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Charvaka Darshana (चार्वाकदर्शनम्) (view source)

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Buddhists, Jains, Advaita Vedantins and Nyāya philosophers considered the Charvakas as one of their opponents and tried to refute their views. These refutations are indirect sources of Charvaka philosophy. The arguments and reasoning approach Charvakas deployed were significant that they continued to be referred to, even after all the authentic Charvaka/Lokāyata texts had been lost. However, the representation of the Charvaka thought in these works is not always firmly grounded in first-hand knowledge of Charvaka texts and should be viewed critically.
 
Buddhists, Jains, Advaita Vedantins and Nyāya philosophers considered the Charvakas as one of their opponents and tried to refute their views. These refutations are indirect sources of Charvaka philosophy. The arguments and reasoning approach Charvakas deployed were significant that they continued to be referred to, even after all the authentic Charvaka/Lokāyata texts had been lost. However, the representation of the Charvaka thought in these works is not always firmly grounded in first-hand knowledge of Charvaka texts and should be viewed critically.
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== Notes ==
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== References ==
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# KN Tiwari (1998), Classical Indian Ethical Thought, Motilal Banarsidass, <nowiki>ISBN 978-8120816077</nowiki>, page 67;
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# Roy W Perrett (1984), The problem of induction in Indian philosophy, Philosophy East and West, 34(2): 161-174;
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# (Bhattacharya 2011, pp. 21–32);
   
# (Radhakrishnan 1957, pp. 187, 227–234);
 
# (Radhakrishnan 1957, pp. 187, 227–234);
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# Robert Flint, Anti-theistic theories, p. 463, at Google Books, Appendix Note VII - Hindu Materialism: The Charvaka System; William Blackwood, London;
   
# V.V. Raman (2012), Hinduism and Science: Some Reflections, Zygon - Journal of Religion and Science, 47(3): 549–574, Quote (page 557): "Aside from nontheistic schools like the Samkhya, there have also been explicitly atheistic schools in the Hindu tradition. One virulently anti-supernatural system is/was the so-called Charvaka school.", doi:10.1111/j.1467-9744.2012.01274.x
 
# V.V. Raman (2012), Hinduism and Science: Some Reflections, Zygon - Journal of Religion and Science, 47(3): 549–574, Quote (page 557): "Aside from nontheistic schools like the Samkhya, there have also been explicitly atheistic schools in the Hindu tradition. One virulently anti-supernatural system is/was the so-called Charvaka school.", doi:10.1111/j.1467-9744.2012.01274.x
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# Ramkrishna Bhattacharya (2011), Studies on the Cārvāka/Lokāyata, Anthem Press, <nowiki>ISBN 978-0857284334</nowiki>, pages 26-29
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# Ramkrishna Bhattacharya (2011), Studies on the Cārvāka/Lokāyata, Anthem Press, <nowiki>ISBN 978-0857284334</nowiki>,
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# Johannes Quack (2014), Disenchanting India: Organized Rationalism and Criticism of Religion in India, Oxford University Press, <nowiki>ISBN 978-0199812615</nowiki>, page 50 with footnote 3
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# MM Kamal (1998), The Epistemology of the Cārvāka Philosophy, Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies, 46(2): 13-16
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# a b c d e f g (Radhakrishnan 1957, pp. 227–249)
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# (Bhattacharya 2011, pp. 21–44, 65–74)
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# a b Cowell and Gough, p. 5.
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# (Bhattacharya 2011, p. 58)
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# a b c d e f g h i MM Kamal (1998), The Epistemology of the Cārvāka Philosophy, Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies, 46(2): 13-16
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# (Radhakrishnan 1957, pp. 1–3, Contents)
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# (Flood 1996, p. 224)
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# R Thomas (2014), Hindu Perspectives on Evolution: Darwin, Dharma, and Design. Sociology of Religion, Vol. 75, No. 1, pages 164-165, Quote: "some of the ancient Hindu traditions like Charvaka have a rich tradition of materialism, in general, other schools..."
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# V.V. Raman (2012), Hinduism and Science: Some Reflections, Zygon - Journal of Religion and Science, 47(3): 549–574, Quote (page 557): "Aside from nontheistic schools like the Samkhya, there have also been explicitly atheistic schools in the Hindu tradition. One virulently anti-supernatural system is/was the so-called Charvaka school."
   
