Manusmrti (मनुस्मृतिः)
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Manusmrti (Samskrit: मनुस्मृतिः) is the name of the text written by Manu or Manavacharya known as the father of mankind that prescribes code of conduct with a view to establish a harmonious social life.[1]
परिचयः ॥ Introduction
Manu, Yajnavalkya and Parashara are some of the most celebrated law-givers of Bharata. Bharatiya society is founded on, and governed by, the laws made by these three great rishis. The granthas that enumerate these law codes are termed as Smrtis and many of them are named after their authors. Thus, we have texts like
- Manusmrti or Manava Dharmashastra (Laws of Manu or the Institutes of Manu)
- Yajnavalkya Smrti
- Parashara Smrti, etc.
It is said that the laws of Manu were intended for the Satya Yuga, those of Yajnavalkya for the Treta Yuga, those of Sankha and Likhita for the Dvapara Yuga and those of Parashara for the Kali Yuga. All of them contain code of conduct for mankind. And among them, Manusmrti is noted as the ancient most. Yajnavalkya Smrti follows on similar lines as the Manusmrti and the two are accepted as authoritative works on law all over Bharata.[2]
महत्त्वं प्राचीनत्वं च ॥ Importance and Antiquity
It is said that by the term Smrti is denoted Dharmashastra.
श्रुतिस्तु वेदो विज्ञेयो धर्मशास्त्रं तु वै स्मृतिः । २.१० ।[3] śrutistu vedo vijñeyo dharmaśāstraṁ tu vai smr̥tiḥ । 2.10 ।
And there are as many as 71 smrtis enlisted in various smrti texts. Among them, the code of laws known as Manusmrti, ascribed to the first Manu named Svayambhuva Manu, is considered the foremost.[4] Infact, according to Brhaspati, the importance of Manusmrti is due to it collecting the essence of the Vedas. And hence, any smrti that goes tangential to Manusmrti is considered unpraiseworthy.
वेदार्थोपनिबद्धत्वात्प्राधान्यं हि मनोः स्मृतम् । मन्वर्थविपरीता तु या स्मृतिः सा न शस्यते ॥[5]
vedārthopanibaddhatvātprādhānyaṁ hi manoḥ smr̥tam । manvarthaviparītā tu yā smr̥tiḥ sā na śasyate ॥
Moreover, the praise of Manu's tenets are obtained in the shrutis itself that are the basis for all smrtis.
मनुर्वै यत् किंचावदत्तद् भेषजं एवावदत्, तद् भेषजत्वायैव । 2.1.5 ।[6]
manurvai yat kiṁcāvadattad bheṣajaṁ evāvadat, tad bheṣajatvāyaiva । 2.1.5 ।
Meaning: Whatever is proposed by Manu is to be taken like medicine. Similar saying on Manusmrti is also said to be found in the Mahabharata.
पुराणं मानवो धर्मः साङ्गो वेदश्चिकित्सितम् । आज्ञासिद्धानि चत्वारि न हन्तव्यानि हेतुभिः ॥[5]
purāṇaṁ mānavo dharmaḥ sāṅgo vedaścikitsitam । ājñāsiddhāni catvāri na hantavyāni hetubhiḥ ॥
Also, the knowledge of dharma passed on by Manu and his shishya parampara is seen in the form of quotations in other smrti texts like the Parashara Smrti. In fact, the following two verses from the Manusmrti is found in the Valmiki Ramayana.
शासनाद्वा विमोक्षाद्वा स्तेनः स्तेयाद्विमुच्यते । अशासित्वा तु तं राजा स्तेनस्याप्नोति किल्बिषम् । । ८.३१६ । ।
राजभिः कृतदण्डास्तु कृत्वा पापानि मानवाः । निर्मलाः स्वर्गं आयान्ति सन्तः सुकृतिनो यथा । । ८.३१८ । ।[7]
śāsanādvā vimokṣādvā stenaḥ steyādvimucyate । aśāsitvā tu taṁ rājā stenasyāpnoti kilbiṣam । । 8.316 । ।
rājabhiḥ kr̥tadaṇḍāstu kr̥tvā pāpāni mānavāḥ । nirmalāḥ svargaṁ āyānti santaḥ sukr̥tino yathā । । 8.318 । ।
Meaning:
- The thief becomes absolved from the theft either through punishment or through acquittal. By not punishing the thief, the ruler imbibes the guilt of the thief.
