Kapha dosha (कफः कफदोषः वा)

Kapha (कफः) literally translates to “watery froth” or “phlegm”. One of three doshas (दोषाः) along with Vata dosha (वातदोषः) and Pitta dosha (पित्तदोषः) are fundamentals of Ayurveda. Kapha dosha originates from Jala and Prithvi Mahabhuta. Thus, Kapha dosha is represented in the body as Jala and Prithvi Mahabhuta. Similarly, the moon which is responsible for nourishment is represented as Kapha in the Universe.(Sush.Sutr.29.6) Even though Kapha is correlated with “phlegm” the functions are broad spectrum like providing strength to the body, maintaining anatomical integrity of organ entities, and even psychological like improving patience. The primary site of Kapha dosha is Amashaya or the stomach and Vamana or the therapeutic emesis or induction of vomiting is the prime treatment of Kapha dosha diseases.

Etymology

Sush.sutr.21.5

The word “shleshma” is derived from the root “shlish alingane” which means to adhere, bind or keep it together, embrace.

Panchamahbhuta

(Asht.sutr.21.2) (Sush.sutr.42.5)

Kapha dosha is originated from Jala and Prithvi Mahabhuta. Wherein, Jala is the dominant Mahabhuta in it. Acharya Sushruta opines, the origin is Jala Mahabuta only.

Sites

Asht.hrud.sutr.20.3) (Asht.hrud.sutr.12.3) (Char.sutr.20.9)

Althouh doshas are present all over the body, kapha dosha is generally present in the upper part of the body and more specifically,

Uras(chest region), shiras(head), greeva(neck), Amashaya(stomach precisely), meda(Fat), Kantha (throat), rasa(plasma), ghrana(nose) and jivha(tongue)

Among these sites, Uras or the chest region is the predominant site of Kapha dosha.(Char.sutr.20.9) And also the uppermost region of the amashaya or stomach.(Chakrapani on Char.sutr.20.8)

Gunas

(Char.sutr.1.61) (Char.sutr.20.18) (Asht.hrud.sutr.1.12) (Sush.sutr.2115) (Char.Vima.8.96)

According to different Authors,

Acharya Charaka	Acharya Sushruta	Acharya Vagbhata
Guru - heavy	Guru - heavy	Guru - heavy
Sheeta - cold	Sheeta- cold	Sheeta- cold
Mrudu - soft	Snigdha - unctuous	Snigdha - unctuous
Snidgha - unctuous	Madhura- sweet	Manda - slow
Madhura - sweet	Picchila- slimy	Slakshna- smooth
Sthira - stable	Shweta - white	Mrutsna - mouldable
Picchila - slimy		Sthira- stable
Mrutsna - mouldable
Shlaksha- smooth
Sara - Fluid/flowy
Sandra - compact
Sthimita - stillness
Accha - clear

Function

(asht.hrud.sutr. 11.3) (Char.sutr.18.51) (Char.sutr.12.12) (Sush.sutr.15.4)

Kapha dosha has specific functions in our body,

1. Snehana - it provides unctuousness to the body
2. Bandhana means binding in literal, kapha dosha maintains the integrity of the joints and the tissues of its organ.
3. Sthirata - meaning, stability. Kapha dosha brings about steadiness or firmness in our bodies.
4. Gauravata - meaning heaviness, it means Kapha dosha provides weight, to various anatomical structures.
5. Vrushata - helps regulate the reproductive organs and maintain their health.
6. Dhriti -  here Dhriti is patience, kapha dosha helps improve the quality of patience in the individual.
7. Bala - Bala means strength, and Kapha dosha provides strength to the body.
8. Upachaya - kapha dosha is responsible for the growth of body in general.
9. Jnyana - it means knowledge.

Classification

(Asht.hrud.sutr.12.15-18) (Sush.sutr.15.4) (sush.sutr.21.12-14) (Asht.sang.sutr.21.8)

Kapha dosha is classified according to the Stahan(location), and Kriya(function), in five types mentioned below,

Avalambaka Kapha

Sthana-  Uras(chest region)

Kriya -- maintains the functions of the heart and other structures through annarasa or the essential nutrients. Supports and maintains other kapha sites as well. Provides trika which is the conjunction between the head and arms.(Sush.sutr.21.12-14, Dalhana teeka)

Kledaka Kapha

Sthana-Amashaya (stomach)

Kriya-  disintegrates food and provides it with adequate moisture or kledana.

Bodhaka Kapha

Sthana- kantha(throat), Jivha moola(the root of the tongue)

Kriya- responsible for the perception of the taste.

Tarpaka Kapha

Sthana- Shiras (head)

Kriya - responsible for the nourishment of the sensory organs.

