting
 
|-
 
|-
 
|14
 
|14
−
|चित्रायोगाः ॥ Herbal preparations for weakening of enemy
+
|चित्रायोगाः ॥ Chitrayoga (Herbal preparations for weakening of enemy)
 
|Shekarkapidyojan – Ladies hair styling.
 
|Shekarkapidyojan – Ladies hair styling.
 
|Gardening  
 
|Gardening  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|15
 
|15
−
|माल्यग्रथनविकल्पाः ॥ making ornaments of flowers for ears, braid
+
|माल्यग्रथनविकल्पाः ॥ Malyagrathana vikalpa (Preparing chaplets and wreathe of flowers)
 
|Nepathyaprayog - Body make-up with cloth, ornaments and flowers.
 
|Nepathyaprayog - Body make-up with cloth, ornaments and flowers.
 
|Carpentry  
 
|Carpentry  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|16
 
|16
−
|केशशेखरापीडयोजनम् ॥ Ladies hair styling.
+
|केशशेखरापीडयोजनम् ॥ Keshashekharapeeda yojana (Ladies hair styling)
 
|KarNapatrabhanga - Ear ornaments preparation.
 
|KarNapatrabhanga - Ear ornaments preparation.
 
|Hair-dressing
 
|Hair-dressing
 
|-
 
|-
 
|17
 
|17
−
|नेपथ्ययोगाः ॥ Body make-up with cloth, ornaments and flowers.
+
|नेपथ्ययोगाः ॥ Nepathyayoga (Modes of beautifying the body with cloths and ornaments of various kinds)
 
|Gandhayukti - Making scented dhupa.
 
|Gandhayukti - Making scented dhupa.
 
|Hunting
 
|Hunting
 
|-
 
|-
 
|18
 
|18
−
|कर्णपत्रभङ्गाः ॥ Ear ornaments preparation.
+
|कर्णपत्रभङ्गाः ॥ Karnapatrabhanga (Painting ornamental figures on the ears)
 
|BhushaNyojan - Ornamental make-up
 
|BhushaNyojan - Ornamental make-up
 
|Trading  
 
|Trading  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|19
 
|19
−
|गन्धयुक्तिः ॥ Making perfumes and cosmetics of various kinds
+
|गन्धयुक्तिः ॥ Gandhayukti (Making perfumes and cosmetics) 
 
|Endrajal – Magic / mesmerism.
 
|Endrajal – Magic / mesmerism.
 
|Agriculture  
 
|Agriculture  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|20
 
|20
−
|भूषणयोजनम् ॥ Making ornaments of various designs
+
|भूषणयोजनम् ॥ Bhushanayojana (Making ornaments of various designs)
−
|Kauchumaryog - Preparation of sex tonics.
+
|Kauchumaryog - the art of beautification
−
 
 
−
Sixty-four arts of ancient India Page 8
 
 
|Animal husbandry
 
|Animal husbandry
 
|-
 
|-
 
|21
 
|21
−
|इन्द्रजालम् ॥ Appearing in various guises of one's choice
+
|इन्द्रजालम् ॥ Indrajala (Jugglery)
 
|Hastlaghav- Hand magic.
 
|Hastlaghav- Hand magic.
 
|making medicines,  
 
|making medicines,  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|22
 
|22
−
|कौचुमारयोगाः ॥ the art of beautification  
+
|कौचुमारयोगाः ॥ Kauchumarayoga (the art of beautification)
 
|Vichitrashakayushbhakshyavikar kriya- Culinary preparations- sweets etc.
 
|Vichitrashakayushbhakshyavikar kriya- Culinary preparations- sweets etc.
 
|leather work,  
 
|leather work,  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|23
 
|23
−
|हस्तलाघवम् ॥ Sleight of hand
+
|हस्तलाघवम् ॥ Hastalaghava (Sleight of hand)
 
|Panakrasa Ragasav yojan- Making sharbat or syrups.
 
|Panakrasa Ragasav yojan- Making sharbat or syrups.
 