- People who, having committed crimes, have been punished by rulers, become freed from guilt and go to svarga just like well-behaved good people.[8]
In the Kishkindhakanda of the Valmiki Ramayana, Rama quotes the above verses from the Manusmrti as those given by Manu as follows. He says,
श्रूयते मनुना गीतौ श्लोकौ चारित्र वत्सलौ ॥ गृहीतौ धर्म कुशलैः तथा तत् चरितम् मया ॥४.१८.३०॥
राजभिः धृत दण्डाः च कृत्वा पापानि मानवाः । निर्मलाः स्वर्गम् आयान्ति सन्तः सुकृतिनो यथा ॥४.१८.३१॥
शसनात् वा अपि मोक्षात् वा स्तेनः पापात् प्रमुच्यते । राजा तु अशासन् पापस्य तद् आप्नोति किल्बिषम् ॥४.१८.३२॥[9]
śrūyate manunā gītau ślokau cāritra vatsalau ॥ gr̥hītau dharma kuśalaiḥ tathā tat caritam mayā ॥4.18.30॥
rājabhiḥ dhr̥ta daṇḍāḥ ca kr̥tvā pāpāni mānavāḥ । nirmalāḥ svargam āyānti santaḥ sukr̥tino yathā ॥4.18.31॥
śasanāt vā api mokṣāt vā stenaḥ pāpāt pramucyate । rājā tu aśāsan pāpasya tad āpnoti kilbiṣam ॥4.18.32॥
Meaning:
- We hear two verses that are given to the advocacy of good conventions, which the experts of rightness have also accepted, and which are said to be coined by Manu, and I too conducted myself only as detailed in those verses of law.
- 'When rulers impose proper punishment on people who have committed crime, they become freed of the 'Papa' and enter svarga just as the pious people with good deeds do', says one verse of Manu.
- Either by punishment or by mercy a thief will be absolved from 'papa' but the ruler who does not impose proper punishment will derive the blot of that 'papa', says the other verse of Manu.[9]
It is seen here that though some 'pathabheda' (change in text) has crept over the period of time, the meaning of these verses in Manusmrti and the Valmiki Ramayana is the same. This shows that Manusmrti was prevalent in the times of Valmiki. Thus, Manusmrti is an ancient Smrti shastra whose verses are found in the Valmiki Ramayana as well as other smrti texts.[10]
शास्त्रप्रचारः ॥ Propagation
The story of propogation of Manusmrti is mentioned in the Manusmrti itself. It is said that Maharshi Bhrgu learnt all the dharmas from Manu. And on his advice, he taught the same to other rshis for the benefit of all that became popular by the name Manusmrti. Infact, this is the reason that the line भृगुप्रोक्तायां संहितायां ॥ bhr̥guproktāyāṁ saṁhitāyāṁ is found at the end of all the adhyayas in Manusmrti.
इदं शास्त्रं तु कृत्वासौ मां एव स्वयं आदितः । विधिवद्ग्राहयां आस मरीच्यादींस्त्वहं मुनीन् । । १.५८ । ।
एतद्वोऽयं भृगुः शास्त्रं श्रावयिष्यत्यशेसतः । एतद्धि मत्तोऽधिजगे सर्वं एषोऽखिलं मुनिः । । १.५९ । ।
ततस्तथा स तेनोक्तो महर्षिमनुना भृगुः । तानब्रवीदृषीन्सर्वान्प्रीतात्मा श्रूयतां इति । । १.६० । ।[11]
idaṁ śāstraṁ tu kr̥tvāsau māṁ eva svayaṁ āditaḥ । vidhivadgrāhayāṁ āsa marīcyādīṁstvahaṁ munīn । । 1.58 । ।
etadvo'yaṁ bhr̥guḥ śāstraṁ śrāvayiṣyatyaśesataḥ । etaddhi matto'dhijage sarvaṁ eṣo'khilaṁ muniḥ । । 1.59 । ।
tatastathā sa tenokto maharṣimanunā bhr̥guḥ । tānabravīdr̥ṣīnsarvānprītātmā śrūyatāṁ iti । । 1.60 । ।
Also, over the period of time, there have been many commentaries on the Manusmrti out of which the ones by Medhatithi, Sarvajna Narayana, Govindaraja, Kulluka, Raghavananda, Nandana and Ramachandra are well-known.[10]
ग्रन्थरचना विषयाश्च ॥ Structure and Contents