# KN Tiwari (1998), Classical Indian Ethical Thought, Motilal Banarsidass, <nowiki>ISBN 978-8120816077</nowiki>, page 67; Quote: "Of the three heterodox systems, the remaining one, the Cārvāka system, is a Hindu system.";
 
# KN Tiwari (1998), Classical Indian Ethical Thought, Motilal Banarsidass, <nowiki>ISBN 978-8120816077</nowiki>, page 67; Quote: "Of the three heterodox systems, the remaining one, the Cārvāka system, is a Hindu system.";
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# Bill Cooke (2005), Dictionary of Atheism, Skepticism, and Humanism, <nowiki>ISBN 978-1591022992</nowiki>, page 84;
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# N. V. Isaeva (1 January 1993). Shankara and Indian Philosophy. SUNY Press. p. 27. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7914-1281-7</nowiki>. Retrieved 31 December 2013.
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# For a general discussion of Charvaka and other atheistic traditions within Hindu philosophy, see Jessica Frazier (2014), Hinduism in The Oxford Handbook of Atheism (Editors: Stephen Bullivant, Michael Ruse), Oxford University Press, <nowiki>ISBN 978-0199644650</nowiki>, pages 367-378
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# a b N. V. Isaeva (1 January 1993). Shankara and Indian Philosophy. SUNY Press. p. 27. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7914-1281-7</nowiki>. Retrieved 31 December 2013.
   
# Sharma, Chandradhar (1987). A critical survey of Indian philosophy (Reprinted. ed.). Delhi: M. Banarsidass. p. 40. <nowiki>ISBN 9788120803657</nowiki>. Retrieved 7 July 2015.
 
# Sharma, Chandradhar (1987). A critical survey of Indian philosophy (Reprinted. ed.). Delhi: M. Banarsidass. p. 40. <nowiki>ISBN 9788120803657</nowiki>. Retrieved 7 July 2015.
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# (Bhattacharya 2011, pp. 166–167)
   
# Chattopadhyaya, Debiprasad (1992). Lokayata: A Study in Ancient Indian Materialism (7th ed.). New Delhi: People's Publishing House. p. 1. <nowiki>ISBN 81-7007-006-6</nowiki>.
 
# Chattopadhyaya, Debiprasad (1992). Lokayata: A Study in Ancient Indian Materialism (7th ed.). New Delhi: People's Publishing House. p. 1. <nowiki>ISBN 81-7007-006-6</nowiki>.
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# Monier-Williams' 'Sanskrit-English Dictionary See loka and ayata, Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon, Germany; (लोक, loka which means "worlds, abode, place of truth, people", and आयत, āyata means "extended, directed towards, aiming at")
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# (Bhattacharya 2011, pp. 187–192)
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# Paul Hacker, Anviksiki, Kleine Schriften / hrsg. von Lambert Schmithausen (1978), OCLC 463106529, page 164, <nowiki>ISBN 978-3515026925</nowiki>
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# (Bhattacharya 2011, pp. 188–190)
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# (Bhattacharya 2011, pp. 27, 189–191)
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# (Bhattacharya 2011, p. 188)
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# CK Chapple and J Casey (2003), Reconciling Yogas: Haribhadra's Collection of Views on Yoga, State University of New York Press, <nowiki>ISBN 978-0791458990</nowiki>, page 2
   
# Haribhadrasūri (Translator: M Jain, 1989), Saddarsanasamuccaya, Asiatic Society, OCLC 255495691
 
# Haribhadrasūri (Translator: M Jain, 1989), Saddarsanasamuccaya, Asiatic Society, OCLC 255495691
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# (Bhattacharya 2011, pp. 193–195)
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# (Bhattacharya 2011, pp. 196)
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# Bhattacharya 2002, p. 6.
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# Hymn 10.129; John M. Koller (1977), Skepticism in Early Indian Thought, Philosophy East and West, 27(2): 155-164
   
# CV Vaidya (2001). Epic India, Or, India as Described in the Mahabharata and the Ramayana. Asian Educational Services. p. 503. <nowiki>ISBN 978-81-206-1564-9</nowiki>. Quote: These atheistical doctrines existed from the earliest times as their traces are visible even in the Rigveda in some hymns of which Prof Max Muller pointed out the curious traces of an incipient scepticism. (...) Two things are therefore clear that the Brihaspatya tenets also called Charvaka tenets are of a very old standing..."
 