|driving,
 
|driving,
 
|-
 
|-
 
|24
 
|24
−
|चित्रशाकापूपभक्ष्यविका-
+
|चित्रशाकापूपभक्ष्यविकारक्रिया ॥ Chitrashakapupabhakyavikara kriya (Culinary art)
−
रक्रिया ॥Culinary art
 
 
|Suchivan Karm –Needle work-Embroidery
 
|Suchivan Karm –Needle work-Embroidery
 
|fishing,  
 
|fishing,  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|25
 
|25
−
|पानकरसरागासवयोजनम् ॥ Making drinks of various tastes and colours and spirituous liquors of various kinds  
+
|पानकरसरागासवयोजनम् ॥ Panakarasaragasava yojana (Making drinks of various tastes and colours and spirituous liquors of various kinds)  
 
|Sutra krida –Hand puppets show
 
|Sutra krida –Hand puppets show
 
|speech-making
 
|speech-making
Line 167: Line 165:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|26
 
|26
−
|सूची-
+
|सूचीवापकर्म ॥ Suchivapakarma (Weaving and needle-work of various kinds)
−
वापकर्म ॥ Weaving and needle-work of various kinds  
 
 
|Veenadamruvadya-Playing musical instruments like veena or damru
 
|Veenadamruvadya-Playing musical instruments like veena or damru
 
|singing
 
|singing
 
|-
 
|-
 
|27
 
|27
−
|<nowiki>वीणाडमरुकसूत्रक्रीडा ॥ सूत्रक्रीडा || Making musical instruments of various kinds</nowiki>
+
|वीणाडमरुकसूत्रक्रीडा ॥ Veena damaruka sutra kreeda (Making musical instruments of various kinds and working puppets by strings)
 
|Pahelika - Solving riddles.
 
|Pahelika - Solving riddles.
 
|playing musical instruments
 
|playing musical instruments
Line 179: Line 176:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|28
 
|28
−
|प्रहेलिका ॥ Solving riddles
+
|प्रहेलिका ॥ Prahelika (Solving riddles)
 
|Pratimala- An interesting style of reading text or poem.
 
|Pratimala- An interesting style of reading text or poem.
 
|preparing manuscripts
 
|preparing manuscripts
 
|-
 
|-
 
|29
 
|29
−
|<nowiki>प्रतिमा ॥ प्रतिमाला  || Sculpture</nowiki>
+
|प्रतिमा* ॥ Pratima (Sculpture)
 
|Durvachakyog - Reciting text which is difficult to pronounce and understand.
 
|Durvachakyog - Reciting text which is difficult to pronounce and understand.
 
|garland-making,  
 
|garland-making,  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|30
 
|30
−
|दुर्वचकयोगाः ॥ Skill in uttering tongue twisters
+
|दुर्वचकयोगाः ॥ Durvachaka yoga (Skill in uttering tongue twisters)
 
|Pustak Vachan –Book reading
 
|Pustak Vachan –Book reading
 
|dyeing
 
|dyeing
 
|-
 
|-
 
|31
 
|31
−
|पुस्तकवाचनम् ॥ The art of reading manuscripts easily and quickly
+
|पुस्तकवाचनम् ॥ Pustaka vachana (The art of reading manuscripts easily and quickly)
 
|Natakakhyalika darshan -Dramatics
 
|Natakakhyalika darshan -Dramatics
 
|body-care
 
|body-care
 
|-
 
|-
 
|32
 
|32
−
|नाटिकाख्यायिकादर्शनम्  ॥ Dramaturgy and story writing
+
|नाटिकाख्यायिकादर्शनम्  ॥ Natika Akhyayika darshana (Dramaturgy and story writing)
 
|Kavya Samasyapurti – Solving riddles.
 
|Kavya Samasyapurti – Solving riddles.
 
|use of weapons
 
|use of weapons
 
|-
 
|-
 
|33
 
|33
−
|काव्यसमस्यापूरणम् ॥ Completion of incomplete verses or part verses
+
|काव्यसमस्यापूरणम् ॥ Kavya samasya purana (Completion of incomplete verses or part verses)
 
|Pattikavetrayanvikalpa - Furniture making.
 
|Pattikavetrayanvikalpa - Furniture making.
 
|making moulds
 
|making moulds
 
|-
 
|-
 
|34
 
|34
−
|पट्टिकावेत्रवाणविकल्पाः ॥ Making ligatures, canes, arrows
+
|पट्टिकावेत्रवाणविकल्पाः ॥ Pattikavetravana vikalpa (Making ligatures, canes, arrows)
 
|Takshyakarm –Cutting wood to proper size and shape.
 
|Takshyakarm –Cutting wood to proper size and shape.
 
|performing pUjll (daily worship)
 
|performing pUjll (daily worship)
 
|-
 
|-
 
|35
 
|35
−
|तर्कूकर्माणि ॥ Spindle work
+
|तर्कूकर्माणि ॥ Tarkukarma (Spindle work)
 
|TakshyaN - Carpentry.
 
|TakshyaN - Carpentry.
 
