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== परिचयः ॥ Introduction  ==

== परिचयः ॥ Introduction  ==

Bharatavarsha (Ancient Bharat's Sub-continent) has always attached great value to knowledge. Talking of India's knowledge tradition, Kapil Kapoor says, ''"India's'' ''knowledge tradition is ancient and uninterrupted like the flow of the river Ganga."''  

[[Bharatavarsha (भरतवर्षम्)|Bharatavarsha]] (Ancient Bharata's Sub-continent) has always attached great value to knowledge. Talking of Bharata's knowledge tradition, Kapil Kapoor says, ''"India's'' ''knowledge tradition is ancient and uninterrupted like the flow of the river [[Ganga (गङ्गा)|Ganga]]."''  

Jnana (ज्ञानम् | Knowledge) has been at the center of all speculations in India. There are three terms that appear in all discussions related to knowledge<ref>Kapoor Kapil and Singh Avadhesh Kumar, [http://iks.iitgn.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Bharat's-Knowledge-Systems-Kapil-Kapoor.pdf Bharat's Knowledge Systems], Vol.1, NewDelhi: D.K.Printworld, Pg.no.11</ref>:

Jnana (ज्ञानम् | Knowledge) has been at the center of all speculations in Bharata. There are three terms that appear in all discussions related to knowledge<ref>Kapoor Kapil and Singh Avadhesh Kumar, [http://iks.iitgn.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Bharat's-Knowledge-Systems-Kapil-Kapoor.pdf Bharat's Knowledge Systems], Vol.1, NewDelhi: D.K.Printworld, Pg.no.11</ref>:

* दर्शनम् ॥ [[Shad Darshanas (षड्दर्शनानि)|Darshana]]

* दर्शनम् ॥ [[Shad Darshanas (षड्दर्शनानि)|Darshana]]

* ज्ञानम् ॥ Jnana

* ज्ञानम् ॥ Jnana

Darshana literally means "a point of view" which leads to Jnana (knowledge). When this knowledge, gathered about a particular domain is organized and systematized for purposes of Chintana (चिन्तनम् | reflection) and Adhyapana (अध्यापनम् | pedagogy), it attains the status of Vidya (विद्या | discipline).

Darshana literally means "a point of view" which leads to Jnana (knowledge). When this knowledge, gathered about a particular domain is organized and systematized for purposes of Chintana (चिन्तनम् | reflection) and Adhyapana (अध्यापनम् | pedagogy), it attains the status of Vidya (विद्या | discipline).

The tradition always talks of 18 major Vidyas (disciplines of knowledge) and 64 kalas (arts) while referring to the curriculum of Ancient Bharat's Education<ref name=":0">Kapoor Kapil and Singh Avadhesh Kumar, [http://iks.iitgn.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Bharat's-Knowledge-Systems-Kapil-Kapoor.pdf Bharat's Knowledge Systems], Vol.1, NewDelhi: D.K.Printworld, Pg.no.18</ref>

The tradition always talks of 18 major Vidyas (disciplines of knowledge) and 64 kalas (arts) while referring to the curriculum of Ancient Bharata's Education<ref name=":0">Kapoor Kapil and Singh Avadhesh Kumar, [http://iks.iitgn.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Bharat's-Knowledge-Systems-Kapil-Kapoor.pdf Bharat's Knowledge Systems], Vol.1, NewDelhi: D.K.Printworld, Pg.no.18</ref>

The 18 Vidyas include:

The 18 Vidyas include:

* चतुर्वेदाः ॥ The [[Veda Vargeekarana (वेदवर्गीकरणम्)|Four Vedas]]: Rigveda, Yajurveda, Samaveda and Atharvaveda

* चतुर्वेदाः ॥ The [[Veda Vargeekarana (वेदवर्गीकरणम्)|Four Vedas]]: [[Rigveda (ऋग्वेदः)|Rigveda]], [[Yajurveda (यजुर्वेदः)|Yajurveda]], [[Samaveda (सामवेदः)|Samaveda]] and [[Atharvaveda (अथर्ववेदः)|Atharvaveda]]

* चत्वारः उपवेदाः ॥ The Four [[Upavedas (उपवेदाः)|subsidiary Vedas]]: Ayurveda (medicine), Dhanurveda (weaponry), Gandharvaveda (गान्धर्ववेदः | music) and Shilpashastra (architecture)

* चत्वारः उपवेदाः ॥ The Four [[Upavedas (उपवेदाः)|subsidiary Vedas]]: [[Ayurveda (आयुर्वेदः)|Ayurveda]] (medicine), [[Dhanurveda (धनुर्वेदः)|Dhanurveda]] (weaponry), [[Gandharvaveda (गान्धर्ववेदः)|Gandharvaveda]] (गान्धर्ववेदः | music) and [[Shilpashastra (शिल्पशास्त्रम्)|Shilpashastra]] (architecture)

* चत्वारि उपाङ्गानि ॥ The Four [http://dharmawiki.org/index.php/Vaidika_Vangmaya_(%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D)#.E0.A4.B5.E0.A5.87.E0.A4.A6-.E0.A4.89.E0.A4.AA.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.99.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.97.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.A8.E0.A4.BF_.7C.7C_Veda-Upangas Upangas]: Purana, Nyaya, Mimamsa (मीमांसा), Dharma Shastra

* चत्वारि उपाङ्गानि ॥ The Four [http://dharmawiki.org/index.php/Vaidika_Vangmaya_(%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D)#.E0.A4.B5.E0.A5.87.E0.A4.A6-.E0.A4.89.E0.A4.AA.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.99.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.97.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.A8.E0.A4.BF_.7C.7C_Veda-Upangas Upangas]: [[Puranas (पुराणानि)|Purana]], [[Nyaya Darshana (न्यायदर्शनम्)|Nyaya]], [[Mimamsa Darshana (मीमांसादर्शनम्)|Mimamsa]] (मीमांसा), [[Dharma Shastras (धर्मशास्त्राणि)|Dharma Shastra]]

* षड्वेदाङ्गानि ॥ The [[Shad Vedangas (षड्वेदाङ्गानि)|Six Vedangas]] (Auxiliary Sciences): Shiksha (phonetics), Vyakarana (grammar), Chandas (metre), Jyotish (astronomy), Kalpa (ritual) and Nirukta (etymology)  

* षड्वेदाङ्गानि ॥ The [[Shad Vedangas (षड्वेदाङ्गानि)|Six Vedangas]] (Auxiliary Sciences): [[Shiksha (शिक्षा)|Shiksha]] (phonetics), Vyakarana (grammar), Chandas (metre), Jyotish (astronomy), Kalpa (ritual) and Nirukta (etymology)  

However, as far as the kalas (arts) are concerned, there are competing enumerations of 64.

However, as far as the kalas (arts) are concerned, there are competing enumerations of 64.