# CV Vaidya (2001). Epic India, Or, India as Described in the Mahabharata and the Ramayana. Asian Educational Services. p. 503. <nowiki>ISBN 978-81-206-1564-9</nowiki>. Quote: These atheistical doctrines existed from the earliest times as their traces are visible even in the Rigveda in some hymns of which Prof Max Muller pointed out the curious traces of an incipient scepticism. (...) Two things are therefore clear that the Brihaspatya tenets also called Charvaka tenets are of a very old standing..."
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# a b c John M. Koller (1977), Skepticism in Early Indian Thought, Philosophy East and West, 27(2): 155-164
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# (Bhattacharya 2011, pp. 21–44, 65–74)
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# Dale Riepe (1996), Naturalistic Tradition in Indian Thought, Motilal Banarsidass, <nowiki>ISBN 978-8120812932</nowiki>, pages 53-58
   
# Ramkrishna Bhattacharya (2013), The base text and its commentaries: Problem of representing and understanding the Charvaka / Lokayata, Argument: Biannual Philosophical Journal, Issue 1, Volume 3, pages 133-150
 
# Ramkrishna Bhattacharya (2013), The base text and its commentaries: Problem of representing and understanding the Charvaka / Lokayata, Argument: Biannual Philosophical Journal, Issue 1, Volume 3, pages 133-150
 
# A. K. Sinha (1994), Traces of Materialism in Early Vedic Thought: A Study, Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Vol. 75, No. 1/4, pages 235-241
 
# A. K. Sinha (1994), Traces of Materialism in Early Vedic Thought: A Study, Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Vol. 75, No. 1/4, pages 235-241
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# (Bhattacharya 2011, p. 9)
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# Bhattacharya, Ramkrishna. Materialism in India: A Synoptic View. Retrieved 27 July 2012.
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# a b c d e Bhattacharya, Ramkrishna. Materialism in India: A Synoptic View. Retrieved 27 July 2012.
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# a b see Schermerhorn (1930).
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# Ray Billington (1997), Understanding Eastern Philosophy, Routledge, <nowiki>ISBN 978-0415129640</nowiki>, page 43
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# Arthur Basham (2009), History and Doctrines of the Ajivikas: a Vanished Indian Religion, <nowiki>ISBN 978-8120812048</nowiki>, pages 11-17
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# (Bhattacharya 2011, pp. 65–74)
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# a b Cowell and Gough. p. 3
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# Bhattacharya 2011, pp. 55–67.
   
# Ramkrishna Bhattacharya (2010), What the Cārvākas Originally Meant?, Journal of Indian Philosophy, 38(6): 529-542
 
# Ramkrishna Bhattacharya (2010), What the Cārvākas Originally Meant?, Journal of Indian Philosophy, 38(6): 529-542
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# a b (Bhattacharya 2011, pp. 55–67)
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# Ramkrishna Bhattacharya (2013), The Base Text and Its Commentaries: Problems of Representing and Understanding the Cārvāka/Lokāyata, Argument, 3 (1):133-149
   