Manusmrti contains twelve adhyayas or chapters. The contents of each of these chapters in brief along with the number of verses contained in each chapter are given below:
Adhyaya | Contents[1] | Number of Shlokas[10] |
---|---|---|
1 | The first chapter deals with origin of the smrti and origin of the world. Infact, this is a special feature of Manusmrti to be noted as no other smrti begins in this manner. | 119 |
2 | The Second chapter deals with the Indriyas (sense organs) and stresses the importance of conquering and controlling them. It also describes the qualities of a brahmana. | 249 |
3 | The Third chapter contains the duties of a householder after his course of study of the Vedas. Eight different kinds of marriages are described in it. It further also deals with methods of giving protection to women and children. | 286 |
4 | The Fourth chapter includes duties of a brahmana, study of the Vedas and responsibilities of a Snataka, etc. | 260 |
5 | The Fifth chapter deals with pure and impure foods, concept of impurity and methods of purification, women and their responsibilities. | 169 |
6 | The Sixth Chapter contains duties of those who have entered the ashrama of vanaprastha and also of ascetics. | 96 |
7 | The Seventh chapter deals with duties of Rulers and ministers. | 226 |
8 | The Eighth chapter deals with law and justice. It contains laws for the proper conduct of justice and includes ways and means of settling disputes and handling cases of debts, sale without right, partnership, duels, theft, prostitution, boundary disputes and all such matters as are to be decided by a court of law. | 420 |
9 | The Ninth chapter deals with the duties of a husband and wife. It also contains matters relating to property rights, partition and the duties of a ruler with regard to these. | 336 |
10 | The Tenth chapter deals with duties of the different varnas, mixed varnas and the duties of one in times of danger. | 131 |
11 | The Eleventh chapter deals first with penance, observation of Vratas, Yagas, Yajnas and dakshina to the priests. It then deals with punishments of crimes, expiation for murder, prostitution etc. | 266 |
12 | The Twelfth chapter deals with the theory of births and describes how your deeds in the present life are directive of the nature of life of your next birth; What deeds would fetch you what life is also explained. It contains instructions on Atmajnana and the way to obtain moksha (absolute bliss). | 126 |
विषयानुक्रमणिका ॥ Topic-wise Index[10]
आचारकाण्डः ॥ Achara Kanda
Sr.no | Topic | Adhyaya | Shlokas |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Beginning | 1 | 1-4 |
2 | Gross and Subtle creation | 1 | 5-57
61-84 87 |
3 | Propogation of shastra | 1 | 58-60
119 |
4 | Praise of the shastra (Achara Mahatmya) | 1 | 102-110 |
5 | Subject matter of the Shastra | 1 | 111-118 |
6 | Entitlement to the shastra | 2 | 16 |
7 | Unauthoritative shastra | 12 | 95-96 |
8 | Base of Dharma (Dharma Pithika) | 2 | 1-5 |
9 | Dharma | 2 | 6-15 (Proof in Dharma) |
4 | 170-176
238-243 | ||
8 | 15-17 | ||
1 | 85-86 | ||
6 | 91-93 (10 lakshanas of Dharma) | ||
10 | 63 (Sadharana Dharma), 97 | ||
10 | Just assembly (Dharmika Sabha) | 12 | 107-117