|inlay work
 
|inlay work
 
|-
 
|-
 
|36
 
|36
−
|तक्षणम् ॥ Carpentry
+
|तक्षणम् ॥ Takshana (Carpentry)
 
|Vastuvidya - Civil engineering / architecture.
 
|Vastuvidya - Civil engineering / architecture.
 
|arranging
 
|arranging
Line 226: Line 223:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|37
 
|37
−
|वास्तुविद्या ॥ Architecture
+
|वास्तुविद्या ॥ Vastuvidya (Architecture)
 
|Roopyaratna Pariksha - Valuations of gems and coins.
 
|Roopyaratna Pariksha - Valuations of gems and coins.
 
|preparing scents  
 
|preparing scents  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|38
 
|38
−
|रूप्यरत्नपरीक्षा  ॥ Testing valuable metals and precious stones
+
|रूप्यरत्नपरीक्षा  ॥ Roopya ratna pariksha (Testing valuable metals and precious stones)
 
|Dhatuwad- Mixing of metals like brass.
 
|Dhatuwad- Mixing of metals like brass.
 
|bangle-making
 
|bangle-making
 
|-
 
|-
 
|39
 
|39
−
|धातुवादः  ॥ Alchemy
+
|धातुवादः  ॥ Dhatuvada (Alchemy)
 
|Maniragakar Dyana- Idientification of pearls and gems.
 
|Maniragakar Dyana- Idientification of pearls and gems.
 
|stitching
 
|stitching
 
|-
 
|-
 
|40
 
|40
−
|मणिरागज्ञानम्  ॥ Colouring precious stones
+
|मणिरागज्ञानम्  ॥ Maniraga jnana (Colouring precious stones)
 
|Vrukshaurveda- knowledge of Botany.
 
|Vrukshaurveda- knowledge of Botany.
 
|making ornaments
 
|making ornaments
 
|-
 
|-
 
|41
 
|41
−
|आकरज्ञानम् ॥ Knowledge of latent minerals
+
|आकरज्ञानम् ॥ Akara jnana (Knowledge of latent minerals)
 
|Meshkukkutlavakyuddhavidhi – Knowledge of bird/ animal fighting for gambling.
 
|Meshkukkutlavakyuddhavidhi – Knowledge of bird/ animal fighting for gambling.
 
|making sweets
 
|making sweets
 
|-
 
|-
 
|42
 
|42
−
|वृक्षायुर्वेदयोगाः ॥ Nursing and treating plants
+
|वृक्षायुर्वेदयोगाः ॥ Vrkshayurveda yoga (Nursing and treating plants)
 
|Shukasarika Pralapan - training of bird to speak.
 
|Shukasarika Pralapan - training of bird to speak.
 
|home-planning
 
|home-planning
 
|-
 
|-
 
|43
 
|43
−
|मेषकुक्कुटलावकयुद्धविधिं ॥ Setting game rams, cocks, quails to fight as sport
+
|मेषकुक्कुटलावकयुद्धविधिः ॥ Mesha kukkutalavaka yuddhavidhi (Setting game rams, cocks, quails to fight as sport)
 
|Utsadan-Samvahan-Keshmardankaushal- Body massage and hair care.
 
|Utsadan-Samvahan-Keshmardankaushal- Body massage and hair care.
 
|training animals
 
|training animals
 
|-
 
|-
 
|44
 
|44
−
|शुकसारिकाप्रलापनम्  ॥ teaching parrots and other birds to imitate human speech
+
|शुकसारिकाप्रलापनम्  ॥ Shuka sarika pralapana (teaching parrots and other birds to imitate human speech)
 
|Akshyarmushti kathan-Secret word codes for communication or Mushti sanket - Secret communication through fingers (used by traders in auctions).
 
|Akshyarmushti kathan-Secret word codes for communication or Mushti sanket - Secret communication through fingers (used by traders in auctions).
 
|training birds
 
|training birds
 
|-
 
|-
 
|45
 
|45
−
|उत्सादनम्  ॥ Making an enemy quit his place by means of a charm
+
|उत्सादनम्  ॥ Utsadana (Making an enemy quit his place by means of a charm)
 
|Mlenchhit Vikalpa- Secret communication through gestures.
 
|Mlenchhit Vikalpa- Secret communication through gestures.
 
|coding
 
|coding
Line 272: Line 269:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|46
 
|46
−
|केशमार्जनकौशलम्  ॥ Cleaning and dressing the hair  
+
|केशमार्जनकौशलम्  ॥ Keshamarjana kaushala (Cleaning and dressing the hair)
 
|Deshbhasha vidyan –Knowledge of foreign languages.
 