# D Chatterjee (1977), Skepticism and Indian philosophy, Philosophy East and West, 27(2): 195-209
 
# D Chatterjee (1977), Skepticism and Indian philosophy, Philosophy East and West, 27(2): 195-209
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# a b c
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# Original Sanskrit version:Sarva-darsana-sangraha, pages 3-7; English version: The Charvaka System with commentary by Madhava Acharya, Translators: Cowell and Gough (1882)
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# Eliott Deutsche (2000), in Philosophy of Religion : Indian Philosophy Vol 4 (Editor: Roy Perrett), Routledge, <nowiki>ISBN 978-0815336112</nowiki>, pages 245-248;
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# John A. Grimes, A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English, State University of New York Press, <nowiki>ISBN 978-0791430675</nowiki>, page 238
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# Gavin Flood, An Introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University Press, <nowiki>ISBN 978-0521438780</nowiki>, page 225
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# Cowell and Gough, p. 9.
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# a b Cowell and Gough. p. 10
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# a b Ray Billington (1997), Understanding Eastern Philosophy, Routledge, <nowiki>ISBN 978-0415129640</nowiki>, page 44
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# a b Ray Billington (1997), Understanding Eastern Philosophy, Routledge, <nowiki>ISBN 978-0415129640</nowiki>, page 44-45
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# a b Richard Hayes (2000), The Question of Doctrinalism in the Buddhist Epistemologists, in Philosophy of Religion: Indian Philosophy (Editor:Roy Perrett), Routledge, <nowiki>ISBN 978-0815336112</nowiki>, pages 187-212
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# a b Original Sanskrit version:Sarva-darsana-sangraha, pages 3-7; English version: The Charvaka System with commentary by Madhava Acharya, Translators: Cowell and Gough (1882), pages 5-9
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# The Charvaka System with commentary by Madhava Acharya, Translators: Cowell and Gough (1882), page 10
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# a b See verses 78-end (ET99-end) in Potter, Karl H. (2007). The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies: Buddhist philosophy from 350 to 600 A.D. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publications. pp. 435–436. <nowiki>ISBN 978-81-208-1968-9</nowiki>.
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# a b c d (Bhattacharya 2011, pp. 10, 29–32)
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# Dale Riepe (1996), Naturalistic Tradition in Indian Thought, Motilal Banarsidass, <nowiki>ISBN 978-8120812932</nowiki>
   
# Joshi, Dinkar. Glimpses of Indian Culture. Star Publications (P) Ltd, Delhi. P. 37. <nowiki>ISBN 81-7650-190-5</nowiki>.
 
# Joshi, Dinkar. Glimpses of Indian Culture. Star Publications (P) Ltd, Delhi. P. 37. <nowiki>ISBN 81-7650-190-5</nowiki>.
 
# Shanti Parva, Chapter XXXIX The Mahabharata, KM Ganguli (Translator), pages 121-122
 
# Shanti Parva, Chapter XXXIX The Mahabharata, KM Ganguli (Translator), pages 121-122
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# a b Cowell and Gough, p. 2.
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# Ain-i-Akbari, Vol. III, translated by H. S. Barrett, pp 217–218 (also see Amartya Sen [2005], pp 288–289)
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# Henry Sullivan Jarrett (Translator), The Ain-i-Akbari, Volume 3, p. 217, at Google Books, Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak, 16th century, pages 217-218
   
# Satischandra Chatterjee and Dhirendramohan Datta. An Introduction to Indian Philosophy. Eighth Reprint Edition. (University of Calcutta: 1984). p. 55.
 
# Satischandra Chatterjee and Dhirendramohan Datta. An Introduction to Indian Philosophy. Eighth Reprint Edition. (University of Calcutta: 1984). p. 55.
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# KD Toso (2010), The Stanzas on the Cārvāka/Lokāyata in the Skhalita pramathana yuktihetusiddhi, Journal of Indian Philosophy, 38(6): 543-552
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# Riepe, Dale. The Naturalistic Tradition of Indian Thought (Motilal Banarasidas, Varanasi) p.75
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# Bibliography[edit]
   
# Bhatta, Jayarashi. Tattvopaplavasimha (Status as a Carvaka text disputed)
 
# Bhatta, Jayarashi. Tattvopaplavasimha (Status as a Carvaka text disputed)
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# Bhattacharya, Ramakrishna (2011). Studies on the Carvaka/Lokayata (Cultural, Historical and Textual Studies of Religions. Anthem. <nowiki>ISBN 0857284339</nowiki>.
   
# Bhattacharya, Ramakrishna (2002). "Cārvāka Fragments: A New Collection". Journal of Indian Philosophy. 30 (6): 597–640.
 