105-106 (Qualification as a Dharma shastra) |
11 | Code of Conduct (Achara) | 4 | 155-158 (Dharma mula) |
12 | Places appropriate for Dharmika practices (Yajniya Desha) | 2 | 17-25 (Desha Vibhaga) |
13 | Brahmana Varna | 1 | 92-101 |
14 | Activities of a Brahmana | 1 | 88 |
10 | 74-76 | ||
15 | Importance of a Brahmana | 2 | 150-156 |
3 | 183-186 | ||
9 | 313-321 | ||
11 | 35 | ||
10 | 3 | ||
16 | Brahmana Dharma | 2 | 162-163
167 |
4 | 1-17
33-36 80-81 84-91 110-111 117 186-187 (Pratigraha Nishedha) 205-206 (Bhojana Nishedha) 247-252 | ||
10 | 109-114 | ||
11 | 24-25
38-43 | ||
17 | Apaddharma of Brahmanas | 4 | 223 |
10 | 81-93
101-104 | ||
11 | 16-17 | ||
18 | Permitted and Forbidden food for Brahmanas (Bhakshya and Abhakshya) | 4 | 207-222 |
11 | 96 | ||
19 | Unfit Brahmana | 2 | 103
118 168 |
11 | 36-37 | ||
20 | Foolish Brahmana | 2 | 157-158 |
3 | 132-133 | ||
4 | 188-191 | ||
21 | Kshatriya Varna | 1 | 89 |
10 | 77
79-80 117 | ||
22 | Vaishya Varna | 1 | 90 |
9 | 326-333 | ||
10 | 78
98 | ||
23 | Shudra Varna | 1 | 91 |
5 | 139-140 | ||
9 | 334-335 | ||
10 | 99-100
121-131 | ||
4 | 253-256 | ||
24 | Brahmachari | 2 | 69
109-116 (Teaching the deserving) 140-144 147-149 |
25 | Dharma of a Brahmachari | 2 | 70-87
101-108 159-161 164-166 169-223 |
3 | 1-3 | ||
4 | 95-127 | ||
5 | 88
159 | ||
26 | Grhastha | 3 | 77-80
63-66 |
6 | 87-90 | ||
10 | 1-2
115-116 | ||
11 | 28-30 | ||
27 | Varna Dharma (Samskara) | 2 | 26-68 |
28 | Ahnika (Dinacharya) | 3 | 67-76
81-121 |
4 | 45-52
92-94 201-203 | ||
5 | 132-139 | ||
29 | Snataka Dharma and Grhastha Dharma | 2 | 224-240 |
3 | 45-50 | ||
4 | 18-32
37-44 53-79 82-83 128-153 159-169 175-185 192-204 224-237 244-246 256-260 | ||
11 | 6-10 | ||
30 | Respectful behaviour (Sammana) | 2 | 117
119-139 145-146 |
4 | 154 | ||
31 | Emergency | 8 | 348-351 |
11 | 31-34 | ||
32 | Vivaha | 3 | 20-21
22-44 51-54 |
9 | 47 | ||
33 | Dharma of the Groom | 3 | 4-19 |
34 | Dharma of the Bride | 9 | 90-92 |
35 | Rules of Vivaha | 3 | 171-172 |
5 | 167-169 | ||
8 | 204-205
224-227 | ||
9 | 69-73
88-89 93-100 80-83 175-176 | ||
11 | 5 | ||
36 | Appointing One's heir in the daughter's lineage (Putrika karana) | 9 | 127-129
139-140 |
37 | Stri | 3 | 55-62 |
9 | 1-25
26-46 48-56 74-79 | ||
11 | 177-178 | ||
38 | Stri Dharma | 5 | 146-158
160-166 |
9 | 84-87 | ||
39 | Dharma of Stri and Purusha | 9 | 101-102 |
40 | Niyoga | 9 | 57-68 |
41 | Putra | 9 | 137-138
182-183 158-181 |
42 | Varna and Life | 10 | 4-62
64-73 (Bija and Kshetra) |
43 | Shraddha | 3 | 122-286 |
44 | Bhaksya and Abhakshya of Dvijatiyas | 5 | 1-25 |
45 | Prohibition of meat | 5 | 26-56 |
46 | Purification of things | 5 | 110-131 |
47 | Dharma Bhikshu | 11 | 1-4
11-16 18-23 |
Vyavahara Kanda
Sr. no. | Topic | Adhyaya | Shlokas |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Importance of Raja | 7 | 1-13 |
9 | 301-302 | ||
2 | Raja Dharma | 7 | 26-40
41-42 43-53 77-86 99-112 145-169 212-226 |
8 | 172-175
395 | ||
9 | 300
303-312 322-325 | ||
3 | Rajya Prabandha | 7 | 54-76
141-144 113-126 |
8 | 27-41
386-387 | ||
9 | 294-299 | ||
4 | State Taxation | 7 | 127-140 |
8 | 394
404-409 | ||
10 | 118-120 | ||
5 | Sangrama | 7 | 87-98
170-211 |
6 | Rna | 8 | 1-14
18-26 42-112 140-171 176-178 |