|Deshbhasha vidyan –Knowledge of foreign languages.
 
|making instruments/machines
 
|making instruments/machines
 
|-
 
|-
 
|47
 
|47
−
|अक्षरमुष्टिकाकथनम् ॥ Reading letters removed from one's sight and divining the nature of substances held within one's palm
+
|अक्षरमुष्टिकाकथनम् ॥ Aksharamushtika kathana (Reading letters removed from one's sight and divining the nature of substances held within one's palm)
 
|Pushpashakatika- Decoration of vehicles with flowers.
 
|Pushpashakatika- Decoration of vehicles with flowers.
 
|training memory
 
|training memory
 
|-
 
|-
 
|48
 
|48
−
|म्लेच्छितकविकल्पाः ॥ Knowledge of books written in the language of Barbarians
+
|म्लेच्छितकविकल्पाः ॥ Mlecchitaka vikalpa (Knowledge of books written in the language of Barbarians)
 
|Nimittadyana – Knowledge of auspicious date and time for a particular work.
 
|Nimittadyana – Knowledge of auspicious date and time for a particular work.
 
|physical exercise  
 
|physical exercise  
 
|-
 
|-
 
|49
 
|49
−
|देशभाषाज्ञानम्  ॥ Fluently talking in the different Indian dialects
+
|देशभाषाज्ञानम्  ॥ Deshabhasha jnana (Fluently talking in the different Indian dialects)
 
|Yantramatruka- Knowledge of instruments or machines
 
|Yantramatruka- Knowledge of instruments or machines
 
|yogic
 
|yogic
Line 294: Line 291:
 
|-
 
|-
 
|50
 
|50
−
|पुष्पशकटिकानिमित्तज्ञानम् ॥ Decoration of vehicles with flowers and Reading good or bad omens
+
|पुष्पशकटिकानिमित्तज्ञानम् ॥ Pushpashakatika nimitta jnana (Decoration of vehicles with flowers and Reading good or bad omens)
 
|DharaNmatruka- Remembering heard sentences.
 
|DharaNmatruka- Remembering heard sentences.
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|51
 
|51
−
|यन्त्रमातृका ॥ Making diagrams by means of letters arranged in different orders as mystical formulae to be worshipped or worn as an amulet
+
|यन्त्रमातृका ॥ Yantramatrka (Making diagrams by means of letters arranged in different orders as mystical formulae to be worshipped or worn as an amulet)
 
|Sampathya-
 
|Sampathya-
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|52
 
|52
−
|धारणमातृका ॥ Remembering heard sentences.
+
|धारणमातृका ॥ Dharanamatrka (Remembering heard sentences)
 
|Manasi Kavya Kriya – To complete incomplete poem or its part.
 
|Manasi Kavya Kriya – To complete incomplete poem or its part.
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|53
 
|53
−
|सम्पाट्यम् ॥ Splitting hard substances such as diamonds into two or more pieces of different shapes  
+
|सम्पाट्यम् ॥ Sampatya (Splitting hard substances such as diamonds into two or more pieces of different shapes)
 
|Abhidhankosha-
 
|Abhidhankosha-
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|54
 
|54
−
|मानसीकाव्य-
+
|मानसीकाव्यक्रिया ॥ Manasikavya kriya (Reading the thoughts of others and bringing them out in a verse)
−
क्रिया ॥ Reading the thoughts of others and bringing them out in a verse
 
 
|Chandodyan
 
|Chandodyan
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|55
 
|55
−
|क्रियाविकल्पाः ॥ Poetry forms
+
|क्रियाविकल्पाः ॥ Kriyavikalpa (Poetry forms)
 
|Kriyakalpa –Poetry forms
 
|Kriyakalpa –Poetry forms
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|56
 
|56
−
|छलितकयोगाः ॥ Conceal body or speech.
+
|छलितकयोगाः ॥ Chalitayoga (Conceal body or speech)
 
|Chalitak Yog –Conceal body or speech.
 
|Chalitak Yog –Conceal body or speech.
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|57
 
|57
−
|अभिधानकोषच्छन्दोज्ञानम् ॥ lexicography and prosody
+
|अभिधानकोषच्छन्दोज्ञानम् ॥ Abhidhanakosh chanda jnana (lexicography and prosody)
 
|Vastragopan – covering parts of body with cloth.
 