Shleshaka Kapha

Sthana - Sandhi (joints)

Kriya - responsible for the maintenance of the integrity of the joints.

Kaphaja Prakriti

An individual has one or two dominant doshas which are associated with certain features which are displayed in that individual. Kapha dosha dominant Prakriti individual will have features like

(Char.vima.8.96)

1. Unctuous body
2. Fair complexion
3. The compact appearance of body structure
4. Pleasant personality
5. Digestion is slow
6. Physical movements and thinking processes are slow.
7. They are intelligent
8. Low appetite and thirst.
9. Hair quality is thick.
10. Obedient to elders and teachers.

Responsible factors for imbalance

There are a few factors that are responsible for the kapha dosha imbalance, some of which are natural and some are external and these are unavoidable.

Natural factors (Sush.sutr.21.24) (Asht.hrud.sutr.1.8) (Asht.hrud.sutr.12.24) (asht.hrud.nida.1.17)

1. Seasonal - Kapha dosha undergoes Chaya or the accumulative stage in Hemant and Shishira rutu which is winter. Undergoes Prakopa or the vitiation stage during the Vasanta rutu or the Spring season. Undergoes Prashama stage or normal stage during the Grishma rutu or the summer season.
2. Circadian rhythm - Kapha dosha increases in the morning.
3. Age - Kapha dosha is dominant during childhood.
4. Stage of digestion - Kapha dosha increases immediately after the intake of food.
5. Desha - Kapha dosha is predominant in the Anupa desha (watery or marshy place)

External factors  (Asht.hrud.nida.1.17,18)

1. Diet and lifestyle - Madhura(sweet),amla(sour), Lavana(salty) are responsible for aggravation of Kapha dosha. Along with excessive intake of food items that are heavy to digest, and unctuous. Excessive intake of water also caused aggravation of Kapha dosha.
2. Divaswapna (sleeping during the day), avyayama(lack of exercise), and intake of water at night. (sush.sutr.21.23)

Kapha Vriddhi Lakshana | Aggravation of Kapha dosha

Kapha dosha when aggravates in our body the below-mentioned symptoms are observed

1. Whitish discoloration of the skin.
2. Feeling cold.
3. Heaviness of the overall body
4. Fatigue or exhaustion
5. Excessive sleep
6. Lassitude
7. Instability in the joints
8. Decreased digestive capacity
9. Laziness
10. Excessive salivation
11. Weight gain
12. Difficulty in breathing
13. Blockage in bodily channels.
14. And etc.

Kapha Kshaya Lakshana | Decreased Kapha dosha

Kapha dosha when decreases in our body it showcases certain features,

1. Overall dryness in the body
2. Burning sensation
3. Excessive thirst
4. Loosening of joints
5. Insomnia
6. Giddiness
7. Back pain
8. Over body ache
9. Emaciation
10. Pricking kind of pain
11. Tremors
12. Cracking of skiing
13. And etc

Kaphaja Nanatmaja vikara

(Char.sutr.20.17)

Kapha dosha can be diagnosed based on certain features like feeling cold, itching, gaurava(heaviness), supti (numbness), upachaya (accumulation) and etc are most common. (char.sutr.20.15)

Kapha dosha when gets imbalaced is expressed primarily in twenty types of diseases mentioned below,

तृप्ति - contentment	आलस्यं - laziness	बलासकश्च - loss of strength	गलगण्ड - goiter
तन्द्रा - lethargy	मुखमाधुर्यं - sweet taste in the mouth	अपक्ति -indigestion	अतिस्थौल्यं - obesity
निद्राधिक्यं - excess sleep	मुखस्रावश्च - salivation	हृदयोपलेप - layer of waste around heart	शीताग्निता - decrease in agni
स्तैमित्यं - rigidity	श्लेष्मोद्गिरणं - mucous discharge	कण्ठोपलेप - layer of waste around throat	उदर्द - urticaria
गुरुगात्रता - heaviness in the body	मलस्याधिक्यं - excessive waste products	धमनीप्रति - layer of waste products around blood vessels	श्वेतावभासता - paleness

General management

Kapha dosha imbalance must be treated with dravyas or drugs which are dominant in Pungent, astringent and bitter in taste. These drugs must be Teekshna(sharp), ushna(hot), and Ruksha(dry) in properties.

These dravyas are administered at the appropriate time and in the correct dosage.

Vamana karma or Therapeutic emesis is considered the prime treatment in the management of Kapha dosha imbalance as it acts on the seat of Kapha dosha. thus, disorders afflicting other organs, are also managed.

Also, swedana or fomentation, Shirivierechana or nasya or errhine therapy.

Exercise is also mentioned for Kapha dosha imbalance.