7 | 113-123 | ||
7 | Nikshepa | 8 | 179-196 |
8 | Paradhana Vikraya | 8 | 197-203 |
9 | Sambhuya Karmakari (Business Partner) | 8 | 206-213 |
10 | Salary | 8 | 214-217 |
11 | Maryada Bhedana | 8 | 218-221 |
12 | Krita Paravartana | 8 | 222-223
228 |
13 | Pashu Svamipala | 8 | 229-244 |
14 | Border | 8 | 245-265 |
15 | Vak Parushya | 8 | 266-277 |
16 | Danda Parushya | 8 | 278-300 |
17 | Theft | 8 | 301-331
333-347 |
18 | Dacoity | 8 | 332 |
19 | Vyabhichara | 8 | 352-385 |
20 | Dyuta (Gamble) | 8 | 220-228 |
21 | Importance and legislation of punishment | 7 | 14-25 |
8 | 124-139
388-393 396-403 410-420 | ||
9 | 229-293 | ||
10 | 96 | ||
22 | Share of the brother | 9 | 103-117
119-126 204-216 218-219 |
23 | Share of the son | 9 | 134-136
141-142 145-147 184 |
24 | Ekayoniputra Bhaga | 9 | 148-157 |
25 | Share of the sister | 9 | 118 |
26 | Niramsha | 9 | 143-144
201-203 |
27 | Aputradhana Bhaga | 9 | 130-133
185-191 217 |
28 | Stridhana Bhaga | 9 | 192-200 |
Prayashchitta Kanda
Sr. no. | Topic | Adhyaya | Shlokas |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Preta Shuddhi | 5 | 57-60
64-73 |
2 | Vaideshika Pretashuddhi | 5 | 74-78 |
3 | Janma shuddhi | 5 | 61-63 |
4 | Janma Marana Shuddhi | 5 | 79 |
5 | Acharyadi Marana Shuddhi | 5 | 80-82 |
6 | Shuddhi Dina | 5 | 83 |
7 | Shuddhi Vishesha | 5 | 84-88
91 |
8 | Preta Kriya Nishedha | 5 | 89-90 |
9 | Shava Nirharana Dvara | 5 | 92 |
10 | Madya Shaucha | 5 | 93-99 |
11 | Asapinda Pretashuddhi | 5 | 100-104 |
12 | Shuddhi Hetu | 5 | 105
107-109 |
13 | Artha shaucha | 5 | 106 |
14 | Nanavidha Shaucha | 5 | 141-145 |
15 | Prayashchitta | 11 | 44-47 |
16 | Mahapatakadi | 11 | 55-72 |
17 | Mahapatakadi Prayashchitta | 11 | 73-131 |
18 | Nanavidha Himsa Prayashchitta | 11 | 132-146 |
19 | Abhakshya bhakshana prayashchitta | 11 | 147-162 |
20 | Nanavidha Steya Prayashchitta | 11 | 163-170 |
21 | Agamyagamana Prayashchitta | 11 | 171-176
179-180 |
22 | Samsargi Prayashchitta | 11 | 181-189 |
23 | Grahyagrahya Vyavastha | 11 | 190-191 |
24 | Nanavidha Prayashchitta | 11 | 192-209 |
25 | Concept of Prayashchitta | 11 | 210 |
26 | Deva Brahmana Svaharana Prayashchitta | 11 | 26-27 |
27 | Gupta Prayashchitta | 11 | 248-266 |
28 | Prajapatyadi Vrata | 11 | 211-227 |
29 | Pashchatapa and Tapa | 11 | 228-247 |
30 | Papacihna | 11 | 48-53
1-9 52-81 |
31 | Vanaprastha | 6 | 1-32 |
32 | Sannyasa | 6 | 33-86
94-97 |
2 | 88-100 | ||
12 | 10-51
82-94 97-104 118-126 |
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Vettam Mani (1975), Puranic Encyclopaedia, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.
- ↑ Swami Sivananda (1999), All About Hinduism, Uttar Pradesh: The Divine Life Society.
- ↑ Manusmrti, Adhyaya 2
- ↑ Vaman Shivram Apte (1985), The Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Manusmrti (Manvarthamuktavali Samvalita)
- ↑ Maitrayani Samhita, Kanda 2, Prapathaka 1
- ↑ Manusmrti, Adhyaya 8
- ↑ Ganganath Jha (1920-39), Manusmrti (Volume 6), Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Valmiki Ramayana, Kishkindha Kanda, Sarga 18
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Girija Prasad Dvivedi (1917), The Manusmriti, Lucknow: Newal Kishore Press.
- ↑ Manusmrti, Adhyaya 1