# Bhattacharya, Ramakrishna (2002). "Cārvāka Fragments: A New Collection". Journal of Indian Philosophy. 30 (6): 597–640.
 
# Chattopadhyaya, Debiprasad (1959) Lokayata: A Study in Ancient Indian Materialism. New Delhi: People's Publishing House.
 
# Chattopadhyaya, Debiprasad (1959) Lokayata: A Study in Ancient Indian Materialism. New Delhi: People's Publishing House.
 
# Chattopadhyaya, Debiprasad (1964) Indian Philosophy: A Popular Introduction. New Delhi: People's Pub. House.
 
# Chattopadhyaya, Debiprasad (1964) Indian Philosophy: A Popular Introduction. New Delhi: People's Pub. House.
 
# Chattopadhyaya, Debiprasad (1994). Carvaka/Lokayata: An Anthology of Source Materials and Some Recent Studies. New Delhi: People's Publishing House.
 
# Chattopadhyaya, Debiprasad (1994). Carvaka/Lokayata: An Anthology of Source Materials and Some Recent Studies. New Delhi: People's Publishing House.
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# Cowell, E. B.; Gough, A. E. (2001). The Sarva-Darsana-Samgraha or Review of the Different Systems of Hindu Philosophy: Trubner's Oriental Series (Partial Translation). Taylor & Francis. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-415-24517-3</nowiki>.
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# Flood, Gavin (1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   
# Gokhale, Pradeep P. The Cārvāka Theory of Pramāṇas: A Restatement, Philosophy East and West (1993).
 
# Gokhale, Pradeep P. The Cārvāka Theory of Pramāṇas: A Restatement, Philosophy East and West (1993).
 
# Koller, John M. Skepticism in Early Indian Thought, Philosophy East and West (1977).
 
# Koller, John M. Skepticism in Early Indian Thought, Philosophy East and West (1977).
 
# Nambiar, Sita Krishna (1971). Prabodhacandrodaya of Krsna Misra. Delhi: Motilal Banarasidass.
 
# Nambiar, Sita Krishna (1971). Prabodhacandrodaya of Krsna Misra. Delhi: Motilal Banarasidass.
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# Phillott, D. C. (ed.) (1989) [1927]. The Ain-i Akbari. by Abu l-Fazl Allami, trans. Heinrich Blochmann (3 vols. ed.). Delhi: Low Price Publications. <nowiki>ISBN 81-85395-19-5</nowiki>.
   
# Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli and Moore, Charles (1957). A Source Book in Indian Philosophy. Princeton University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 0-691-01958-4</nowiki>.
 
# Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli and Moore, Charles (1957). A Source Book in Indian Philosophy. Princeton University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 0-691-01958-4</nowiki>.
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# Riepe, Dale (1964). The Naturalistic Tradition of Indian Thought (2nd ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.
   
# Salunkhe, A. H. Aastikashiromani Chaarvaaka (in Marathi).
 
# Salunkhe, A. H. Aastikashiromani Chaarvaaka (in Marathi).
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# Schermerhorn, R. A. When Did Indian Materialism Get Its Distinctive Titles?, Journal of the American Oriental Society (1930).
   
# Sen, Amartya (2005). The Argumentative Indian: Writings on Indian History, Culture and Identity. London: Allen Lane. <nowiki>ISBN 0-7139-9687-0</nowiki>.
 
# Sen, Amartya (2005). The Argumentative Indian: Writings on Indian History, Culture and Identity. London: Allen Lane. <nowiki>ISBN 0-7139-9687-0</nowiki>.
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# External links[edit]
   
# Jayarāśi, a 9th-century Indian philosopher associated with Cārvāka / Lokāyata school, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (2011)
 
# Jayarāśi, a 9th-century Indian philosopher associated with Cārvāka / Lokāyata school, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (2011)
 
# Lokāyata/Cārvāka – Indian Materialism (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
 
# Lokāyata/Cārvāka – Indian Materialism (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
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# Materialism in India: A Synoptic View Ramkrishna Bhattacharya
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# Bibliography: Carvaka/Lokayata secondary literature, Karl Potter, University of Washington
 
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