|Vastragopan – covering parts of body with cloth.
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|58
 
|58
−
|वस्त्रगोपनानि ॥ Showing off one's clothes as made of a superior texture than what they actually are
+
|वस्त्रगोपनानि ॥ Vastragopana (Showing off one's clothes as made of a superior texture than what they actually are)
 
|Dhyutavishesh-
 
|Dhyutavishesh-
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|59
 
|59
−
|द्यूतविशेषः ॥ Playing at dice
+
|द्यूतविशेषः ॥ Dyutavishesha (Playing at dice)
 
|Aakarsh kriya - Playing with dices.
 
|Aakarsh kriya - Playing with dices.
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|60
 
|60
−
|आकर्षणक्रीडा ॥ Attracting remote objects
+
|आकर्षणक्रीडा ॥ Akarshana kreeda (Attracting remote objects)
 
|Balakridanak
 
|Balakridanak
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|61
 
|61
−
|बालकक्रीडनकानि ॥ Playing childrens' games
+
|बालकक्रीडनकानि ॥ Balaka kreedanaka (Playing childrens' games)
 
|Vainayiki dyna – Behavior with known and unknown persons.
 
|Vainayiki dyna – Behavior with known and unknown persons.
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|62
 
|62
−
|वैनायिकीनां विद्यानां ज्ञानम् ॥ The Practice of charms
+
|वैनायिकीनां विद्यानां ज्ञानम् ॥ Vainaayiki vidya jnana (The Practice of charms)
 
|Vaijayiki Dynan –Knowledge of victory.
 
|Vaijayiki Dynan –Knowledge of victory.
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|63
 
|63
−
|वैजयिकीनां विद्यानां ज्ञानम् ॥ Fore knowledge of the party going to win in a debate
+
|वैजयिकीनां विद्यानां ज्ञानम् ॥ Vaijayiki vidya jnana (Fore knowledge of the party going to win in a debate)
 
|Vyayam –Physical exercise.
 
|Vyayam –Physical exercise.
 
|
 
|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|64
 
|64
−
|वैतालिकीनां विद्यानां ज्ञानम्  ॥ Keeping goblins and vampires under one's control
+
|वैतालिकीनां विद्यानां ज्ञानम्  ॥ Vaitaliki vidya jnana (Keeping goblins and vampires under one's control)
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|
 
|}
 
|}
 +
<nowiki>*</nowiki>The शब्दकल्पद्रुमः ॥ Shabdakalpadruma mentions प्रतिमाला ॥ Pratimala (Capping verses) instead of प्रतिमा ॥ Pratima (Sculpture)
 +
 +
== References ==

Revision as of 10:06, 21 March 2018

Kala (Samskrit: कला) or Art is a vital component of the Ancient Indian Education System. They are disciplines, a student acquires knowledge of, during the course of training in the गुरुकुलम् ॥ Gurukula. They are called as चतुःषष्टिः कलाः ॥ Chatusshashti Kala since they are 64 in number.

परिचयः ॥ Introduction

भारतवर्षः ॥ Bharatavarsha (Ancient Indian Sub-continent) has always attached great value to knowledge. Talking of India's knowledge tradition, Kapil Kapoor says, "India's knowledge tradition is ancient and uninterrupted like the flow of the river Ganga."

ज्ञानम् ॥ Jnana (Knowledge) has been at the centre of all speculations in India. There are three terms that appear in all discussions related to knowledge[1]:

  • दर्शनम् ॥ Darshana
  • ज्ञानम् ॥ Jnana
  • विद्या ॥ Vidya

दर्शनम् ॥ Darshana literally means "a point of view" which leads to ज्ञानम् ॥ Jnana (knowledge). When this knowledge, gathered about a particular domain is organized and systematized for purposes of चिन्तनम् ॥ Chintana (reflection) and अध्यापनम् ॥ Adhyapana (pedagogy), it attains the status of विद्या ॥ Vidya (discipline).

The tradition always talks of a combination 18 major विद्याः ॥ Vidyas (disciplines of knowledge) and 64 कलाः ॥ kalas (arts) while referring to the curriculum of Ancient Indian Education[2]

The 18 विद्याः ॥ Vidyas include:

  • चतुर्वेदाः ॥ The Four Vedas: ऋग्वेदः ॥ Rigveda, यजुर्वेदः ॥ Yajurveda, सामवेदः ॥ Samaveda and अथर्ववेदः ॥ Atharvaveda
  • चत्वारः उपवेदाः ॥ The Four subsidiary Vedas: आयुर्वेदः ॥ Ayurveda (medicine), धनुर्वेदः ॥ Dhanurveda (weaponry), गान्धर्ववेदः ॥ Gandharvaveda (music) and शिल्पशास्त्रम् ॥ Shilpashastra (architecture)
  • चत्वारि उपाङ्गानि ॥ The Four Upangas: पुराणम् ॥ Purana, न्यायः ॥ Nyaya, मीमांसा ॥ Mimamsa, धर्मशास्त्रम् ॥ Dharma Shastra
  • षड्वेदाङ्गानि ॥ The Six Vedangas (Auxiliary Sciences): शिक्षा ॥ Shiksha (phonetics), व्याकरणम् ॥ Vyakarana (grammar), छन्दस् ॥ Chandas (metre), ज्योतिष् ॥ Jyotish (astronomy), कल्पः ॥ Kalpa (ritual) and निरुक्तम् ॥ Nirukta (etymology)

However, as far as the कलाः ॥ kalas (arts) are concerned, there are competing enumerations of 64.

