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Arthashastra (अर्थशास्त्रम्) (view source)
Revision as of 20:50, 1 January 2019
, 20:50, 1 January 2019no edit summary
'''Adhikaram IV''' ''''Kantakashodhanam''''
'''Adhikaram IV''' ''''Kantakashodhanam''''
Book IV :Removal of Thorns
Book IV : Removal of Thorns
'''Chapter 78'''
'''Chapter 78'''
90.88 Punishment for Violation of Justice
90.88 Punishment for Violation of Justice
'''Adhikaram 5 ' Yogavrittam'''' '''The Conduct of Courtiers'''
'''Adhikaram V 'Yogavrittam''''
Book V The Conduct of Courtiers
'''Chapter''' '''91'''
'''Chapter''' '''91'''
96.95 Absolute Sovereignty
96.95 Absolute Sovereignty
'''Adhikaranam 6 'The Source of Sovereign States'''<nowiki/>' '''Mandalayonihi'''
'''Adhikaranam VI 'The Source of Sovereign States'''<nowiki/>'
Book VI : Mandalayonihi
'''Chapter''' '''97'''
'''Chapter''' '''97'''
One cannot deny that the over-archaic structure needed to regulate any authority within a state is its legal system. Adhikaranam III is a treatise on the laws that existed in the Mauryan empire with respect to its societal concerns varying over marriage, inheritance, property purchase, sale, destruction and infringements of agreements, debts and deposits, slavery, labour, robbery defamation, assault, gambling, betting and other miscellaneous offences. Indulging in cruel activities, like killing cows and Brahmans inflicting pain and injury or the use of harsh words are punishable crimes as the text say. Legal disputes and resolution mechanisms relating to these matters have been elucidated for peace and harmony to prevail in the society. The forms of punishment are of the nature of monetary fine or physical as the offence may be. The modes of payment of fine with interest rates have been described in various prakaranas. These constitute the third book 'Concerning Judges'.
One cannot deny that the over-archaic structure needed to regulate any authority within a state is its legal system. Adhikaranam III is a treatise on the laws that existed in the Mauryan empire with respect to its societal concerns varying over marriage, inheritance, property purchase, sale, destruction and infringements of agreements, debts and deposits, slavery, labour, robbery defamation, assault, gambling, betting and other miscellaneous offences. Indulging in cruel activities, like killing cows and Brahmans inflicting pain and injury or the use of harsh words are punishable crimes as the text say. Legal disputes and resolution mechanisms relating to these matters have been elucidated for peace and harmony to prevail in the society. The forms of punishment are of the nature of monetary fine or physical as the offence may be. The modes of payment of fine with interest rates have been described in various prakaranas. These constitute the third book 'Concerning Judges'.
'''Adhikaram IV:''' '<nowiki/>'''Kantakashodhanam''''
'''Adhikaram IV:''' ''''Kantakashodhanam''''
Book IV is a treatise on 'Removal of Thorns'.
Book IV is a treatise on 'Removal of Thorns'.
The removal of thorns refers to suppression of criminal activities within the state at an individual level or collective level. It also refers to protection of common man from evil minds and corrupt actions. The book thrusts on those situations or conditions that may be created by man or nature for which the state must be prepared to tackle with an alert mind. Planning and foresight of such sudden occurrences can reduce the impact of damage for individuals and state. It deals with कारुकरक्षणम् <ref>Book I Chapter I Arthashastra of Kautilya T. Ganapati Sastri </ref>that is the protection of artisans, spies, keeping a watch on traders, protection and remedial measures that need to be taken before and during natural calamities. It talks of secret agents who need to detect criminals disguised as holy men and the arrest of those who are found suspicious of possessing stolen articles and secret means of income and prescribes a watch on officers of all departments to protect the wealth of various authorities of the state. There are also sections that look at आशुमृतकपरीक्षा ( interrogation in the case of an untimely or sudden death), involving torture or cross examination during a trial, to elicit the truth or in certain cases capital punishments if required. Hence punitive action of varying degrees is a consequence as the nature of crime heightens. Other punishments are prescribed such as mutilation of limbs or fine in lieu. Severe punishments have been codified in the text for transgression, कन्याप्रकर्म (atrocities committed on girls through sexual intercourse with who have yet to reach puberty), and any other violation of virtues or improper food for maidens.
The removal of thorns refers to suppression of criminal activities within the state at an individual level or collective level. It also refers to protection of common man from evil minds and corrupt actions. The book thrusts on those situations or conditions that may be created by man or nature for which the state must be prepared to tackle with an alert mind. Planning and foresight of such sudden occurrences can reduce the impact of damage for individuals and state. It deals with कारुकरक्षणम् <ref>Book I Chapter I Arthashastra of Kautilya T. Ganapati Sastri </ref>that is the protection of artisans, spies, keeping a watch on traders, protection and remedial measures that need to be taken before and during natural calamities. It talks of secret agents who need to detect criminals disguised as holy men and the arrest of those who are found suspicious of possessing stolen articles and secret means of income and prescribes a watch on officers of all departments to protect the wealth of various authorities of the state. There are also sections that look at आशुमृतकपरीक्षा ( interrogation in the case of an untimely or sudden death), involving torture or cross examination during a trial, to elicit the truth or in certain cases capital punishments if required. Hence punitive action of varying degrees is a consequence as the nature of crime heightens. Other punishments are prescribed such as mutilation of limbs or fine in lieu. Severe punishments have been codified in the text for transgression, कन्याप्रकर्म (atrocities committed on girls through sexual intercourse with who have yet to reach puberty), and any other violation of virtues or improper food for maidens. These are the constituents of the fourth book <nowiki>''</nowiki> The Suppression of Criminals".
'''Chapter 78'''
'''Adhikaram V ' Yogavrittam''''
Book V is a treatise on 'The Conduct of Courtiers'.
'''Chapter 79'''
'''Chapter''' '''91'''
91.89 Awards of Punishment
'''Chapter 80'''
'''Chapter''' '''92'''
92.90 Replenishment of Treasury
'''Chapter''' '''81'''
'''Chapter''' '''93'''
93.91 Maintenance of Servants
'''Chapter''' '''82'''
'''Chapter''' '''94'''
94.92 Conduct of Courtiers
'''Chapter 83'''
'''Chapter''' '''95'''
95.93 Conventional Practices
'''Chapter 84'''
'''Chapter''' '''96'''
96.94 Consolidation of Kingdom
96.95 Absolute Sovereignty
== Arthashastra and Contemporary Management Theories ==
== Arthashastra and Contemporary Management Theories ==