Which are the 64 Kalas ?

As mentioned above, there are slight variations regarding the enumeration of the 64 कलाः ॥ Kalas (arts). The mention of these arts occur in:

  • शैवतन्त्रम् ॥ Shaivatantra
  • महाभारतम् ॥ Mahabharata by व्यासमहर्षिः ॥ Vyasa Maharshi
  • कामसूत्रम् ॥ Kamasutra by वात्स्यायनः ॥ Vatsyayana
  • नाट्यशास्त्रम् ॥ Natya Shastra by भरतमुनिः ॥ Bharatamuni
  • भगवतपुराणम् ॥ Bhagavata Purana by व्यासमहर्षिः ॥ Vyasa Maharshi
  • शुक्रनीतिः ॥ Shukraneeti by शुक्राचार्यः ॥ Shukracharya
  • शिवतत्त्वरत्नाकरः ॥ Shivatattvaratnakara by बसवराजेन्द्रः ॥ Basavarajendra

The list of the 64 Kalas in some these texts have been juxtaposed in the following table:

चतुःषष्टिः कलाः ॥ Chatusshashti Kala (64 Arts)
Text शैवतन्त्रम्[3][4][5] शुक्रनीतिः शिवतत्वरत्नाकरः
1 गीतम् ॥ Geeta (Singing) Geet - Singing History
2 वाद्यम् ॥ Vadya (Playing on various musical instruments) Vadya – Playing musical instruments Poetry
3 नृत्यम् ॥ Nrtya (Dancing) Nrtya - Dancing Calligraphy
4 नाट्यम् ॥ Natya (Acting, gesticulation, mimicry) Visheshakchhadya - Forhead decoration with paper, leaves etc. Metrical compositions
5 आलेख्यम् ॥ Alekhya (Drawing, Painting, Calligraphy) Tandul-kusumabalivikar - use of colored rice grains and flower for worship. Dancing
6 विशेषकच्छेद्यम् ॥ Visheshakacchedya (Painting figures of various designs on the various parts of the body with musk paste and other fragrant substances) PushpastaraN - Floral carpets Evaluating precious stones
7 तण्डुलकुसुमयलिविकाराः ॥ Tandula kusumayalivikara (Preparing for use in worship various designs with grains of rice, flowers, etc) Dashnavsanangrag - Decaration of nails and body Wrestling
8 पुष्पास्तरणम् ॥ Pushpaastarana (Preparing a bed of flowers) Manibhumika karma - Floor decoration with pearls or precious stones. Cooking
9 दशनवसनाङ्गरागाः ॥ Dashana vasananga raga (Colouring the teeth and other limbs and articles of wearing apparel) Shayanrachana – Bed arrangement. Magic
10 मणिभूमिकाकर्म ॥ Mani bhumika karma (Paving a floor with Precious stones) Udakvadya - Jalataranga-Series of water pots for creating music. Shoe-making
11 शयनरचनम् ॥ Shayana rachana (Preparing a bed) Udakaghat - Sprinkling with water cannons. Thieving
12 उदकवाद्यम् ॥ Udakavadya (Using a pot full of water as a musical instrument and treading on water) Chitrashycha yoga – Herbal preparations for weakening of enemy Iron smithery
13 उदकघातः ॥ Udakaghata (Sprinkling with water cannons) Malyagranthanvikalpa - Preparation of floral garlands and hair bands Painting
14 चित्रायोगाः ॥ Chitrayoga (Herbal preparations for weakening of enemy) Shekarkapidyojan – Ladies hair styling. Gardening
15 माल्यग्रथनविकल्पाः ॥ Malyagrathana vikalpa (Preparing chaplets and wreathe of flowers) Nepathyaprayog - Body make-up with cloth, ornaments and flowers. Carpentry
16 केशशेखरापीडयोजनम् ॥ Keshashekharapeeda yojana (Ladies hair styling) KarNapatrabhanga - Ear ornaments preparation. Hair-dressing
17 नेपथ्ययोगाः ॥ Nepathyayoga (Modes of beautifying the body with cloths and ornaments of various kinds) Gandhayukti - Making scented dhupa. Hunting
18 कर्णपत्रभङ्गाः ॥ Karnapatrabhanga (Painting ornamental figures on the ears) BhushaNyojan - Ornamental make-up Trading
19 गन्धयुक्तिः ॥ Gandhayukti (Making perfumes and cosmetics) Endrajal – Magic / mesmerism. Agriculture
20 भूषणयोजनम् ॥ Bhushanayojana (Making ornaments of various designs) Kauchumaryog - the art of beautification Animal husbandry
21 इन्द्रजालम् ॥ Indrajala (Jugglery) Hastlaghav- Hand magic. making medicines,
22 कौचुमारयोगाः ॥ Kauchumarayoga (the art of beautification) Vichitrashakayushbhakshyavikar kriya- Culinary preparations- sweets etc. leather work,
23 हस्तलाघवम् ॥ Hastalaghava (Sleight of hand) Panakrasa Ragasav yojan- Making sharbat or syrups. driving,
24 चित्रशाकापूपभक्ष्यविकारक्रिया ॥ Chitrashakapupabhakyavikara kriya (Culinary art) Suchivan Karm –Needle work-Embroidery fishing,
25 पानकरसरागासवयोजनम् ॥ Panakarasaragasava yojana (Making drinks of various tastes and colours and spirituous liquors of various kinds)   Sutra krida –Hand puppets show speech-making
26 सूचीवापकर्म ॥ Suchivapakarma (Weaving and needle-work of various kinds) Veenadamruvadya-Playing musical instruments like veena or damru singing
27 वीणाडमरुकसूत्रक्रीडा ॥ Veena damaruka sutra kreeda (Making musical instruments of various kinds and working puppets by strings) Pahelika - Solving riddles. playing musical instruments
28 प्रहेलिका ॥ Prahelika (Solving riddles) Pratimala- An interesting style of reading text or poem. preparing manuscripts
29 प्रतिमा* ॥ Pratima (Sculpture) Durvachakyog - Reciting text which is difficult to pronounce and understand. garland-making,
30 दुर्वचकयोगाः ॥ Durvachaka yoga (Skill in uttering tongue twisters) Pustak Vachan –Book reading dyeing
31 पुस्तकवाचनम् ॥ Pustaka vachana (The art of reading manuscripts easily and quickly) Natakakhyalika darshan -Dramatics body-care
32 नाटिकाख्यायिकादर्शनम्  ॥ Natika Akhyayika darshana (Dramaturgy and story writing) Kavya Samasyapurti – Solving riddles. use of weapons
33 काव्यसमस्यापूरणम् ॥ Kavya samasya purana (Completion of incomplete verses or part verses) Pattikavetrayanvikalpa - Furniture making. making moulds
34 पट्टिकावेत्रवाणविकल्पाः ॥ Pattikavetravana vikalpa (Making ligatures, canes, arrows) Takshyakarm –Cutting wood to proper size and shape. performing pUjll (daily worship)
35 तर्कूकर्माणि ॥ Tarkukarma (Spindle work) TakshyaN - Carpentry. inlay work
36 तक्षणम् ॥ Takshana (Carpentry) Vastuvidya - Civil engineering / architecture. arranging

flowers

37 वास्तुविद्या ॥ Vastuvidya (Architecture) Roopyaratna Pariksha - Valuations of gems and coins. preparing scents
38 रूप्यरत्नपरीक्षा  ॥ Roopya ratna pariksha (Testing valuable metals and precious stones) Dhatuwad- Mixing of metals like brass. bangle-making
39 धातुवादः  ॥ Dhatuvada (Alchemy) Maniragakar Dyana- Idientification of pearls and gems. stitching
40 मणिरागज्ञानम्  ॥ Maniraga jnana (Colouring precious stones) Vrukshaurveda- knowledge of Botany. making ornaments
41 आकरज्ञानम् ॥ Akara jnana (Knowledge of latent minerals) Meshkukkutlavakyuddhavidhi – Knowledge of bird/ animal fighting for gambling. making sweets
42 वृक्षायुर्वेदयोगाः ॥ Vrkshayurveda yoga (Nursing and treating plants) Shukasarika Pralapan - training of bird to speak. home-planning
43 मेषकुक्कुटलावकयुद्धविधिः ॥ Mesha kukkutalavaka yuddhavidhi (Setting game rams, cocks, quails to fight as sport) Utsadan-Samvahan-Keshmardankaushal- Body massage and hair care. training animals
44 शुकसारिकाप्रलापनम्  ॥ Shuka sarika pralapana (teaching parrots and other birds to imitate human speech) Akshyarmushti kathan-Secret word codes for communication or Mushti sanket - Secret communication through fingers (used by traders in auctions). training birds
45 उत्सादनम्  ॥ Utsadana (Making an enemy quit his place by means of a charm) Mlenchhit Vikalpa- Secret communication through gestures. coding
46 केशमार्जनकौशलम्  ॥ Keshamarjana kaushala (Cleaning and dressing the hair) Deshbhasha vidyan –Knowledge of foreign languages. making instruments/machines
47 अक्षरमुष्टिकाकथनम् ॥ Aksharamushtika kathana (Reading letters removed from one's sight and divining the nature of substances held within one's palm) Pushpashakatika- Decoration of vehicles with flowers. training memory
48 म्लेच्छितकविकल्पाः ॥ Mlecchitaka vikalpa (Knowledge of books written in the language of Barbarians) Nimittadyana – Knowledge of auspicious date and time for a particular work. physical exercise
49 देशभाषाज्ञानम्  ॥ Deshabhasha jnana (Fluently talking in the different Indian dialects) Yantramatruka- Knowledge of instruments or machines yogic

practices

50 पुष्पशकटिकानिमित्तज्ञानम् ॥ Pushpashakatika nimitta jnana (Decoration of vehicles with flowers and Reading good or bad omens) DharaNmatruka- Remembering heard sentences.
51 यन्त्रमातृका ॥ Yantramatrka (Making diagrams by means of letters arranged in different orders as mystical formulae to be worshipped or worn as an amulet) Sampathya-
52 धारणमातृका ॥ Dharanamatrka (Remembering heard sentences) Manasi Kavya Kriya – To complete incomplete poem or its part.
53 सम्पाट्यम् ॥ Sampatya (Splitting hard substances such as diamonds into two or more pieces of different shapes) Abhidhankosha-
54 मानसीकाव्यक्रिया ॥ Manasikavya kriya (Reading the thoughts of others and bringing them out in a verse) Chandodyan
55 क्रियाविकल्पाः ॥ Kriyavikalpa (Poetry forms) Kriyakalpa –Poetry forms
56 छलितकयोगाः ॥ Chalitayoga (Conceal body or speech) Chalitak Yog –Conceal body or speech.
57 अभिधानकोषच्छन्दोज्ञानम् ॥ Abhidhanakosh chanda jnana (lexicography and prosody) Vastragopan – covering parts of body with cloth.
58 वस्त्रगोपनानि ॥ Vastragopana (Showing off one's clothes as made of a superior texture than what they actually are) Dhyutavishesh-
59 द्यूतविशेषः ॥ Dyutavishesha (Playing at dice) Aakarsh kriya - Playing with dices.
60 आकर्षणक्रीडा ॥ Akarshana kreeda (Attracting remote objects) Balakridanak
61 बालकक्रीडनकानि ॥ Balaka kreedanaka (Playing childrens' games) Vainayiki dyna – Behavior with known and unknown persons.
62 वैनायिकीनां विद्यानां ज्ञानम् ॥ Vainaayiki vidya jnana (The Practice of charms) Vaijayiki Dynan –Knowledge of victory.
63 वैजयिकीनां विद्यानां ज्ञानम् ॥ Vaijayiki vidya jnana (Fore knowledge of the party going to win in a debate) Vyayam –Physical exercise.
64 वैतालिकीनां विद्यानां ज्ञानम्  ॥ Vaitaliki vidya jnana (Keeping goblins and vampires under one's control)

*The शब्दकल्पद्रुमः ॥ Shabdakalpadruma mentions प्रतिमाला ॥ Pratimala (Capping verses) instead of प्रतिमा ॥ Pratima (Sculpture)

References

  1. ↑ Kapoor Kapil and Singh Avadhesh Kumar, Indian Knowledge Systems, Vol.1, NewDelhi: D.K.Printworld, Pg.no.11
  2. ↑ Kapoor Kapil and Singh Avadhesh Kumar, Indian Knowledge Systems, Vol.1, NewDelhi: D.K.Printworld, Pg.no.18
  3. ↑ Vachaspatyam
  4. ↑ Shabdakalpadruma
  5. ↑ Srimad Bhagavata Mahapurana (Part II), English redition: C.L.Goswami, Gorakhpur: Gita Press, Fourth Edition (1997), Pg.no.294 (annotation)
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